CS8591

COMPUTER NETWORKS

UNIT NO 1
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL LAYER

SWITCHING
1.7 CIRCUIT SWITCHING
III V 1.8 PACKET SWITCHING
III V
CS8591
CS8591
COMPUTER NETWORKS
COMPUTER NETWORKS
(Common to CSE & IT)
 CS8591
COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)
SWITCHING
What is Switching?
• In modern world, we are connected with
everyone, either by internet or by a telephone
connection. In this huge network, when a
phone call is made, or when we access some
website, the data get transferred from one
network to the other network.
• Whether you are inside a closed network or
in a large network segment, Switching is the
most important mechanism which
exchanges the information between
different networks or different
computer(s). Switching is the way which
directs data or any digital information towards
your network till the end point.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)

The end systems (communicating devices) are labeled A, B, C, D, and so on, and the switches are
labeled I, II, III, IV, and V. Each switch is connected to multiple links.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)

Types of Switching Techniques

There are three type of switching techniques available: Circuit Switching, Packet Switching
and Message Switching. Circuit and Packet Switching are the most popular among these
three.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION

● Telegraph Networks
Message switching & store-and-forward
● Telephone Networks
Circuit Switching and connection oriented
● Computer Networks and the Internet
Packet switching
Virtual circuit switching
● Next-Generation Internet
???
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)
 CS8591
COMPUTER NETWORKS - ( Common to CSE & IT)

CIRCUIT SWITCHING

•A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches connected by physical

links.
•A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links.

• However, each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link.

•Each link is normally divided into n channels by using Frequency Division Multiplexing and Time
Division Multiplexing.

•A circuit-switched network is made of a set of switches connected by physical links, in which each
link is divided into n channels.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - ( Common to CSE & IT)

CIRCUIT SWITCHING
•Circuit switching takes place at the physical layer.
•Before starting communication, the stations must make a reservation for the resources to be used
during the communication.

Circuit switching has three phases:

• Circuit establishment or Setup phase
• Transferring the data or Data transfer phase
• Circuit disconnect or Teardown phase
Setup Phase
Before the two parties (or multiple parties in a conference call) can communicate, a dedicated circuit
(combination of channels in links) needs to be established.
The end systems are normally connected through dedicated lines to the switches, so connection setup
means creating dedicated channels between the switches

Data Transfer Phase

After the establishment of the dedicated circuit (channels), the two parties can transfer data.

Teardown Phase
When one of the parties needs to disconnect, a signal is sent to each switch to release the resources.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - ( Common to CSE & IT)
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Advantages of Circuit Switching
●The data rate is fixed and dedicated because the connection is established using dedicated physical
connection or circuits.

●As there are dedicated transmission routing paths involved, it is a good choice for continuous transmission
over a long duration.

●The data transmission delay is negligible. No waiting time is involved in switches. So, the data gets
transmitted without any prior delay in the transmission. This is definitely a positive advantage of Circuit
Switching method.

Disadvantages of Circuit Switching

●Whether the communication channel is free or busy, the dedicated channel could not be used for other
data transmission.

●It requires more bandwidth, and continuous transmission offers wastage of bandwidth when there is a
silence period.

●It is highly inefficient when utilizing the system resource. We cannot use the resource for other connection
as it is allocated for the entire conversation.

●It takes huge time during the establishment of physical links between senders and receivers.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - ( Common to CSE & IT)
PACKET SWITCHING
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)

PACKET SWITCHING
Packet switching method uses two routing methods:

* Datagram Packet Switching

* Virtual Circuit Packet Switching

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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)
PACKET SWITCHING
Datagram Packet Switching
●Connectionless Packet Switching
●Datagram packet switching is normally implemented in the network layer.

●In datagram network, each packet is routed independently through the network.

●Each packet carries a header that contains the full information about the destination.

●When the switch receives the packet, the destination address in the header of the packet is examined;
the routing table is consulted to find the corresponding port through which the packet should be
forwarded.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)

PACKET SWITCHING
Virtual Circuit Packet Switching
A source and destination have to go through three phases in a virtual circuit packet switching:
I. Setup phase
ii. Data transfer phase
iii. Connection release phase

❖Single route is chosen between source/destination.

❖All packets take that route to reach destination.
❖Uses virtual circuit identifier for routing.
A virtual circuit identifier (VCID) is a type of numeric identifier used to distinguish
between different virtual circuits in a connection-oriented circuit-switched telecommunication
network. It enables a circuit-switched network to identify different virtual circuits/channels
involved in a device's data communication.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)
PACKET SWITCHING
Advantages of Packet Switching
✔ Efficient in terms of Bandwidth.
✔Transmission delay is minimum
✔Missing packets can be detected by the destination.
✔Cost-effective implementation.
✔Reliable when busy path or links breakdown is detected in the network. Packets can be transmitted by
other links or can use a different path.

Disadvantages of Packet Switching

✔Packet switching does not follow any particular order to transmit the packet one by one.
✔Packet missing occurs in large data transmission.
✔Each packet needs to be encoded with sequence numbers, Receiver and Senders address, and other
information.
✔Routing is complex in the nodes as packets can follow multiple paths. When rerouting occurs for some
reason, the delay in receiving the packets is increased.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)

Difference Between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

 CS8591
COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)
CIRCUIT SWITCHING PACKET SWITCHING
In circuit switching there are 3 phases In Packet switching directly data transfer takes place .
i) Connection Establishment., ii) Data Transfer.
iii) Connection Released.
In circuit switching, each data unit know the entire In Packet switching, each data unit just know the final
path address which is provided by the source destination address intermediate path is decided by the
routers.
In Circuit switching, data is processed at source In Packet switching, data is processed at all intermediate
system only node including source system.
Delay between data units in circuit switching is Delay between data units in packet switching is not
uniform. uniform.
Resource reservation is the feature of circuit There is no resource reservation because bandwidth is
switching because path is fixed for data transmission. shared among users.

Circuit switching is more reliable. Packet switching is less reliable.

Wastage of resources are more in Circuit Switching Less wastage of resources as compared to Circuit
Switching
It is not a store and forward technique. It is a store and forward technique.
Transmission of the data is done by the source Transmission of the data is done not only by the source,
but also by the intermediate routers
Congestion can occur during connection Congestion can occur during data transfer phase
establishment time
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)

MESSAGE SWITCHING
Message switching is a connectionless network switching technique
where the entire message is routed from the source node to the
destination node, one hop at a time. It was a precursor of packet
switching.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)

MESSAGE SWITCHING
Advantages and Disadvantages of Message Switching
Advantages
● Sharing of communication channels ensures better bandwidth usage.
● It reduces network congestion due to store and forward method. Any switching node can
store the messages till the network is available.
● Broadcasting messages requires much less bandwidth than circuit switching.
● Messages of unlimited sizes can be sent.
● It does not have to deal with out of order packets or lost packets as in packet switching.
Disadvantages
● In order to store many messages of unlimited sizes, each intermediate switching node
requires large storage capacity.
● Store and forward method introduces delay at each switching node. This renders it
unsuitable for real time applications
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COMPUTER NETWORKS - (Common to CSE & IT)