Lecture 7 - Isometric Projection - II

Isometric Projection -II
TA 101 - Engineering Graphics

Dr. Ashish Dutta
Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Kanpur, Kanpur
•
Pictorial drawing greatly enhances
visualization
2
Projection techniques
• Axonometric projection is one of the four principal projection
techniques:
a) Orthographic/Multiview Projection b) Axonometric Projection
c) Oblique Projection d) Perspective Projection
3
Multiview vs Axonometric Projection
• Greek: axon = axis, metric = measure
• Axonometric = To measure along axes
4
Axonometric drawings are classified based on
how many axes are foreshortened.
• All three axes are unequally foreshortened: Trimetric projection.
Supposedly the most pleasing to the eye and the most difficult to
produce.
• Two of the sides equally foreshortened: Dimetric projection.
Supposedly less pleasing to the eye but easier to produce than
trimetric drawings.
• All three sides equally foreshortened: Isometric projection.
Supposedly least pleasing to the eye but easiest to draw.
Foreshortening of lines for a cube!
Top view
No object rotation Object rotated about

Front / Top and Side views vertical axis
Object rotated about

vertical and profile axis.
Square face becomes ?
Isometric Projection: Steps
Projected
7
Steps to obtain the isometric
projection of an object:
• Start with the front principal

Projected image
face of the object (cube) B
parallel to the projection Body diagonal line AB
plane
+
A Vertical Axis
A A
Step 1: Orthographic Views
of a Cube
(Third angle projection is B B 8
used)
• Rotate the object by 45°
about its vertical axis
Step 2: Cube is rotated

45˚ clockwise about axis +
A
A A
B 9
B
• Tilt object forward by 35˚16́
(35.27˚)
• For a cube, this corresponds

to a forward tilt till the body
diagonal AB appears as a B
point in the front view
• The three axes that meet at A Point view of line AB

on the projection plane form A
equal angles of 120°
A B
81% A,
• They are called the isometric B o
35 16
axes. ’
10
Step 3: Axis is rotated forward by 35°16’ Isometric Axis
• The forward tilt of the object causes
the edges and planes to become
foreshortened as they are projected
on the projection plane
• The length of the projected lines B

are equal to the cosine of 35°16’
𝟐
(= 0.81647) times the true lengths
√𝟑
Point view of line AB
• The projected lengths are
A
approximately 81% of the true
lengths
A, A B
81%
B o
35 16’
Isometric Axis
Step 3: Axis is rotated forward by 35°16’
11
Isometric View/Drawing
• A drawing produced using a scale of 0.816 {1:1.225} is
called an Isometric projection and is a true representation of
the object.
• If everything else is kept same, but we produce the drawing

using full scale {1:1}, it is called an Isometric drawing/view.
• An isometric drawing has the same proportions as an
isometric projection, but is larger by a factor of 1.225.
Isometric Projections:
– Isometric lines drawn using isometric scale
– Foreshortened
Isometric Drawing/View:
– Isometric lines drawn using 1:1 scale
12
– No foreshortening, take actual lengths
Construction of an Isometric Scale
10
45o line True Scale
9
8
7 30o lineIsometric Scale
6
5
4
3
2
1
 Isometric Projections: Use Isometric Scale
 Isometric Drawing/View/Sketch: Use Regular/True Scale

13
Isometric Projection Vs Drawing/View/Sketch
Isometric Projections are foreshortened because the

object is tipped with respect to the viewing plane.
Isometric views or drawings, are NOT foreshortened

because they still appear proportionate when
showing the dimensions full size along isometric
axes/lines. It is easier just to sketch the full14
dimension.
Important points for construction
• Each edge of the cube is parallel to one of the

isometric axes.
• Any line that is parallel to an isometric axis is called

an isometric line.
• The planes of the cube faces and all planes parallel to

them are called isometric planes.
Construction
• In an isometric projection (or
drawing), distances to be measured
only along isometric lines.
• Parallel to any of the isometric

axes.
• Any line that does not run parallel
to an isometric axis is called a non-
isometric line.
• Include inclined and oblique lines,
Cannot be measured directly.
• Must be created by locating two
end points on isometric planes.
How to draw Isometric Projections / Views
DO NOT SHOW DASHED LINES

INTERNAL DIMENSIONS NOT REQUIRED
ONLY OVERALL DIMENSIONS TO BE MARKED
CENTRE LINES only for dimensioning
Box method – example 3
Box method – example 4
Box method
Example -5
Example – example 6
Construction procedure -
• Offset method (if the object edges are not isometric lines)
Non isometric
lines
Offset method
Offset method - Example
Locate points ABCDE on isometric axes.

Locate height OP at centre.
Complete figure.
Offset method - example
Off set method
Circles ???
Square to Rhombus –
Circle to ellipse
Ellipse in corners
Angles in isometric
Circles in Isometric
Construction: Box method
• Question: Given the three
principal views of an object,
construct its isometric projection
(use isometric scale)/view
(normal scale) ?
• Step l: Draw the isometric

axes.
• Step 2: Construct the front
isometric plane using the width
(W) and height (H) dimensions.
• Width dimensions parallel to
the left 30° axis.
• Height dimensions parallel to
the vertical axis
Construction
• Step 3: Construct the top
isometric plane using the width
(W) and depth (D) dimensions.
• Width dimensions parallel to

the left 3O° axis.
• Depth dimensions parallel to

the right 3O° axis.
Construction
• Step 4: Construct the

right side isometric plane
using the depth (D) and
height (H) dimensions.
• Depth dimensions
parallel to the right 30°
axis.
• Height dimensions
parallel to the vertical axis.
Construction
Step 5: Transfer distances for
various features from the principal
views to isometric lines that make
up the isometric rectangles.
• Lets start with the font and top
planes of the isometric box.
• Distances A and B transferred to
a width line in the front plane.
• Cut taken out of the box by using
depth information (G+ H) on the top
plane.
Construction
• Step 6: Transfer the remaining
features from the principal views
to the isometric box.
• Complete the details by
connecting the endpoints of the
measurements taken from the
principal views.
• Step 7. Remove construction
lines.
Use of GRID Sheets with 30o lines from
horizontal
Differences with Orthographic drawings
Hidden lines ?
• Omitted in isometric
projections (or drawings)
unless absolutely necessary
to completely describe the
object.
• Most isometric projections

(or drawings) do not have
hidden lines.
CIRCLES and Centre lines ?
• Circles will become ellipse in
isometric.
• Draw ellipse using the four

centred method.
Center lines.
• Drawn only for showing
symmetry or dimensioning.
• Often not shown when

communicating with non-
technical people and not for
engineering purposes.
Dimension lines
Dimension lines.
• Dimension lines, extension

lines and lines being
dimensioned lie in the same
plane.
• All dimensions and notes to

be located outside the view
whenever possible.

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Isometric Projection -II

TA 101 - Engineering Graphics

No object rotation Object rotated about

Object rotated about

• Start with the front principal

Step 2: Cube is rotated

• For a cube, this corresponds

• The three axes that meet at A Point view of line AB

• The length of the projected lines B

• If everything else is kept same, but we produce the drawing

 Isometric Projections: Use Isometric Scale

 Isometric Drawing/View/Sketch: Use Regular/True Scale

Isometric Projections are foreshortened because the

Isometric views or drawings, are NOT foreshortened

• Each edge of the cube is parallel to one of the

• Any line that is parallel to an isometric axis is called

• The planes of the cube faces and all planes parallel to

• Parallel to any of the isometric

DO NOT SHOW DASHED LINES

Locate points ABCDE on isometric axes.

• Step l: Draw the isometric

• Width dimensions parallel to

• Depth dimensions parallel to

• Step 4: Construct the

• Most isometric projections

• Draw ellipse using the four

• Often not shown when

• Dimension lines, extension

• All dimensions and notes to

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