Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 loc. 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

AIR CONDITIONING and

VENTILATION SYSTEM
| Mechanical Engineering Department |

Prepared by:
ENGR. KIM A. BENZON
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO AIR CONDITIONING

 American Society of Heating Refrigerating & Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

 Define air conditioning as a process of treating air so as to control simultaneously
its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the condition of a
given space.
Most air conditioning systems perform the following functions:
1. Provide the cooling and heating energy required.
2. Condition the supply air, that is, heat or cool, humidify or dehumidify,
clean and purify, and attenuate any objectionable noise produced by the
HVAC&R equipment
3. Distribute the conditioned air, containing sufficient outdoor air, to the
conditioned space
4. Control and maintain the indoor environmental parameters–such as
temperature, humidity, cleanliness, air movement, sound level, and
pressure differential between the conditioned space and surroundings—
within predetermined limits

Parameters such as the size and the occupancy of the conditioned space, the indoor
environmental parameters to be controlled, the quality and the effectiveness of control,
and the cost involved determine the various types and arrangements of components used
to provide appropriate characteristics. Air conditioning systems can be classified
according to their applications as (1) comfort air conditioning systems and (2) process air
conditioning systems.

APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING

Comfort air conditioning systems provide occupants with a comfortable
and healthy indoor environment in which to carry out their activities. The various
sectors of the economy using comfort air conditioning systems are as follows:
1. The commercial sector includes office buildings, supermarkets,
department stores, shopping centers, restaurants, and others. Many highrise
office buildings, use complicated air conditioning systems to satisfy multiple-
tenant requirements. In light commercial buildings, the air conditioning
system serves the conditioned space of only a single-zone or comparatively
 smaller area. For shopping malls and restaurants, air conditioning is
necessary to attract customers.
2. The institutional sector includes such applications as schools, colleges,
universities, libraries, museums, indoor stadiums, cinemas, theaters, concert
halls, and recreation centers.
3. The residential and lodging sector consists of hotels, motels, apartment
houses, and private homes. Many systems serving the lodging industry and
apartment houses are operated continuously, on a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week
schedule, since they can be occupied at any time.
4. The health care sector encompasses hospitals, nursing homes, and
convalescent care facilities. Special air filters are generally used in hospitals
to remove bacteria and particulates of sub micrometer size from areas such
as operating rooms, nurseries, and intensive care units.
5. The transportation sector includes aircraft, automobiles, railroad cars,
buses, and cruising ships. Passengers increasingly demand ease and
environmental comfort, especially for long distance travel.

Process air conditioning systems provide needed indoor environmental

control for manufacturing, product storage, or other research and development
processes. The following areas are examples of process air conditioning systems:
1. In textile mills, natural fibers and manufactured fibers are hygroscopic.
Proper control of humidity increases the strength of the yarn and fabric
during processing. For many textile manufacturing processes, too high a
value for the space relative humidity can cause problems in the spinning
process. On the other hand, a lower relative humidity may induce static
electricity that is harmful for the production processes.
2. Many electronic products require clean rooms for manufacturing such
things as integrated circuits, since their quality is adversely affected by
airborne particles. Relative-humidity control is also needed to prevent
corrosion and condensation and to eliminate static electricity. Temperature
control maintains materials and instruments at stable condition and is also
required for workers who wear dust-free garments.
3. Precision manufacturers always need precise temperature control
during production of precision instruments, tools, and equipment.
 4. Pharmaceutical products require temperature, humidity, and air
cleanliness control. High-efficiency air filters must be installed for most of
the areas in pharmaceutical factories to prevent contamination.
5. Modern refrigerated warehouses functions not only to store commodities
and frozen the foods, but also provide relative-humidity control for
perishable foods. Refrigerated storage is used to prevent deterioration.
Temperature control can be performed by refrigeration systems only, but the
simultaneous control of both temperature and relative humidity in the space
can only be performed by process air conditioning systems.

TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING UNITS COMMONLY MANUFACTURED

1. Window Type Air Conditioners – small package type A/C units consist of
direct expansion refrigeration as cooling system, condenser fan, circulating fan,
and control system. It is understood to serve one space or many units serving
larger space.

Schematic Diagram of Window Type Air Conditioning Unit

2. Split Type Air Conditioners – consist of outdoor unit which are typically
condenser and compressor and the indoor unit that cools air before it is supplied
to the condition space. It is usually installed inside the condition space.
 a. Single-split A/C units – consist of one indoor unit to match one outdoor
unit.
b. Multi-split A/C units – consist of two or more indoor units to
match one outdoor unit.

Schematic Diagram of Split Type Air Conditioning Unit

3. Roof Top Package A/C – larger package type A/C and are usually installed
outside the condition space typically on the roof top of the building where it
served. Components are:
a. Cooling/heating coil
b. Condenser coil
c. Compressor
d. Circulating fan
e. Condenser fan for air cooled condenser
f. Air intake porch, grilles, and filter
g. Supply air porch
h. Package controller and control panel built in the system
4. Chilled Water A/C units – consist of refrigeration circuit and chilled water
circuit. The chilled water A/C units are manufactured in small capacity, 315 tons,
while the large capacity units are made from 50 to 500 tons of refrigeration.
a. The refrigeration circuit consist of simple vapor refrigeration
components and its system controller
b. The chilled water circuit consist of package water chiller, chilled water
circulating pump, air handlers such as FCU and AHU, connecting chilled
water piping and system controller.

5. Combined Hot Water and Chilled Water System – known as four-pipe

water system normally consist of hot water lines and the heating coils, cooled
water lines and the cooling coils, circulating pumps, air handlers, and controlling
system.
 Schematic Diagram of Centralized Type Air Conditioning Unit

Four (4) Necessary Action to operate A/C equipment effectively:

1. Action to control the temperature through thermostat and controlling valves
2. Humidity control through thermostat and humidifier or duct heater
3. Action to filter air through air filtering device on Air Handling Equipment, air
purification including air freshener.
4. Action control air motion to a given space through circulating fans and
modulating damper.
Factors Influencing Human Comfort
1. Human heat loss due to convection, evaporation & radiation in human body
2. Insulating factor
3. Physiological Factors
4. Thermal Comfort Factor
5. Noise beyond acceptable limit cause discomfort
Example: If a person is wearing appropriate clothing and activity the
following range of air condition are acceptable:
Operative space temperature: 20 to 26oC
Humidity: should fall w/in a dew point of 2 to 17oC
Air Velocity: air velocity at human breathing level approximately 1.0 to
1.8m from finished floor level is up to 0.25m/sec

BASIC OF REFRIGERATION AS APPLIED TO AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

The five commercially available refrigeration cycles are: Vapor compression,

Absorption, Gas cycle, Steam jet and Thermoelectric, of which the most popular is the
Vapor Compression cycle.

The basic refrigeration cycle is similar for many refrigeration and air‐conditioning
applications. All four components (compressor, condenser, expansion valve and
evaporator) are steady flow devices. The kinetic and potential energy changes of the
refrigerant are usually small compared to the work and heat transfer, and are therefore
neglected.
 The Vapor Compression Cycle

Cycle and Process Diagram for a Vapor Compression Cycle Processes

Process 1-2: Isentropic compression in a compressor

In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant enters the

compressor at state 1 as saturated vapor and is compressed isentropically to the
condenser pressure. The temperature of the refrigerant increases during this isentropic
compression process to well above the temperature of the surrounding medium.

Process 2-3: Constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser

The refrigerant then enters the condenser as superheated vapor at state 2 and
leaves as saturated liquid at state 3 as a result of heat rejection to the surroundings. The
temperature of the refrigerant at this state is still above the temperature of the
surroundings.

Process 3-4 Throttling in an expansion device

The saturated liquid refrigerant at state 3 is throttled to the evaporator pressure

by passing it through an expansion valve or capillary tube. The temperature of the
refrigerant drops below the temperature of the refrigerated space during this process.
No work or heat is harnessed during this process.

Process 4-1: Constant-pressure heat absorption in an evaporator

The refrigerant enters the evaporator at state 4 as a low-quality saturated

mixture, and it completely evaporates by absorbing heat from the refrigerated space. The
refrigerant leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor and reenters the compressor,
completing the cycle.

With the refrigerating effect of the cycle, heat can be then absorbed from a warm
room to perform an air conditioning process. Similarly, Heat can be supplied in a cold
room if the system is to be used as a heat pump.
 ACTIVITY

1. Present in Process flow diagram the different types of commonly manufactured

air conditioning equipment/system including its components. Discuss also the
function of the components in relation to the system operation.
2. Make comparative research (SWOT Analysis) of all types of commonly
manufactured air conditioning and ventilation equipment/system.
MODULE 2: PSYCHROMETRY OF AIR

Psychrometry
❑ The study of properties of air and water vapor mixture.

To understand clearly, we shall be focusing on the concept that the air is a

composition of dry air (O2 + 3.76N2) and a Water vapor. And by illustrating it using the
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures, the existing pressure of the air is the sum of individual
partial pressures of dry air and vapor content of such dry air.

Pa = Partial pressure of dry air

Pv = Partial pressure of vapor

This consideration will be a useful fundamental in the foregoing topics about

Psychrometry. In the above figure, by virtue of total pressure of the mixture, we can also
calculate the total pressure as:

P = Pa + Pv

Wherein P is the total pressure of the mixture (say P=1atm)

Psychrometric Chart
❑ It is a graphical representation of various thermodynamic properties of
moist air.
❑ It is very useful for finding out the properties of air (which are required in
the field of air condition) and eliminate lot of calculations.

Important Parameters in Psychrometric Chart

1. Dry Bulb Temperature
– lines which are vertical, parallel to the ordinate and uniformly spaced.
– actual temperature of the air

2. Specific Humidity or Humidity Ratio

– lines which are horizontal, parallel to the abscissa and are uniformly space.
– is the expression of mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟

𝑊=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑉
𝑅𝑤𝑣 𝑇
𝑊=
𝑃𝑑𝑎 𝑉
𝑅𝑑𝑎 𝑇
287𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑊= = 0.622
461.5𝑃𝑑𝑎 𝑃𝑑𝑎
Where:
𝑊=humidity ratio; kg water vapor/kg of dry air
𝑉= arbitrary volume of air vapor mixture; m3
 𝑃𝑤𝑣 = partial pressure of water vapor; Pa
𝑃𝑑𝑎 = partial pressure of dry air; Pa
𝑅𝑤𝑣 = Gas constant of water vapor=461.5 J/kg.oK
𝑅𝑑𝑎 = Gas Constant=287J/kg.oK
𝑇= absolute temperature of air vapor mixture; oK

3. Dew Point Temperature

- lines which are horizontal, parallel to the abscissa and non-uniformly space as
shown. At any point on the saturation curve, dry bulb and dew point temperatures are
equal.

- the temperature at which condensation begins if the air is cooled at constant

pressure.
 4. Wet Bulb Temperature

- lines which are inclined straight lines and non-uniformly space as shown. At any
point on the saturation curve, dry bulb and dew point temperatures are equal.

- the temperature of the air if it is saturated.

5. Enthalpy

- lines which are inclined straight lines and uniformly space as shown. These lines
are parallel to the wet bulb temperature lines and are drawn up to saturation curve

ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑡 + 𝑤ℎ𝑔

Where:

𝐶𝑝 = specific heat of air = 1.0062KJ/kg.oK

𝑡= temperature of air vapor mixture; oC

𝑤= humidity ratio; kg water vapor/kg of dry air

ℎ𝑔 = enthalpy of saturated steam@air vapor mix.;Kj/kg

 6. Specific Volume

- lines which are obliquely inclined straight lines and uniformly space as shown.
This lines are drawn up to saturation curve.

𝑣𝑑𝑎 𝑅𝑑𝑎 𝑇
𝑣= =
𝑚𝑑𝑎 𝑃𝑑𝑎

Where:

𝑣= specific volume; m3/kg dry air

𝑇= temperature of air vapor mixture; oK

𝑣𝑑𝑎 = volume of dry air; m3

𝑚𝑑𝑎 = mass of dry air; kg

𝑃𝑑𝑎 = partial pressure of dry air; Pa

𝑅𝑑𝑎 = Gas Constant=287J/kg.oK

7. Relative Humidity

- lines which are curved and follow the saturation curve.

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟

𝑅𝐻 =
𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑅𝐻 =
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡

Where:

𝑃𝑤𝑣 = partial pressure of water vapor; Pa

𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = saturation pressure at given temperature; Pa

Problem:

1. Calculate the specific volume of an air vapor mixture in m3/kg of dry air when the
following conditions prevail:

t=30oC W=0.015kg/kg Pt=90kPa

2. In an air conditioning unit 3.5m3/s of air at 27oC dry bulb temperature, 50% RH
and standard atmospheric pressure enters the unit. Calculate the following using
psychrometric chart and using the tackled formula of properties.
A. Specific volume
B. Humidity ratio
C. Enthalpy
D. mass
MODULE 3: PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESS

The mixing of two or more moist air streams, is a common psychrometric process
encountered in most heating and air conditioning systems. The inlet streams to the
mixing section are indicated by 1 and 2 while 3 denotes the exit stream. For typical mixing
processes, the changes in kinetic energy and potential energy of the air streams are
negligible compared to the change in enthalpy. Moreover, any heat exchange between the
air and the surroundings is negligible. For design purposes it is usually assumed that the
mixing process occurs under steady-state conditions at constant pressure.

Defining the equation by moisture balance (steady state) where ma is the mass flowrate
of dry air:

Defining the equation by dry air balance (steady state) where ma is the mass flowrate of
dry air:

For energy balance relation (assuming adiabatic – No heat lost during the process)
By substituting the necessary equations for specific enthalpies in points and making
necessary assumptions, we can also approximate the DBT’s as:

PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES IN AIR CONDITIONING

Process List and definition according to psychrometric chart:

i. OA – Sensible heating: Constant Humidity Ratio, Varying DBT

ii. OB – Sensible Cooling: Constant Humidity Ratio, Varying DBT

iii. OC – Humidifying: Constant DBT, Varying Humidity Ratio

iv. OD – Dehumidifying: Constant DBT, Varying Humidity Ratio

v. OE – Heating and Humidifying: Varying DBT and Humidity Ratio

vi OF – Cooling and Dehumidifying: Varying DBT and Humidity Ratio

vii. OG – Cooling and Humidifying: Varying DBT and Humidity Ratio

viii. OH – Heating and Dehumidifying: Varying DBT and Humidity Ratio

Cooling Load Air Quantities

1. Sensible Heat

➢ The effect of this form of heat is indicated by the sense of touch or feeling. It can
be measured by means of thermometer.

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
Where:

𝑄𝑠 - sensible heat load, Kj/s or KW

𝑚- mass flow rate of supply air; kg/s

𝐶𝑝 - specific heat of air, 1.0062KJ/kg.oC

𝑡2 - inside space temperature to be maintained, °C dry bulb

𝑡1 - supply air temperature entering space, °C dry bulb

2. Latent Heat

➢ Is the quantity of heat which become concealed or hidden inside a body while
producing some change in the body other than an increase in temperature.

𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚ℎ𝑣 (𝑤2 − 𝑤1 )

Where:

𝑄𝐿 - latent heat load, Kj/s or KW

𝑚- mass flow rate of supply air; kg/s

ℎ𝑣 - latent heat of vapor, 2500KJ/kg

𝑤2 - humidity ratio of inside air, kg/kg

𝑤1- humidity ratio of supply air, kg/kg

3. Total Heat

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝐿

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

4. Sensible Factor

𝑄𝑠
𝑆𝐻𝐹 =
𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝐿
1. A sample of air is to taken with the dry bulb temperature of 30oC and a wet bulb
temperature of 25oC. The barometric pressure is 101kPa. Using the table,
calculate;

a. Humidity ratio if it is adiabatically saturated

b. Enthalpy of air if it is adiabatically saturated

c. Humidity ratio using the sample

d. Partial pressure of water vapor in the sample

e. The relative humidity

2. Two kilograms of air/sec, with a dry bulb temperature of 2oC, are passed across a
heating surface and a dry bulb temperature increased to 43oC. Plot the process on
the chart and determine;

a. Final wet bulb temperature of the air

b. Sensible heat transferred in watts

c. The total heat transferred in watts

 ACTIVITY

1. In a winter air conditioning system, outdoor air at 2°C and 20% relative humidity
is mixed with return air at 23°C and 40% relative humidity. The ratio of the dry
air mass flow rates of outdoor air to supply air is 1:4. The supply air is heated
sensibly to a dry-bulb temperature of 35°C before being supplied to the space at
the rate of 30 kg of dry air per minute. The pressure is constant at 101.3kPa.
Calculate (i) the wet-bulb temperature of the air after the mixing process, (ii) the
relative humidity of the air supplied to the space, and (iii) the rate of heat input to
the heater. (solve using psychrometric chart and formula)