Python String

Till now, we have discussed numbers as the standard data-types in Python. In this section of
the tutorial, we will discuss the most popular data type in Python, i.e., string.

Python string is the collection of the characters surrounded by single quotes, double quotes,
or triple quotes. The computer does not understand the characters; internally, it stores
manipulated character as the combination of the 0's and 1's.

Each character is encoded in the ASCII or Unicode character. So we can say that Python
strings are also called the collection of Unicode characters.

In Python, strings can be created by enclosing the character or the sequence of characters in
the quotes. Python allows us to use single quotes, double quotes, or triple quotes to create
the string.

Consider the following example in Python to create a string.

Syntax:

str = "Hi Python !"    

Here, if we check the type of the variable str using a Python script

print(type(str)), then it will print a string (str).    

In Python, strings are treated as the sequence of characters, which means that
Python doesn't support the character data-type; instead, a single character written as
'p' is treated as the string of length 1.

Creating String in Python

We can create a string by enclosing the characters in single-quotes or double-
quotes. Python also provides triple-quotes to represent the string, but it is generally
used for multiline string or docstrings.

#Using single quotes  
str1 = 'Hello Python'  
print(str1)  
#Using double quotes  
str2 = "Hello Python"  
print(str2)  
  
#Using triple quotes  
str3 = '''''Triple quotes are generally used for  
    represent the multiline or 
    docstring'''   
print(str3)  

Output:

Hello Python
Hello Python
Triple quotes are generally used for
represent the multiline or
docstring

Strings indexing and splitting

Like other languages, the indexing of the Python strings starts from 0. For example,
The string "HELLO" is indexed as given in the below figure.

Consider the following example:

str = "HELLO"  
print(str[0])  
print(str[1])  
 print(str[2])  
print(str[3])  
print(str[4])  
# It returns the IndexError because 6th index doesn't exist  
print(str[6])  

Output:

H
E
L
L
O
IndexError: string index out of range

As shown in Python, the slice operator [] is used to access the individual characters of
the string. However, we can use the : (colon) operator in Python to access the
substring from the given string. Consider the following example.
Here, we must notice that the upper range given in the slice operator is always
exclusive i.e., if str = 'HELLO' is given, then str[1:3] will always include str[1] = 'E',
str[2] = 'L' and nothing else.

Consider the following example:

# Given String  
str = "JAVATPOINT"  
# Start Oth index to end  
print(str[0:])  
# Starts 1th index to 4th index  
print(str[1:5])  
# Starts 2nd index to 3rd index  
print(str[2:4])  
# Starts 0th to 2nd index  
print(str[:3])  
#Starts 4th to 6th index  
print(str[4:7])  

Output:

JAVATPOINT
AVAT
VA
JAV
TPO

We can do the negative slicing in the string; it starts from the rightmost character,
which is indicated as -1. The second rightmost index indicates -2, and so on.
Consider the following image.
Consider the following example

str = 'JAVATPOINT'  
print(str[-1])  
print(str[-3])  
print(str[-2:])  
print(str[-4:-1])  
print(str[-7:-2])  
# Reversing the given string  
print(str[::-1])  
print(str[-12])  

Output:

T
I
NT
OIN
ATPOI
TNIOPTAVAJ
IndexError: string index out of range

Reassigning Strings
Updating the content of the strings is as easy as assigning it to a new string. The
string object doesn't support item assignment i.e., A string can only be replaced with
new string since its content cannot be partially replaced. Strings are immutable in
Python.

Consider the following example.

Example 1

str = "HELLO"    
str[0] = "h"    
print(str)    

Output:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "12.py", line 2, in <module>
str[0] = "h";
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

However, in example 1, the string str can be assigned completely to a new content as

specified in the following example.

Example 2

str = "HELLO"    
print(str)    
str = "hello"    
print(str)    

Output:

HELLO
hello

Deleting the String

As we know that strings are immutable. We cannot delete or remove the characters
from the string.  But we can delete the entire string using the del keyword.

str = "JAVATPOINT"  
del str[1]  

Output:

TypeError: 'str' object doesn't support item deletion

Now we are deleting entire string.

str1 = "JAVATPOINT"  
del str1  
print(str1)  

Output:

NameError: name 'str1' is not defined

String Operators

Operato Description
r

+ It is known as concatenation operator used to join the strings given either

side of the operator.

* It is known as repetition operator. It concatenates the multiple copies of the

same string.

[] It is known as slice operator. It is used to access the sub-strings of a

particular string.

[:] It is known as range slice operator. It is used to access the characters from
the specified range.

in It is known as membership operator. It returns if a particular sub-string is

present in the specified string.

not in It is also a membership operator and does the exact reverse of in. It returns
true if a particular substring is not present in the specified string.

r/R It is used to specify the raw string. Raw strings are used in the cases where
we need to print the actual meaning of escape characters such as
"C://python". To define any string as a raw string, the character r or R is
followed by the string.

% It is used to perform string formatting. It makes use of the format specifiers

used in C programming like %d or %f to map their values in python. We will
 discuss how formatting is done in python.

Example
Consider the following example to understand the real use of Python operators.

str = "Hello"
str1 = " world"
print(str*3) # prints HelloHelloHello
print(str+str1)# prints Hello world
print(str[4]) # prints o
print(str[2:4]); # prints ll
print('w' in str) # prints false as w is not present in str
print('wo' not in str1) # prints false as wo is present in str1.
print(r'\n')# prints \n character as it is written otherwise it will print newline
print("The string str : %s"%(str)) # prints The string str : Hello

Output:

HelloHelloHello
Hello world
o
ll
False
False
\n
The string str : Hello

Python String Formatting

Escape Sequence
Let's suppose we need to write the text as - They said, "Hello what's going on?"- the given
statement can be written in single quotes or double quotes but it will raise
the SyntaxError as it contains both single and double-quotes.

Example
Consider the following example to understand the real use of Python operators.

str = "They said, "Hello what's going on?""  
print(str)  

Output:
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

We can use the triple quotes to accomplish this problem but Python provides the escape
sequence.

The backslash(/) symbol denotes the escape sequence. The backslash can be followed by a
special character and it interpreted differently. The single quotes inside the string must be
escaped. We can apply the same as in the double quotes.

Example -

# using triple quotes  
print('''''They said, "What's there?"''')  
  
# escaping single quotes  
print('They said, "What\'s going on?"')  
  
# escaping double quotes  
print("They said, \"What's going on?\"")  

Output:

They said, "What's there?"

They said, "What's going on?"
They said, "What's going on?"

The list of an escape sequence is given below:

Sr Escape Description Example

. Sequence

1. \newline It ignores the new line. print("Python1 \

Python2 \
Python3")
Output:
Python1 Python2 Python3

2. \\ Backslash print("\\")
Output:
\

3. \' Single Quotes print('\'')

Output:
'
 4. \\'' Double Quotes print("\"")
Output:
"

5. \a ASCII Bell print("\a")

6. \b ASCII Backspace(BS) print("Hello \b World")

Output:
Hello World

7. \f ASCII Formfeed print("Hello \f World!")

Hello World!

8. \n ASCII Linefeed print("Hello \n World!")

Output:
Hello
World!

9. \r ASCII print("Hello \r World!")

CarriegeReturn(CR) Output:
World!

10. \t ASCII Horizontal Tab print("Hello \t World!")

Output:
Hello World!

11. \v ASCII Vertical Tab print("Hello \v World!")

Output:
Hello
World!

12. \ooo Character with octal print("\

110\145\154\154\157")
value
Output:
Hello

13 \xHH Character with hex print("\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\

x6f")
value.
Output:
Hello

Here is the simple example of escape sequence.

1. print("C:\\Users\\DEVANSH SHARMA\\Python32\\Lib")  
2. print("This is the \n multiline quotes")  
3. print("This is \x48\x45\x58 representation")  
Output:

C:\Users\DEVANSH SHARMA\Python32\Lib
This is the
multiline quotes
This is HEX representation

We can ignore the escape sequence from the given string by using the raw string. We can do
this by writing r or R in front of the string. Consider the following example.

1. print(r"C:\\Users\\DEVANSH SHARMA\\Python32")  

Output:

C:\\Users\\DEVANSH SHARMA\\Python32

The format() method

The format() method is the most flexible and useful method in formatting strings. The curly
braces {} are used as the placeholder in the string and replaced by the format() method
argument. Let's have a look at the given an example:

# Using Curly braces  
print("{} and {} both are the best friend".format("Devansh","Abhishek"))  
  
#Positional Argument  
print("{1} and {0} best players ".format("Virat","Rohit"))  
  
#Keyword Argument  
print("{a},{b},{c}".format(a = "James", b = "Peter", c = "Ricky"))  

Output:

Devansh and Abhishek both are the best friend

Rohit and Virat best players
James,Peter,Ricky

Python String Formatting Using % Operator

Python allows us to use the format specifiers used in C's printf statement. The format
specifiers in Python are treated in the same way as they are treated in C. However, Python
provides an additional operator %, which is used as an interface between the format specifiers
and their values. In other words, we can say that it binds the format specifiers to the values.

Consider the following example.

 Integer = 10;    
Float = 1.290    
String = "Devansh"    
print("Hi I am Integer ... My value is %d\nHi I am float ... My value is %f\nHi I am string ... My val
ue is %s"%(Integer,Float,String))    

Output:

Hi I am Integer ... My value is 10

Hi I am float ... My value is 1.290000
Hi I am string ... My value is Devansh

Python String functions

Python provides various in-built functions that are used for string handling. Many String
function are available for use.

Method Description

capitalize() It capitalizes the first character of the String.

casefold() It returns a version of s suitable for case-less

comparisons.

center(width ,fillchar) It returns a space padded string with the original string
centred with equal number of left and right spaces.

count(string,begin,end) It counts the number of occurrences of a substring in a

String between begin and end index.

decode(encoding = 'UTF8', Decodes the string using codec registered for encoding.
errors = 'strict')

encode() Encode S using the codec registered for encoding.

Default encoding is 'utf-8'.

endswith(suffix ,begin=0,end=l It returns a Boolean value if the string terminates with

en(string)) given suffix between begin and end.
expandtabs(tabsize = 8) It defines tabs in string to multiple spaces. The default
space value is 8.

find(substring ,beginIndex, It returns the index value of the string where substring
endIndex) is found between begin index and end index.

format(value) It returns a formatted version of S, using the passed

value.

index(subsring, beginIndex, It throws an exception if string is not found. It works

endIndex) same as find() method.

isalnum() It returns true if the characters in the string are

alphanumeric i.e., alphabets or numbers and there is at
least 1 character. Otherwise, it returns false.

isalpha() It returns true if all the characters are alphabets and

there is at least one character, otherwise False.

isdecimal() It returns true if all the characters of the string are

decimals.

isdigit() It returns true if all the characters are digits and there is
at least one character, otherwise False.

isidentifier() It returns true if the string is the valid identifier.

islower() It returns true if the characters of a string are in lower

case, otherwise false.

isnumeric() It returns true if the string contains only numeric

characters.

isprintable() It returns true if all the characters of s are printable or s

is empty, false otherwise.

isupper() It returns false if characters of a string are in Upper

case, otherwise False.
isspace() It returns true if the characters of a string are white-
space, otherwise false.

istitle() It returns true if the string is titled properly and false

otherwise. A title string is the one in which the first
character is upper-case whereas the other characters
are lower-case.

join(seq) It merges the strings representation of the given

sequence.

len(string) It returns the length of a string.

ljust(width[,fillchar]) It returns the space padded strings with the original

string left justified to the given width.

lower() It converts all the characters of a string to Lower case.

lstrip() It removes all leading whitespaces of a string and can

also be used to remove particular character from
leading.

partition() It searches for the separator sep in S, and returns the

part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If
the separator is not found, return S and two empty
strings.

replace(old,new[,count]) It replaces the old sequence of characters with the new

sequence. The max characters are replaced if max is
given.

rfind(str,beg=0,end=len(str)) It is similar to find but it traverses the string in

backward direction.

rindex(str,beg=0,end=len(str)) It is same as index but it traverses the string in

backward direction.

rjust(width,[,fillchar]) Returns a space padded string having original string

right justified to the number of characters specified.
rstrip() It removes all trailing whitespace of a string and can
also be used to remove particular character from
trailing.

rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit = -1) It is same as split() but it processes the string from the
backward direction. It returns the list of words in the
string. If Separator is not specified then the string splits
according to the white-space.

split(str,num=string.count(str)) Splits the string according to the delimiter str. The

string splits according to the space if the delimiter is
not provided. It returns the list of substring
concatenated with the delimiter.

splitlines(num=string.count('\ It returns the list of strings at each line with newline

n')) removed.

startswith(str,beg=0,end=len(st It returns a Boolean value if the string starts with given

r)) str between begin and end.

strip([chars]) It is used to perform lstrip() and rstrip() on the string.

swapcase() It inverts case of all characters in a string.

title() It is used to convert the string into the title-case i.e.,

The string meEruT will be converted to Meerut.

upper() It converts all the characters of a string to Upper Case.

zfill(width) Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a total

of width characters; intended for numbers, zfill() retains
any sign given (less one zero).

rpartition()