University of Pretoria

Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

MATHEMATICS - WTW 134

COURSE COORDINATOR: COURSE ADMINISTRATION:

Ms K Bothma Ms S Mdayi
Mathematics Building: Office number 2-12 Mathematics Building: Office number 1-22
Telephone at work: 012 420 2374 Telephone at work: 012 420 2713
email: [email protected] email: [email protected]

WTW 134 Study guide of 2022_Calculus_page 1 of 32

 STUDY GUIDE: CALCULUS

THEME 1 - FUNCTIONS AND CHANGE

Unit 1.1 What is a function?

Source Textbook, pp. 2 - 5 and pp. 21 and 25

Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. describe a function, the domain and range of a function.
2. interpret function values.
3. calculate or estimate function values (using a formula, a table or a graph).
4. calculate the vertical and horizontal intercept(s) of a function.
5. describe an increasing function on a interval and a decreasing function on an interval.
6. describe a function that is concave up on an interval and a function that is concave down on an interval.
(Definitions are given on p 21 in the textbook, but we use the definitions given here.)
7. use a graph to find the interval(s) on which a function is increasing or decreasing or concave up or
concave down.
Definitions (Concavity)
1. A function f is concave up on an interval if all its tangent line lies below the graph on the interval.
2. A function f is concave down on an interval if all its tangent line lies above the graph on the interval.
3. A linear function is neither concave up or concave down.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.1 (p 5), numbers 10 to 14, 16 to 20 and 25.
Problems for Section 1.3 (p 25), numbers 1 to 5 and 7.

WTW 134 Study guide of 2022_Calculus_page 2 of 32

 Unit 1.2 Types of functions
Source Lecture notes

Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. name and give the general formula of each of the six types of functions.
2. sketch the graphs of the functions without using a table of function values.
3. represent the domain and range of the functions.

Problems for the practical class

1. Give the name of the function and sketch the function without using a table of values.
Label the axes and indicate the horizontal and vertical intercepts, if any.
Use the graph to represent the domain and range of each function, using interval notation.

i b  3a  6 ii a  4b  12 iii P  0. 21 t iv m  2. 1 n

v y  e x vi v  log 0.5 z vii P  lnt viii b  a 6
ix a  b 4 x w  v5 xi v  w 7 xii m 4 n
xiii P  7 t xiv x  14 xv l  m 5 xvi y  7
y
2. Use a graph to solve the inequality.
Hint: If you have to solve the inequality x 5  1, graph y  x 5 and y  1, solve the
equality x 5  1 and then use the graph to determine the final answer.

i x5  1 ii x 3  8 iii x 2  x  6  0
iv x 2  2x  8  0 v 2x  0 vi 0. 5 x  0
3. Use graphs to solve the inequality below.
Hint: Find the point(s) of intersection of the two graphs and sketch both graphs.
i x2  x ii x 3  x
4. Consider the graphs given below.
In each graph the polynomial fx  a n x n  a n1 x n1  . . . a 1 x  a 0 , is represented on a large
viewing window so that you cannot see the turning points, horizontal intercepts or vertical intercepts.
What is the degree and the sign of the leading term, a n x n , of each polynomial?

i ii iii iv

WTW 134 Study guide of 2022_Calculus_page 3 of 32

 Unit 1.3 New functions from old functions
Source Textbook, pp. 66 - 69

Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. identify and use a composite function.
2. sketch the graph of a function obtained from an old function through a vertical shift (y  fx  c) or
through a horizontal shift (y  fx  c).
3. sketch the graph of a function obtained from an old function by multiplying the function with a constant
(y  cfx).
4. sketch the graph of a function obtained from an old function by reflecting the graph about the x axis
(y  fx or by reflecting the graph about the y axis (y  fx.
5. determine the domain of a composite function and represent the domain using set notation and in
interval notation.
Remarks
1. Omit Example 5 on p. 68.
2. Use a graph when you have to solve an inequality.
b  b 2  4ac
3. To find the roots of the quadratic polynomial fx  ax 2  bx  c, use x  .
2a
Problems for the practical class
Problems for Section 1.8 (p. 69), numbers 3, 9, 11, 31, 53, 55 and 56.
Extra problems for the practical class
1. Write down the functions fx and gx if
i fgx  ln x ii fgx  ln x
Your answer cannot be a composite function or the function y  x.
2. Write down functions ft, gt and ht if hgft  1 .
1  t 2
Your answer cannot be a composite function or the function y  x.
3. Consider the functions f 1 x  ln x, f 2 x  ln x  1, f 3 x  lnx  1, f 4 x   ln x
and f 5 x  lnx. Sketch the functions and give the domain and range of each function.
You do not have to indicate the horizontal and/or vertical intercepts but use a dotted line to
indicate horizontal and vertical shifts.
4. If fx  e x sketch the following graphs and write down the domain and range of the function.
You do not have to write down the horizontal and/or vertical intercepts but use a dotted line to
indicate horizontal and vertical shifts.
i y  fx  2 ii y  fx  2 iii y  fx iv y  fx
5. Give the domain of the function in set notation:
i fx  1 ii ft  1 iii gx  5x
x2  4 t2  4
iv gt  t2  9 v fx  1 vi ft  t 3  9t
2
x  16
vii ft  3 t  1  t  1 viii fx  1x  x2

WTW 134 Study guide of 2022_Calculus_page 4 of 32

 Unit 1.4 Linear functions
Source Textbook, pp. 9 - 13

Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. describe a linear function, the slope of a linear function and the rate of change of a linear function.
2. describe the meaning of the symbol " " .
3. find the equation of a linear function.
4. sketch a linear function.
5. recognize from a table of values if the function is linear.
6. use linear functions to solve problems.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.2 (p 14), numbers 3, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 30.

Unit 1.5 Rates of change

Source Textbook, pp. 18 - 25

Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. describe, calculate and interpret the change in a quantity, the average rate of change of a quantity
and the relative change of a quantity.
2. visualize the average rate of change of a quantity.
When you visualize something, you must be able to represent it graphically.
3. calculate velocity / speed if distance is given.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 1.3 (p 22), numbers 9, 11, 13, 17, 36, 37, 41, 45 and 50.

WTW 134 Study guide of 2022_Calculus_page 5 of 32

 Unit 1.6 Continuity, rate of change and the derivative
Source Textbook, pp. 90-93 and pp. 128 - 133

Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. explain what is meant by a function that is continuous on an interval.
2. describe the (instantaneous) rate of change of a function at a point.
3. describe the derivative of a function at a point.
4. estimate the rate of change/derivative of a function at a given point using a given"small" interval around
the point.
5. estimate the rate of change/derivative of a function at a given point using a table of values.
6. visualize the rate of change/derivative at a point as the slope of the tangent line to the graph at the point.
7. find the equation of the tangent line to a function at a given point.
Remarks
1. If the formula of the function y  fx is given we will ask you to estimate the rate of change at the
point a, fa by calculating the average rate of change of the function over one "small" interval.
We will specify the length of the interval.
2. If you have to estimate the rate of change of a function at the point a, fa and a table of values is
given, take the average rate of change over intervals ”near” x  a. If possible, take the average rate
of change over an interval to the right of x  a and the average rate of change over an interval to the
left of x  a and then take the average of your two answers.
3. When we say the rate of change of a function, we mean the instantaneous rate of change.
4. If you have to write down the equation of the tangent line to the graph of function fx at the
point a, fa, remember that a, fa is a point on the graph of the function and on the tangent
line and that the slope of the tangent line is m  f  a.
y  fa
Use f  a  x  a  y  fa  f  ax  a.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 2.1 (p 93), numbers 3 to 6, 11, 17 (use interval of length 0. 0001 for 17(c)) and 22.
Extra problems for the practical class
1. Write down the interval(s) on which the function is continuous:
i fx  2 ii fx  lnx  2 iii fx  16  x 2
x3
2. The function y  fx is continuous on its domain and some function values are given in a table below.
Estimate f  4.
x 1 2 4 6
y 0. 1 2. 4 2. 8 3. 1

WTW 134 Study guide of 2022_Calculus_page 6 of 32

 Unit 1.7 The derivative function
Source Textbook, pp 97 - 100 and p 128
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. describe the derivative function.
2. give a rough sketch of the derivative function if the graph of the function is given.
3. use the sign of the derivative function on an interval to decide whether the function is increasing,
decreasing or constant on the interval.
Remarks
1. If the function in not continuous at x  a (the graph has a "hole" or a "jump" at x  a),
then f  a does not exists.
2. If the graph has a "corner" at x  a, then f  a does not exists.

Problems for the practical class

Problems for Section 2.2 (p 101), numbers 2, 9, 11 (use intervals of length 0. 001, 18 to 21 and 30.

WTW 134 Study guide of 2022_Calculus_page 7 of 32