Unt 8: Bo sdd mechanics

corvstitu-tve uation vcoelastity:

V&coelasicity ancopezcbes auspects ef
botR u i d belhavio CVis cou Dard ARi
behai ou C elasti). In tRs, uoe &tud the
p h aica chaoacteybics viso elosti

behouwioua, as wel0 a itt%oduce bosic

mechanical araloaoR descaibirq vipelousbie.
beravi oua cet Con be we dleuve
Coubrtubive eauoctton.
haaacberistics is coelaste moberia
Oe hinous -tRd eagtic modbeaia oxeE
e nesg undles delormadtion. Houseyes
viscoelostie modteriad do not e loo7.
the eneay n d a deloxmadion. Bud actea0
Jsse Cos dipabesome the enea
s disip adi om is olo FnDLon a s hybeèsis.
Huetexes iz eradtes a Koadina ponctan
R taas-&5up 2pep mus oe hisne
than the unlooouine c u ve

Loodia4
unloodi
 he-toD o i e r main chasa cteritea mate

Oge ases elacoton and Cheep. &tsee

behaicuS of
elacczsion e l e s to e

t n e y s Aeadirg
a peas
aurothen
deheasing
des

Under a
ttme
C oa) 1elaseino OVes

ere ain.

8nes Helaocottonn

2-Lonatant-

3ense e imvehle a
Cneep i Aome

a e s holacaAion aund t e e s tPe qenes bs

ohanaeteris-ticA Vs coelost mocterlal

unoenoo cs.eased okelaamaton wnder
Consbtt A a e s .

Cnee fP
Constarto.

t
Anu movtesial o ochi oit hute ea is,
Caee ) 3 b l e s e yaseoton Con ke
Caee
Considleged s ViseoeXote mosteia
Mechanic onaogoViscoelo-uic maes
i s asumed het conatantly aplied
a

oCe uce Contret oleloamadon. in

maina ard
constardt 7abe clelomacin
a

Cbrain rode . n dasn pot.

a

n
Delomccion
spairqcordesel eoveadle upon
ie

telease appied oce.uwhe>e a e

delosmcton R he dasnpot undeseoe
pemanert.
Spira- aice 8d
E2
E

Doshpot - Vis co u quiel

he

e
Hein - VoighModel
The imeRest orn modal oe otainel
by Ccnmectr aspirg ard dashpotwgetet
n poeallel and in &eies conliq uscolion. The
is a Sustenm tdconuiet
hewin
helvin- Voigd mode
Connecteo in pnall)
Spairq ard doheot
09ongemenb.
A

Onee 8- Sping, D - Dauhpot

to-tal p e s , 9 - t e sin Spliry
&taes in dashpet.
As the taexs i s applied,tne 8priro
and dashpet uo dleloam by an equal

amourd be caule thei paley assaraervert

2 2 s d . . Cob
The ae%-staavn reletkonahip fox
ping aund he stAes - acain Ste >ehtto

-zhipos e dashpet aae

F 2s . C2o

Bubstttcchrq Ce) ard

C4) n C
E2g+h2 d.
30m C2

E2 + hg
tain ioebe. epeikor Can be okètben as
de

2+hde
elactes &baess to aain and stsourn
g1acbeJox kelin-Voind rvmodel
Mabuuo e l Model

2
Mascwe0 model ik contetaucted h conneelin
pairq avd dashpob in a Seiestn R
cabe, a baea& o a p e o l to e cretthe
3bem aupQicc equal0 on h e Spsirg
is

and dosnpeb 3 oa) and he

tesuklivq taoain 2 i& the Surn d t e
staain in e pia and cuahpet Ce -8,t
ThoughSthess-Sstaaiv analsis sima
to Rote cooaied out
fo e helvin V6ige
mocdel, diexerctiod entetfon seNatirg
a

ness, ard BralnonGe Mascued0necdel

Can be derived n Re 0otoingonm.
 Dexercbiatirq i wR sespect to tinme
e,
+ . c)

hea'
C2D

S F 23
ue need 2s, D0exerddiadbe e abeve
equasuon.
E 2
m o

C3

ard Ceo in CaD

Sulostibrte c

M u l p i n a y E on both 6 e gide
E2 =
T

E
-m

Anisotaop
AnisosRo py the Papert bei
disedior deperdercb tchich imp@ies dpet
popodt n dieert disecton. Fone encoutes
dPeserd mechanic PRopeties ohen oade
in dipperend disedion,
H d tissue.
Diap -mne
edloou Cavmy

YDss lkone
moos ouoCl Epiphazi
2obone r0 ouo
Estt cet and brere one
n e Ahasd and has a &biess- avd ian

nelacbiosnip gmi lasto man enine eainq

marenia
OET BorE
MPa DeyBONE

g0-
20

0.002 O. o .
asin
aain.
leone ix ruke and
A is deen thoct douy
bict toet bone
Aail at a staain oo.4
taain o 1.27.Bince
es ard o i act a

taan s Smal, xt i6 & o

the 2cunge
t s e inuinubesimal
& aain meaue,

sectanguba Catesian
oheae j, D
Coordd naes
Ui,U dispkacemertt

a i n Cooadirates

cuni amial Qoodivg belouo he p3fossioo}

Fe
amat,e
Cohere E -
Yo cuna's MModulus
seen hoct he tuHimadte
&aematR
ond tLinmate &vaain n
tompaeion aoe
aoexthan dooespendirg Volues in tension
ca ad0 he bones tdhae a ne modudus
e d a t i c t in tension i Yonce a n o d t i n

Compeon.
The diPeRence in tfe mecanical aoperties
inensien and Conn pesion Couaed by
en-homoaeneous, onigetsoPlo composres f
he loome, ohicn also aoue
dieet iooe
k e a R value tohen a ene is tested in
Other ocolinq Oondblons.
s Aoa on odull, human
emoaal orrpael
pene e uDtimaebe berobre taenatR is
16o MPo and -the wdemac ahea
&tRerqRi
toRsion Sh 10. MPa OheRe as the
modulus of elotiot in tasion is 8.26Pa
A s abo ueN Knoon hadt e tRerah
s h e bone Vosies urt age, & e , the
cocctien he behe,tRe oaterttation d-
test aordbron
a d h e &lzain a t e ard
dou luoet)
 he rain mele aleect ma ke igniti oant
eina
r e o t hihe uuimate tiarati peina
ootained at hiahes aaiy aocte.
The siengte and medulu estiaty
a pone bene aae mua &nmadle4ban Conmpae
bone

Vibco eWastie ope-pes

Cebain macbesia echi bb apadua deloamaion
Sub)jecal
to Loadina
and netcoveRL udhen eu ae

ard unloadlinq ,
The uespermse e such mactesi) a dasenols

upon houo u i c tRe Locd is apaled (o) emoel

the ecend oP aletoAmatton lseiq deperdent

upon the ode at uonich the deloamatien
Causing oods a e appaed

TRis ime al ependet mosvedall

lbehawiaw
J c00ad Vabco elastct sron
Vis coelastic maabeioy oneGat posses

l oot u d and &td phopexsties

f o Vscoelas Lia moteial Re nelectionahip

b e e n suaes and &sain Coun be ecp9,dged

as C2,ED
bades hoct sae3 CS n a t l u a

n c i on &ain CL)bu abso a unci

ofthe hain 2obe Ce'.
Fnction adaplaion:
The moe
eque e d metrod o v e i
sherehupehopy o Aatorpy occuse in o
a bone due do Hs Use CoAD diswe s koy means
X - Aa dridh nmeas ue t e oPaucy.Anar
uoa o meas e is by uoe
anmision vele
and vibaaslion modes e bore as o
meara
deteamne ne densily re bone.
Onanae in bone
m a ahes pace zLosA
due o acons bone ce0 CoA apddy
due oe uptake tond odpc rine a
The ivina loeone
Craae aceodina o
e
&aesA ard& ain m
en
Srarae in h e eearad 2ape
Co0led exdeana! aemoddi q bone

charae in e porE y, minea Candtertt x-a

Opacy ard mas d e s t e bohe ose

colled indesnod2emodel0ina. Bo apeb _e

aemad s0ra ocuu duira noamd appuo.
Acsordirq to e pherameron sies
Coroa bone develbprenb, he Connpie
-ive R e s Bimudates h e orodion ne
bove and ds an impottartb -Lacta ccusSe
healna
usina an empeimen t on Aemoa0na

bu immooii zotiom Bome &unteeL e n e

e
b doun in pRasteiCoSst-{oA a peRied s
6 8 uoeeks
ina Rs udyela eine aurd leo
Oese anallyso oR OxqOnic &uch aus
eseatnine
ourd
inoAgania udn a Calciun ard phasphotu
foun
ddous aea the t e a cab emoveo t
Bubjed resuumned nomal acvty
The dnemi ca cunayeis irdiactesact olusi va
immoiQiza-ion Re beodli es Auexed a net ots
bone Calcdum ard phos phoRus, hadloRe an
irdresmediand aes ie
ajven r o is tb uai
be qual o e n N e Azess, P is obseva

LWa-he bone 3 uctne human &nowe

e oistaiaetion mecbexi o and Rergth
nelated o e Kev eaitu e A
&tzes

IMbeanal nemodellinq
Thetae. asia mater is sed o
bene iocati o n ik
ABone a e

poctRaceldas d
d epebiacel01aa cdtesid cal0e
o n e maki
The bona moebaiac k poNouL. he ectiacdeay

t0uid iA in condec u o r o o d lasma ldhiah

A mocbei ol necevsce or e Sgreais

done matbso.

e nodaie. Vume
saction
and e the Joca mas den e bene
mazsee Let i be e &ran-
t erso

At constart bempeduse, h e constracie

equaion is.

Goheae
P = ENGOR

CC8 Pode. a tokjch bone

moctaioc ik aenexadbsd.

ocbes nal 9-emodeding

nal nemodelling, one heelbo
o e
A c r e oct uohichthe
bone
descsibe the
added Con)aken auoa 2nom
onm
mateai ads i
a ee
Le ,*2 3
eoone upce. E,E2212
bone. Le
CO-6dirabes on ne
on-the Co-ORdinates.
a
h e gtaain
 ebebeanal mede00ina Je ineco abpoind
b baain voojacion, hen one miadr
h e Aocte of oone mrateial incaaoE3 on

e 8ulace

ORCE- 2)+ a 2-aa) +5,

ohee n h a , 512 ard e , Ea, 2 0e
Constands tRen
uValase postive,
u c e 2eunb depesibon mineals
T*u value is neaadtive, t e Buolace s

Nealosepnbed.
B i s oloeanot ntaeotate Re idea
noeb ensile &tsee and COmpoekie
tses as same. e e e t . o indlude h

e e t , Loe. mau avuume,

U.6Ceu-Ce1
OitR Riz eucdton, Re &tses and
Eu3on digtailoudtion Jn a bone ean lbe

devexmined
Tèalonu
Musce
caiae.
onek Ligmen

candioae Cushion
cROnaen ioRe b a e einyoRced mataa
coelicierdt ion- o. 02
e o cone and LEl jad

Compseion &erat-31
Ct2s Ps)
Tenle &aerqk-25 MPa(a625)
Terdens CBone muley

Liagumerds CBone Pone

ranspAain
aes

Rain E

urdocded- Loosanira piopes-

Qoaded-oxiainst-signt)
Bend uieDdia
Flotm Phetve Danal poerion.
l o i a , -emus - Media Laderal. Liagmet

Ardelal elloeteral iqamert

Tibia,ouda Archios Cauciate agmen
reuio Cucioele Lameyts

Terdans - Peasterdon
Aclestendon CHeel cod

Macberio paoper-es Atiulba atloae

Mcteriod
e Biomedrans ca behovio ateula
Cas loge Can ces-tbe urdelsbeso When the
issue is viedoed as
muLphasic medium
vusco elasstici
a mccbesics suubjecte the acbi
on
Conearrb ood CoR) cons-tare deomtlon ond
Js aes ponse aaies
wttk -ime , then te
paopea-ties thex masteu
mechania
8aud o b e i s co alaseic.
The undamerdbal
vscoeNastie masbeala e
tesponse
e l a m t t n . Fox aattuWa
CAeep and &la es
VisCoeNatic
Cassb Looe, Re Compso8\ve
berwiou pimasily s Cauused by e as
inderstttialei ard the ictora
heQLs
doog ayeoiacbed uortk
cabae
Bi-pasic Ceep esponse
IM Lompaesion
- No Fadaien

DEFOP Eq bium
Lo np - MATI / CoP Dnmaen
Esudalbn
A A

Poameobi9:t Nae
FRuid 4 e d PoAbuu material mauAy A a

-not be peameakQe. The octio JRid veume

4VI4o e yola Yekume CVT) Re
Perous mocteial iz bnaon as po.ag
B VA/T
 Coage ha ha poosity
hepoces& ae
indexomecbed, -e peka mocbesial is psmeclle
on CaaiYae pame.abilH deceaes oeponenti
-00 Oa unction oath ncaeame J
Compaesive aain ard imcaeobein appie
Rd paRes ue,
Tanate 8+es-&aain CuRve

Failwhe
&rexs
n e a neojan

>TDe saaion
Toe eqion Celagen o u OCCua aA
the 2ibaiin align emaelves in tRe
disection e enaile Xood.
Lineas egon AU aned Calogen be ake
&aedehed urd i u D e Ocoua&.

oP ModsAira arta.Dar catilaae

s o e Knmaon t asdtculb Catage
maily CComsis ebetaaceOaa rataib
ard indesstit e.T biphasi. redrienco
nabuaefodloae uos eectetin he
moelermadt al moded s defaamaation>ean
-e
9esnke wde
o d e a to exin dalomaetion madleldha
a n ecteera 2oad,a numl o
 Jsue ould bece Ate geanest e
mebod Loodira ard Re boundasy Cevon
impoed ob bRe auea 8ace,
20

7777777iz

Casebt log b e i m e deperderdt. S o - d Hs

espone o tdlendu a g i nama pieiuSe

ecchiio to Xinnitted tuaceion tine ramel

yEho ime esPanue- inco

maei.
) Lorg ime escense - Covmpaesille e a t

mateial
e ncna diAacement tost,y)
Buace peint Re loourded me prase
atuse i s

LCt, Y) h* AyPCY>- hiAPT

3 G
dt
Coheae PCD, Y) =
distai bted 8uslace Qoa
AYLoayace dieaential Opacdes
G Ou phaue 8ren
h
moduds
>ansveske FRmeabiit
and Oia
2 Mtai Berasiou endon mente
2 Tendens ard amarcs GBe Vidcodastic 6auchie
coi-th unique mechaniaa
paopexties. Tendona a9te
&orq enouaho aLStain the hia tensiQ

one o c ResuE Aom musdle londtaaction

dusingsin me-ton yeb ade edl

DercicOe to aqulate aaouro oone k u a c e

and to dharge theinod diaecion mnuse

pu0. o t R &buctune tan chielytens
Qead dusirq noama and ercessi ve Onadino
Ohenoaoliva Qeads o intus, e deqsee
A
darmoqe is oecbed leu e cete inmpadt
a e cus Re amourto oad

Load
CPO

Elonapeian C:
- amagy CoA) Jeajon n Lohdh ne
ue elongatbe ot&ma0 inch.ose in losd.
as bnhe uoay qen bae&Raleeben, bud.
2-SeLondaa ineas hajon n uohidh the
Re&aaignened O u n d testnes
e pedmen Jnes aose AapiouDeomastion
e i s s u e beaan and de o s e Q)

enneas qelati onshie LoH Zsad.

 3-End ecordauaajon. e ve
a i u e e he cRloaen ibae takes pace
4- Mabcimum ood CPMas,
3reectna e
tWtmade tentiQe Gaerat R e i s ue
Coma@e-te dailuse occ 9opid@y oard re
Bpeamen Xos ts a i t y t o AuucpOrt nd

3m
Mode0ivn
The mod poraNeNedbRe VscDelas
i s u e onsiat Spairg aurd dashcot
Combiatdon.The mece cOs medied oa
non-lineasit eDaste esp onse. h e s e e
uctndd viscoelostre mede a
iaomertt a d berden ave been o u e on

e qenesadiscedon conesponding Atiuctud

elatio model. Thein &tsuctunal eladtio mcole
to h e viscoeastie a s e bimccapexu

indesna ltion betseen es in 4

bitajl tissus aurd betuseen Alo es ard
mateiad in
omadeai tohc
nicn h e ase embedde,

Dempia oas intaduced nto e model

asumiq t a b e s hae tdends
inecs wiscdeatic Paopettes. By axsumin

tPott Re individuad cOagen b a e Loese

ineaay iscoelotic. R moolel is otmu
ed-o ttoo Apeca bes,
n e incoApeaded a nigh densH
Cogeinh betroeeh Caqen and elastin

Abae
Anwthe o n e Js oUa densH

Caos8 áng .
uasiineas ás Co elaiGty i
The Q
icn dá the com binoc
onmuloted
elastic and Lime deperdert tomponent d
a t s s u e meohania ne po r u e needHtau
ndbeqaa ohmulcclien.
QLV heoy has been used a a uside
vasueb tsgue modlel and mott CommanQ4

used o R tendona ondigarmenet. h e &taele

Can be espnemed s

C , -b) = G Ct CA> 2
GC undton a ime- calle a
educed nelareali on-uuncton.
eteh aetio

Ca ime rolependent -eastic

SteapoN&e
The &ses cb -bime -t then qiven

C,) SG Ct-t) OO Adt

Based on the asoclalion oith inea

iscos-t' citu b u uaH ovsuma e e

rain cotin eneas
bracitiora e e o
 -

s CT ee dt

I+ sCT) dt

udhee, SCT)= TTT

CT)=o , t 2 T ,
TA an be euontlen in -texms o

eccponerttiall inteanal a
A

CG Ct= CCEC t/T) - ECT

I + n CTa/
h e l e muscle
Peaimyssum
Bloodvesel.

M u s d e 4eRe.

osicle.
Pinlum Musce ose

Myoib

z-Line Acedn
Muosin.
M-Line
lpes meles!

Cosdube

> mooth
Bheleta
imusuum Enolosin aaah muscle
Perimusium malo.sa each A a s i l e

Erolomuaium netinq musde i e

Musdle cordea ton

actD, myosin.

pes muscles I

anrevot
anae
araye c
a o
Joint
EReco
Edensor>
anebesiar ana9e ajoind
PLise sRuctue
>
Levat

M u c l e acion

Asomeic
Protsnie C Leg- dnange tenson
Bame
Lenslem
Fcerdic
Change Concedaic

Denath CEnorterie CElogadion)

Same. Desmbm ,Ttin,Ez-ine
Petein.
Hi2Q's m odel,
HiQ's modlel 9eeas to ertPer Hi0's quaion
ontertani zed musale Contaacun on o
h n e e elemertt madel

A erttan ized musole Contaatian

Equation
Thi eq uadion elated o lension to

imdbearal themooy
Neloc
Veloetby uort neqosds to

-namu C,
CV+b) CF+a) CFo-a)
one berbion imthe muole
 V-Velott Codbataciom
o-The maDcimunn isometacenuon
eneaeted in mucle.
o- ciert a shoreberiq heat

b aVo
Fo
Na-Maseimum velsuty udnen F-o

The highe -Re Road arplied to e nmuaae

the Qaver h e cortbna-im vetorty. Sima
the
Ro hiahe ke tentaaction Velor,
o u s e thebenaion inthe musaNe. he
muusele vension decreases ayhe

nostenina velouty inceases

FoIce

Yelo
C- npaurds
Thaee eXemeTb model ULed n come

(3 paue

PECE Snnurran eone

GO jods
c Eq uaduion
ef erd.ons A Ligornards Ovo iqio lo odu n
briurn
2 m C f zco boda dioarn c Gurl anala is