ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

10(06), 239-246

Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com

Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/14881
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/14881

RESEARCH ARTICLE
THE ROLE OF TRANSCRANIAL ULTRASOUND IN THE EVALUATION OF HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC
ENCEPHALOPATHY

Dr. Manoj Sharma1, Dr. Narendra Kumar Kardam2, Dr. Kushal Babu Gehlot3 and Dr. Shruti Gupta4
1. Junior Resident, Department of Radiodiagnosis, RNT Medical College, Udaipur.
2. Senior Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, RNT Medical College, Udaipur.
3. Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, RNT Medical College, Udaipur.
4. Junior Resident, Department of Radiodiagnosis, RNT Medical College, Udaipur.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Introduction: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is a clinical term used
Received: 10 April 2022 to describe an abnormal neurobehavioral state that consists of a
Final Accepted: 14 May 2022 decreased level of consciousness with abnormalities in neuromotor
Published: June 2022 tone. Any neonate, regardless of birth weight, size, or gestational age,
who has a greater than average chance of morbidity or mortality, due to
fetal, maternal or placental anomalies or an otherwise compromised
pregnancy especially within the first 28 days of life is categorized as
high-risk neonate. Cranial ultrasonography plays an important role in
the diagnosis of significant lesions in infants presenting with hypoxic
ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and seizures and assessing severity,
neurodevelopment outcome and neurological prognosis of these high-
risk infants. In the neonate, many sutures and fontanelles are still open
and these can be used as acoustic windows to “look” into the brain.
Methodology: This was a hospital based descriptive observational
study of 100 preterm and term babies with suspected brain injuries who
were referred for cranial USG examination to the Radiodiagnosis
Department of R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur with hypoxic ischemic
encephalopathy over a period of 18 months from June 2020 to
November 2021.
Results:The most common affected age group was 32-37weeks (51%).
The abnormalities found on neurosonogram were germinal matrix
hemorrhage, periventricular leucomalacia, cystic PVL, cerebral edema
and ventriculomegaly. The most common abnormality was germinal
matrix hemorrhage (17%) and subependymal hemorrhage (41%) was
most common type. Isolated ventriculomegaly (53.8%) was more
common than ventriculomegaly with hemorrhage (46.2%).
Conclusion: Neurosonogram remains the accurate, rapid imaging
modality of choice for detecting brain injuries in preterm infant. This
technique is both sensitive and specific for detecting germinal matrix
hemorrhage and periventricular leucomalacia. It is a useful modality to
perform frequent follow-up scans. The advantages of neurosonogram
are that it is easy to operate, non invasive, accurate, has lack of ionizing
radiation, bed side availability for unstable infants, rapid diagnosis,
wide availability, cost effectiveness and repeatability.

Corresponding Author:- Dr. Shruti Gupta 239

Address:- Junior Resident, Department of Radiodiagnosis, RNT Medical College, Udaipur.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(06), 239-246

Copy Right, IJAR, 2022,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is a clinical term used to describe an abnormal neurobehavioral state that consists
of a decreased level of consciousness with abnormalities in neuromotor tone. It characteristically begins within the
first postnatal day and may be associated with seizure-like activity, hypoventilation or apnea, depressed primitive
reflexes and the appearance of brainstem reflexes. It is an abnormal neurobehavioral state in which the predominant
pathogenic mechanism is impaired cerebral blood flow. 1

In preterm babies, significant insults to the brain are often clinically silent. They are particularly prone for germinal
matrix related hemorrhage (GMH), intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). In full
term babies, cerebral angio-architecture of a newborn after 34 weeks is similar to an adult brain resulting in cerebral
ischemia due to birth asphyxia, and limited damage can cause focal lesions in the basal ganglia and thalami (BGT),
stroke and other focal lesions which may be ischemic and cystic. Cerebral edema is a prominent pathophysiological
feature which precedes the brain damage following hypoxic-ischemic insults.2

Cranial ultrasonography (CUS) has become an essential diagnostic tool in modern neonatology for depicting normal
anatomy and pathological changes in neonatal brain. In the neonate, many sutures and fontanelles are still open and
these can be used as acoustic windows to “look” into the brain. Scanning through the posterior and mastoid
fontanelles, can help to detect lesions and structural malformations in cerebellum, brainstem and posterior sub
cortical white matter. Imaging through the temporal window allows good views of the mesencephalon and
brainstem.3

In cases of (suspected) ischemic injury, even if apparently mild, it is therefore advisable to intensify cranial
ultrasonography examinations until normalization or stabilization of abnormalities has occurred. 4 The current
protocol for the timing of scans for intracerebral hemorrhage goes for the initial scan on day 4, if negative to repeat
the scan on day 7, for the detection of ventriculomegaly scan on day 14. Late ultrasonography screening is important
for the diagnosis of PVL and ventricular enlargement in preterm infants.5

Ultrasonography is affordable, easy to perform, non-invasive and can be initiated at a very early stage, even
immediately after birth. It can be repeated as often as necessary, and thereby enables visualization of ongoing brain
maturation and the evolution of brain lesions. In addition, it can be used to assess the timing of brain damage. 1 There
is a dearth of data available for evaluation of HIE by transcranial ultrasonography. In the current study, we aim to
study the role of this modality in HIE and ascertain correlation with the clinical diagnosis.

Materials and Method:-

This was a hospital based descriptive observational study of 100 preterm and term babies with suspected brain
injuries who were referred for cranial USG examination to the Radiodiagnosis Department of R.N.T. Medical
College, Udaipur with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy over a period of 18 months from JUNE 2020 to
NOVEMBER 2021. The study included 100 neonates suspected for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy with
abnormal neurological presentation such as seizures, lethargy, apnoea, increase in muscle tone, hypotonia and
bulging anterior fontanel. Babies with gross congenital malformation, babies with only hyperbilirubinemia and
babies > 28days were excluded from the study.

Informed consent was obtained from the parents/guardian regarding inclusion of the neonate in the study.
Assessment of factors placing the neonate in a high-risk category was done taking detailed maternal history and
reviewing antenatal records. All perinatal details were recorded and detailed clinical examination was done. Vital
parameters were recorded within 24-48 hours of admission and complete neurological examination was done during
baby’s stay in NICU. Gestational age was assessed as per modified Ballard’s scoring method for all preterm
neonates. Evaluation with baseline routine investigations [septic and metabolic work up] and lumbar puncture in
case of neonatal convulsions and neonatal sepsis as well as chest X-ray in all respiratory distress cases was done.

All the neonate babies in this study underwent neurosonogram using curvilinear transducer and linear assay high
frequency transducer of SAMSUNG RS80A and VINNO E10 ultrasound equipment. Follow up cranial ultrasound
was done in case of findings revealed and for preterm neonates. Morphology of cranial ultrasound findings was

240
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(06), 239-246

studied and recorded and clinical correlation with various findings on cranial ultrasound was done. Neonates were
followed till recovery and discharge from NICU.

Neurosonographic examinations were performed through anterior fontanelle in both the coronal and sagittalplane.
The examination started in coronal plane along the coronal suture, with transducer angled towards the frontal region.
Then brain was examined in various coronal planes by sweeping the transducer from anterior to posterior.

Following the completion of examination in coronal plane, sagittal and parasagittal scans were obtained by placing
the transducers on the anterior fontanel, perpendicular to coronal plane and then sweep from midline through the
lateral ventricles, lateral parenchyma on each side. Care was taken to maintain symmetry throughout the
examination, as densely echogenic choroid plexus appears larger on one side causing a false image of subependymal
hemorrhage.

Posterior fossa screening was done by obtaining axial images through posterior and mastoid fontanel.

Collected data and observations were entered in Microsoft Excel and analysed by statistical package for social
science version 24 (SPSS 24). p value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results and Discussion:-

Of the 100 neonates, 62 (62%) were male while 38 (38%) were female. Of the 100 neonates, 29 cases (29%)
weighed more than 2.5 kg. A maximum of 45 cases (45%) were in the low birth weight (LBW) category of 1.5-2.5
kg, while 16 (16%) weighed less than 1.5 kg and were classified as very low birth weight (VLBW). Of the 100
neonates, 22 cases (22%) were less than 32 weeks. A maximum of 51 cases (51%) were in the range of 32-37
weeks, while 27 (27%) were more than 37 weeks. Normal USG findings were seen in 61 cases (61%) which were
more than the 39 cases (39%) with abnormal findings. Eugenio Mercuri, Lilly Dubowitz et al6reported an incidence
20% of ultrasound abnormalities in apparently well neonates. Ayala Gover, David Bader et al7reported an incidence
of 11.2% abnormalities on CUS in apparently healthy asymptomatic term neonates.

Distribution of hemorrhage in various gestational age groups

Out of 22 cases having gestational age less than 32 weeks, 5 cases (22.7%) showed hemorrhage, which was the
maximum percentage in any age group. 7 out of 51 cases (13.7%) in the 32-37 weeks age group showed
hemorrhage, while 5 out of 27 cases (18.5%) in the age group of more than 37 weeks showed hemorrhage. In all, 17
cases (17%) showed hemorrhage. Badrawy N. et al8reported that subependymal intraventricular hemorrhage (SE-
IVH) was present in 14%.

Distribution of periventricular echogenicity in various gestational age groups

Out of 22 cases having gestational age less than 32 weeks, 4 cases (18.18%) showed periventricular echogenicity,
which was the maximum percentage in any age group. 7 out of 51 cases (13.7%) in the 32-37 weeks age group
showed periventricular echogenicity, while 3 out of 27 cases (11%) in the age group of more than 37 weeks showed
this finding. In all, 14 cases (14%) showed periventricular echogenicity. Thakkar et all9 reported that 14 (23.3%)
patients had abnormal periventricular echogenicity.

Distribution of cerebral edema in various gestational age groups

Out of 22 cases having gestational age less than 32 weeks, 3 cases (13.6%) showed cerebral edema, which was the
maximum percentage in any age group. 6 out of 51 cases (11.7%) in the 32-37 weeks age group showed cerebral
edema, while 3 out of 27 cases (11%) in the age group of more than 37 weeks showed this finding. In all, 12 cases
(12%) showed cerebral edema.

Table 1:- Distribution of intraventricular haemorrhage with grading.

IVH NUMBER OF NEONATES PERCENTAGE
GRADE-I 7 41.17%
GRADE-II 4 23.5%
GRADE-III 4 23.5%
GRADE-IV 2 11.7%

241
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(06), 239-246

Distribution of intraventricular haemorrhage with grading

Grade I intraventricular hemorrhage was seen in 7 (41%) out of 17 cases. Grade II and III IVH were seen in 4 cases
each (23.5%). Grade IV IVH was seen in 2 (11.7%) cases out of a total of 17 cases(Table-1).

Distribution of ventriculomegaly with and without IVH

Ventriculomegaly was seen in 13 patients. Out of these, it was associated with hemorrhage in 6 cases (46.2%), while
it was an isolated finding in 7 cases (53.8%). Badrawy Net al8reported congenital hydrocephalus to be present in 6%
among all neonates screened by them.

The present study correlates with the study done by Rehan et al., 2009 10.

IVH GRADE-I

IVH GRADE-II

242
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(06), 239-246

IVH GRADE III

IVH GRADE-IV

243
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(06), 239-246

PVL GRADE I

PVL GRADE II

244
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(06), 239-246

PVL GRADE III

PVL GRADE IV

Conclusion:-
In our study 100 pre-term babies with suspected brain injuries were studied with ultrasound through
anteriorfontanel. The study group had male predominance. In our study most common affected age group was 32-37
weeks. The abnormalities found on neurosonogramin our study were germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular
leucomalacia, cysticPVL, cerebral edema and ventriculomegaly. In our study the most common abnormality was
germinal matrixhemorrhage. Among the germinal matrix hemorrhage grade I GMH i.e., subependymal hemorrhage

245
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(06), 239-246

was mostcommon presentation. Isolated venriculomegaly was more common than ventriculomegaly with
hemorrhage.

Neurosonogram remains the accurate, rapid imaging modality of choice for detecting brain injuries in preterminfant.
This technique is both sensitive and specific for detecting germinal matrix hemorrhage and
periventricularleucomalacia. Neurosonogram helps in satisfactory grading of GMH and PVL which in turn helps in
studying the prognosis and possibleoutcome. It is a usefulmodalityto perform frequent follow-up scans. The
advantages include easy to operate, non invasiveness, lack of ionizing radiation, accuracy, bed side availability for
unstable infants, rapid diagnosis, wide availability, cost effectiveness andrepeatability. Limitation in term neonates
is in distinguishing focal parenchymal echo dense lesion from hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic etiology, in which
case CT scan is complementary to neurosonogram. At present, CT is most accurate in determining lesions, but
transport, sedation, IV contrast administration, temperature maintenance and the risk of ionizing radiation limits use
of CT in routine assessment of fragile neonates. Thusneurosonogramformsthe best cribside, non-invasive primary
method of choice in assessing neonatal brain.

References:-
1. Gerda van Wezel-Meijler. Cranial Ultrasonography: Advantages and Aims Part 1, Neonatal Cranial
Ultrasonography, 1stedn. Berlin: Springer, 2007: Pg 3-4.
2. Lara M. Leijser, Frances M. Cowan. State-of-the-Art Neonatal Cranial Ultrasound. Ultrasound 2007; 15: 6-17.
3. Linda S de vries, Inge-lot C Van Haastert, PPT, MA, Karin J. Rademaker, Corine koopman, Floris
Groenendaal. Ultrasound abnormalities preceding cerebral palsy in high-risk preterm infants. J Pediatr 2004;
144:815-20.
4. Rumack CM, Drose JA. Neonatal and infant brain imaging. In: Diagnostic ultrasound. 4 thedn. Philadelphia,
Elsevier, Mosby; 2011.p.1558-163
5. Leksee L. Echo-encephalography In detection of intracranial complications following head injury. Acta
ChirScand 1956;(110):p301-305.
6. Eugenio Mercuri, Lilly Dubowitz, Sara Paterson Brown, Frances Cowan et al. Incidence of cranial ultrasound
abnormalities in apparently well neonates on a postnatal ward and neurological status correlation with antenatal
and perinatal factors. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998; 79: F185-F189.
7. Ayala Gover, David Bader, Martha Weinger-Abend, Irena Chystiakov. Head ultrasonography as a screening
tool in apparently healthy asymptomatic term neonates. IMAJ 2011 Jan; 13: 9-13
8. Nadia Badrawy, Amira Edrees, Dahlia El Sebaie and Mohamed El Ghawas. Cranial ultrasonographic screening
of the preterm newborn. Alexandria J Pediatr 2005 Jul; 19 (2): 347-356.
9. Thakkar H, Sonone S, Khodke R. Transcranial Ultrasound in Evaluation of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
and Bleed in Preterm Neonates. Int J Sci Stud 2019;7(4):27-38.
10. NosheenRehan, Rehan Farooqui, Manal Niazi, AllauddinNiazi, Rahim Khan MA. Significance of
cranial ultrasound in detection of intraventricular haemorrhage in prematures. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci 2009; 5(4):
255-258.

246