TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

Experiment #3
Prepared for Dr. D Ting

Group 22 Members
Faisal SIDDIQUI 101963673
Vasu GARG 102288056
Vipul BHATIA 102288089
Rajeevan SIVAPALAN 101988401
Summary
Firstly we performed the experiment to investigate the static and dynamic characteristics of
different temperature sensors. So to perform this we needed the equipments those are a
thermocouple thermometer, two copper-constantan thermocouples, a 10 kΩ thermistor, an
integrated temperature sensor with digital display. Starting the procedure for calibration
firstly we filled the flask with cold tap water and immersed all temperature sensors into the
water. Secondly when the temperature sensors have reached equilibrium with the cold
water in the bath then we recorded each output and noted the resolution. After that we
turned on the stirrer and the heater and started the stop watch. Then finally using the
thermocouple thermometer to monitor the water temperature and recorded the output of
each sensor, as well as the time, at 5°C increments to 70°C. Finally, we converted the
thermocouple readings to temperatures using the standard tables. Then in the procedure of
transient response we start with stabilizing the temperature sensors in the ice bath and when the
temperature sensors have reached equilibrium with the ice we will recorded all outputs. Then
removed the sensors from the ice bath and place them into a cup filled with room air and
started the stop watch simultaneously. Finally we noted the transient responses of the sensors
and estimated the corresponding time constants. Finally we assumed that a step change in the
medium temperature from that of the ice bath to that of the room air. At the end we performed
all calculations and observations and finally finished the experiment with conclusion.

Introduction
In this experiment, we investigated the static and dynamic characteristics of
different temperature sensors. The estimation of transient temperature measurement errors
is often required to help understand thermal experiments and improve the accuracy of
estimated thermal parameter. These experimental techniques measurements made with
intrinsic thermocouples, Thermistor and Integrated temperature detector are very effective.

The response time of thermocouples is generally considered to be a limiting factor

when transient temperature changes need to be assessed in resources, transient temperature
changes which develop during dynamic reaction. An experiment with dynamically loaded
electrically heated water bath with a magnetic stirrer, show that the thermocouples record
transient temperatures with short typical rise time. The small thermocouples can be
embedded to yield useful information about the transient temperature evolution. This
technique is easy to use and provides an important complement to other techniques.

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Procedure - Calibration
1. Fill the flask with cold tap water.
2. Immerse all temperature sensors into the water.
3. When the temperature sensors have reached equilibrium with the cold water in the
bath, record each output. Note the resolution. Turn on the stirrer and the heater. Start the
stop watch.
4. Using the thermocouple thermometer to monitor the water temperature, simultaneously
record the output of each sensor, as well as the time, at 5°C increments to 70°C. Convert
the thermocouple readings to temperatures using the standard tables.

Procedure - Transient Response

1. Stabilize the temperature sensors in the ice bath.
2. When the temperature sensors have reached equilibrium with the ice, record all outputs.
3. Remove the sensors from the ice bath and place them into a cup filled with room air,
start the stop watch simultaneously. Note the transient responses of the sensors. Estimate
the corresponding time constants, assuming a step change in the medium temperature from
that of the ice bath to that of the room air.

Equipment
1. Electrically heated water bath with a magnetic stirrer, into which the following
temperature sensors are inserted:
a) A thermocouple thermometer
b) Two copper-constantan thermocouples
c) A 10 kΩ thermistor
d) An integrated temperature sensor with digital display
2. 5 VDC. Supply for thermistor
3. Voltmeter
4. Flask filled with cold tap water
5. Cup filled with ice water
6. Cup filled with room air
7. Stop watch

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Calculation

Table 1-1 Thermometer vs. Thermocouple

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thermometer(ºC)(true) 27.7 32.7 37.7 42.7 47.7 52.7 57.7 62.7 67.7 72.7 77.7
Thermocouple(mV) 0.9 1.12 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.8 3
Thermometer(ºC)(Table) 22.732 28.142 32.512 37.333 42.095 46.814 51.488 56.136 63 67.545 72.044
Thermometer(ºC)(Error) -27.7 -32.7 -37.7 -42.7 -47.7 -52.7 -57.7 -62.7 -67.7 -72.7 -77.7
Time (s) (cumulative) 0 169 254 379 491 566 632 673 740 834 940
Time (s) 0 169 85 125 112 75 66 41 67 94 106

Table 1-2 Thermometer vs. Thermistor

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thermometer(ºC) 27.7 33.7 38.7 43.7 48.7 53.7 58.7 63.7 68.7 73.7 78.7
Thermometer(K) 300.7 306.7 311.7 316.7 321.7 326.7 331.7 336.7 341.7 346.7 351.7
Thermistor(kΩ) 9.09 7.06 5.7 4.74 3.81 3.21 2.565 2.215 1.882 1.594 1.34
(1/T-1/Ti) 0 -0.000065 -0.00012 -0.00017 -0.00022 -0.00026 -0.00031 -0.00036 -0.0004 -0.00044 -0.00048
ln(R/Ri) 0 -0.2527299 -0.46671 -0.65114 -0.86955 -1.0409 -1.26522 -1.41192 -1.57484 -1.74093 -1.91451
Time (s) (cumulative) 0 169 254 379 491 566 632 673 740 834 940
Time (s) 0 169 85 125 112 75 66 41 67 94 106

Table 1-3 Thermometer vs. Integrated Temperature Sensor

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thermometer(ºC) 27.7 34.7 39.7 44.7 49.7 54.7 59.7 64.7 69.7 74.7 79.7
Sensor (V) 3.005 3.06 3.13 3.157 3.2 3.25 3.32 3.35 3.4 3.4 3.49
Time (s) (cumulative) 0 169 254 379 491 566 632 673 740 834 940
Time (s) 0 169 85 125 112 75 66 41 67 94 106

Thermometer(ºC)(Table) values were calculated using the standard table provided with the lab manual. The error is the difference between Thermometer(ºC)(Table) and
Thermometer(ºC)(true) which was obtained from the experiment. Plot and the line of best fit from Table 1-2 yields the value for β to be 3971.4

The plots generated are presented in the next page.

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Table 2
Initial Time A medium Time Final Time
magnitude constant magnitude Constant magnitude Constant τ
Thermometer 0.4 1.95 12.6 21.62 23.4 27.88
Thermocouple 0 2.67 0.3 9.99 0.8 21.26
Thermistor 27.41 0.71 18.7 25.62 10.5 35.40
Integrated Temp. Sensor 2.742 1.21 2.786 15.85 2.93 59.36

The transient responses of the temperature sensors heating up in a cup of room air is
characterized in terms of time constant τ in the relationship given below-:

 −t 
T − Tf   −t
=e τ 
⇒ τ=
Ti − T f  T − Tf 
ln  
 T −T
 i f 

a) For thermometer

−t −21.62
τ= = = 27.88sec
 T − Tf   12.60 − 23.4 
ln   ln  
 T −T  0.4 − 23.4 
 i f 

b) For thermocouple

−t −9.99
τ= = = 21.26sec
 T − Tf   0.3 − 0.8 
ln   ln  
 T −T  0 − 0.8 
 i f 

c) For themistor

−t −25.62
τ= = = 35.40sec
 T − Tf   18.7 − 10.5 
ln   ln  
 T −T  27.41 − 10.5 
 i f 

d) For integrated temp.sensor

−t −15.85
τ= = = 59.36sec
 T − Tf   2.786 − 2.930 
ln   ln  
 T −T  2.742 − 2.930 
 i f 
SENSORS CHARACTERISTICS

Resolution Range Accuracy Possibility of remote

reading
Thermometer 0.1 -250→400 0.1 Small resolution leads to
reduced precision
Thermocouple 0.1 -270→1200 0.1 Small resolution leads to
reduced precision
Thermistor 0.01 -40→100 0.01 Moderate resolution and
therefore not very
precise result.
Resistance in wires of
thermistor sensors
would give an incorrect
thermistor resistance
value.
Integrated 0.001 -50→200 0.001 Resistance in wires of
temp.sensor sensor sensors would
give an incorrect sensor
voltage(potential) value.

a) For thermometer

Accuracy = Resolution 2 = 0.12 = 0.1

b) For thermocouple

Accuracy = ( Resolution ) + (Thermocouple Compensation ) = 0.12 + 02 = 0.1

2 2

c) For themistor

Accuracy = Resolution 2 = 0.012 = 0.01

d) For integrated temp.sensor

Accuracy = Resolution 2 = 0.0012 = 0.001

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Conclusion
Finally to conclude the experiment we performed the experiment in two steps firstly we did
the procedure and calculations in calibration and this is done by performing the experiment
and then recording all values at the interval of 5 degrees temperature and we calculated
these values for three different equipments those are Thermometer vs. Thermocouple,
Thermometer vs. Thermistor and Thermometer vs. Integrated Temperature Sensor. We
recorded all the readings between these all equipments. After performing the calculations
we draw the graphs for all of the observations and shown all the calculations. Secondly we
performed our procedure in the transient response and formed the table for all of the
equipments. Then we formed the last table for sensor characteristics and finally observed
all the values. Then we calculated the values of τ for thermometer = 27.88, τ for
thermocouple= 21.26, τ for thermistor =35.4, τ for integrated temp.sensor = 59.36. Finally,
we observed that the results found are almost accurate and almost all error values are equal
to 0.1 or 0.01. So, we observed that our experiment is performed correctly.