PW Com cui s§ {EY You are going to hear part of a radio Relativeyclauses: relative pronouns, cerning sand mon-ennins relative OlaUsesr Oda yo3ions programme about making sure your home is safe when you are away. Before you listen, look at the picture. What do you think the radio programme will mention? (7) Listen and see if you were right. Listen again and complete the advice below using no more than three words from the recording. How to protect your home Outdoors * If you live in an area 1 .. or dead branches. * Put away objects 2 . Indoors * If you are away for a long time then find someone 3 . home for you. * Install lights 4 home. a lot of tall trees, cut off overhanging damaging missiles. on your a timer so thiat it looks as though you are + Find someone 5... your mail regularly. Look at your answers and underline all of the relative pronouns (where, which, who, that). Which relative pronoun refers to a place? Which relative pronouns are used to refer to people? Which relative pronouns are used to refer to things: 173“49 Relative clauses give information about a noun (or noun phrase). They are linked to the noun (or noun phrase) by a relative pronoun (e.g, who, which). The relative pronoun can be either the subject or the object of the clause, and we do not use another pronoun in the clause to refer to the noun: Why nor install lights which have a timer? (not Why-niot install Hights-which-shey-have-e-timer?) ©. We sometimes use a participle clause instead of a relative clause (see Unit 12): the man sitting beside me (= the man who is sitting beside me) the food kept in the fridge (= the food which is kept in the fridge) 1 Relative pronouns We use © who to refer to people: Please welcome Mike Bowers, who is going to talk to us about how to look after your home. © which to refer to things: These are dangerous if you ts ive in — which is in a large high-rise building. © that to refer to people or Find someone that can check on your home while you're away. Store away any objects that could become dumuging miss That is an alternative to who and which and is more common in spoken English. \ That is not used in non-defining relative clauses (see below). © where to refer to places: This is your home, the place where you keep your most treasured possessions. © when to refer to times: Programme them to come on at times when you would normally be home. + whose to show possession: You're a person whose job involves a lor of travel. He lives in an old house, whose roof needs repairing + why after the reason or reasons: There are often very good reasons why one house is burgled and another is not 2 Defining relative clauses relative clauses give information after a noun to identify the noun more clearly: Find someone who can collect your mail for you Store away any objects that could hecome damaging missiles if it gets windy, (the relative clause identifies the type of objects) Without these relative clauses, it is unclear which person, place or thing we are referring to: Store uway any objects if it gets windy. (we do not know which objects) 174We can leave out the relative pronoun when it refers back to the object of the defining relative clause, Compare: Maybe there's a neighbour (that) you can ask. (neighbour is the object of the verb) In the evening, a house that’s very dark can really stand out. (house is the subject of the verb: not -house-te-very- dark-can-really stand-out) 3 Non-defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses add extra, non-essential information about something. Compare: I applied to the university, which is located in the centre of the city. (there is only one university, so its location is extra information: non-defining) J applied to the university which is located in the centre of the city. (there is another university which is not in the centre of the city: defining) Non-defining relative clauses are more common in written language than in spoken language. With non-defining relative clauses © we do not use the relative pronoun that: The burglars got in through the kitchen window, which the owners had forgotten to shut. (not she kitchen svindew,shat-the owners) © we separate the relative clause from the main clause with commas. There may be two commas or one comma depending on whether the relative clause comes in the middle of a sentence or at the end: A letterbox can become full of uncollected letters, which is a great help to a burglar. Mr Smith, who was my primary school teacher, got married last week. ‘© we cannot Jeave out the relative pronoun: My new house, which I have just redecorated, is much larger than my old house. (not-My-nevw. house,-Lhave just-redecorated) © the relative pronoun can refer to a single noun phrase or to a whole clause: My neighbour, who lives upstairs, often looks after my flat. (who refers to my neighbour) Some people seem to think it’s just a matter of locking all the doors, which is fine as long as there are no nasty storms while you are away. (which refers to the whole of the first phrase) Compare the key differences between defining and non-defining relative clauses: Defining relative clauses: Non-defining relative clauses: © identify the thing that you are talking about give additional, non-essential information © that can replace who ot which © that cannot be used © the relative pronoun can be left out if it © the relative pronoun cannot be left out refers to the object © no commas ‘© must have commas4 Prepositions When prepositions are used with relative clauses they usually come at the end of the clause in spoken English: You may have a neighbour that you can rely on. (informal) In formal style the preposition can be placed before the relative pronouns which or whom: I was unsuccessful in obtaining a place at any of the universities to which I applied. My boss, for whom I have worked for over 30 years, has decided to retire. Grammar extra: Common collocations with relative pronouns ‘We often use the expression the one with defining relative clauses: He's the one who suggested I became a teacher. My father is the one that taught me to play the piano. That house is the one where I grew up. Where can be used after expressions such as the situation, the stage or the point: We were in a situation where there were no easy solutions. I'm almost at the stage where I'm ready 10 quit my job and go into business for myself Ive reached the point where I feel I should just give up.Corner C . Grammar exercises (ET) Match the beginnings (1-10) and endings (a-}) of these sentences, and join them by adding a relative pronoun. In which two sentences can the relative pronoun be left out? 1 The college has many students 4 a Mozart performed many of his 2 My cousin Phillip is a solicitor; he was the operas. one... b flat Irent. I went to a school © every student wants to have. I visited the theatre .. ‘@are classed as ‘mature’ because Why don’t you call again at a time they are over 21. advised me to study law. I'm not as busy. invented the first electric motor. w ~ a 6 Mrs Jackson is the kind of teacher rm mo Faraday was the man 7 factory burned down yesterday? 8 Is there any reason .. i didn’t have very good sports 9. What was the name of that company facilities. j manufacturers like to keep demand above supply? 10 That’s the woman.......... |] Rewrite the sentences below as single sentences using non-defining relative clauses. 1 My father lives in a small house full of ornaments, This makes it really difficult to clean. My. tate lus n.o.2mall nous full oF onaments. whic makes... teal, difhaatt to caan.. Some students take a year out before university. This allows them to work or travel. Some students ... The Guggenheim Museum is in Bilbao. It only displays contemporary art. The Guggenheim Museum, 4 My English teacher is leaving. His lectures are very interesting. My English teacher, . 5 The lecture was about current economic policy. It was not very easy to understand. The lecture . In 1951 my parents arrived in New York. They stayed there for the rest of ther lives. My parents arrived in New York 7 Igave my assignment to the faculty secretary. She was not very friendly. ” Y gave my assignment .. nv w a 177“4U) [E) There is a mistake with relative clauses in each of the email extracts below. Find the mistakes and correct them. I wonder if you can help me. I want to get in touch with the woman which we met at the meeting last week. Do you know the one I mean? {'m sending this email to ask for more information about the language courses which | saw them advertised in The Daily Star yesterday. 31 How are you getting on with your new job? I'm finding my new job exhausting, that is not surprising considering I ee haye to travel so much. | really enjoyed the lecture which you gave it on Wednesday, and am thinking about doing my assignment on the same topic. | 5 You left your notebook at my house. Do you need it? It's the | |, ‘one which in you have written your lecture notes. ~ ~ 6 oe = I’m just emailing you to find out if you want to go to the cinema on Thursday. I’ve got today’s newspaper which has sn a list of films. If you're free, let me know. 7 | can you pick up some shopping on your way home? | want ‘some of those bread rolls what we had last week. Will you be able to stop at the shop? 8 a : ss You are clearly a person who life is full and busy and that is why we think you would like our Ladies Personal Organiser. For just £15.99 you .. 178[ED Read the description of how chocolate is made. Add the relative clauses (a~i) to the text in the gaps and write in the appropriate relative pronoun where, which or that. Chocolate’s varied flavours, colours, shapes and textures result from different recipe traditions 1.1... . The essential ingredient in all chocolate is cocoa, which is made from the cream-coloured beans 2 ... The cacao tree, 3 size of a small pineapple, 4 ‘After harvesting, the cocoa beans are removed from the pod and piled in heaps 5 a The dried beans are then transported to factories 6 .... + The shells are then removed and the beans are ground into chocolate liquor ~ a thick brown liquid 7 « This liquor contains a high percentage of fat (cocoa butter), The solid block of cocoa that remains is then made into a powder 9 .. or is mixed back with some of the cocoa butter, sugar and other flavour such as vanilla to make the different kinds of chocolate. a is removed by using presses. they are sorted and roasted are left for several days to dry can be used to make a hot chocolate drink tows in equatorial regions such as South America, Africa and Indonesia forms a solid at about room temperature , produces a fruit about the have evolved in different parts of the world .. are the tree’s seeds i grow in pods on the cacao tree 179 FR no mooD Test practice Academic Reading You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12 which are based on the Reading Passage below. Robotic approach to crop breeding Jennifer Manyweathers takes a look at a robot that is being used to identify drought-tolerant crop varieties A. The Australian sunflower industry is the major source of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in margarines and spreads. Recognised as the type of fatty acid most able to protect against heart disease, it is in everybody's best interest that Australia has a competitive and healthy sunflower industry, but in Australia there is a constant struggle with the harsh climate. However, thanks to one special robot, farmers may be able to win the battle against drought. B_ Dr Chris Lambrides, a research fellow at the University of Queensland, is nearing the end of a project that aims to develop more drought- tolerant sunflowers by selecting flowers that use water more efficiently. He’s done this with the help of a robot developed by the Australian National University’s Research School of Biological Sciences. C Plants undergo photosynthesis to produce energy in the form of sugar. This involves allowing carbon dioxide to enter the leaves through pores called stomata. Transpiration is the mechanism by which plants lose water through their leaves. This system is thought to facilitate the passage of minerals through the plant and is vital for healthy plants. D However, in conditions of drought, the plants that can use the available water efficiently and lose less to the environment will be more likely to thrive and, in a commercial sense become more profitable. These plants are classified as having a high transpiration efficiency. When plants transpire, the leaves become cooler due to evaporation. Therefore, by measuring the temperature of the leaves, scientists can determine how much water is being lost through transpiration.E When the project first began, the researchers used hand-held infrared thermometers to measure the temperature difference between leaves of different varieties of sunflowers in an experimental plot, Wind can affect leaf temperature, and the research team discovered that its initial approach did not cater for changes in wind speed, which could not be controlled as an experimental variable. The team therefore needed a technique to measure temperature continuously that would allow it to examine the effects of other variables such as humidity. They needed a robot. i F They designed a robot with two infrared thermometers set at 180° to each other. The robot runs on an oblong track around the experimental plot and the thermometers operate on each side of the track. In order to minimize any variables from the two thermometers, they are rotated 180° at the beginning of each run and the results are averaged. The infrared thermometers can be rotated on an angle to examine different parts of the foliage. G The robot is also able to detect light intensity. It has a garage on the track, where it waits until the light intensity is high enough to give useful results. If the skies darken due to rain, heavy cloud cover or sunset, the robot makes its way back to the garage to wait. H The main difficulty faced by the research group was to find an agronomist who could grow the perfect crop of sunflowers. The sunflower canopy had ta be complete, with no visible soil, so that the ‘thermometers would only measure the temperature of the plants and not the surrounding environment. Eight varieties of sunflower were examined. The data collected by the robot has been used by the research team to determine which variety has the highest transpiration efficiency. | This is not the first time such methods have been used to determine drought-resistance in plants. The team and their robot have already made a major breakthrough in the Australian wheat industry with Drysdale Wheat, which signalled the arrival of a new technique for selecting drought-resistant species.Pau) Questions 1-4 Complete the sentences with words taken from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer Write your answers next to Questions 1-4. 1 In terms of our health, sunflowers are important in defending humans against 2 The research team wanted to find a sunflower that could cope well in sve conditions. 3 The name of the process which is believed to help keep plants in good condition is 4 The research ‘team had to rethink their initial approach when they realised they needed to measure the impact of external conditions such as and Questions 5-12 The reading passage has nine paragraphs labelled A-I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-I next to Questions 5-12. the precise growing conditions required to allow the experiment to work a description of the how the robot operates an explanation of two important processes used by plants a reference to a previous study using a different crop 9 details of what the robot does when conditions are poor 40 the name of the group responsible for making the robot 11 the number of different types of sunflower tested 12 the purpose of taking the temperature of the plants 5 6 7 8 BlGerke Look at these extracts from the text, For each extract answer the following questions, 1 Do they contain defining or non-defining relative clauses? | 2 Which words or ideas do the relative pronouns refer to? 3 Does the relative pronoun act as the subject or the object of the verb? 1 Dr Chris Lambrides, a research fellow at the University of Queensland, is nearing the end of a project that aims to develop more drought-tolerant sunflowers by selecting | flowers that use water more efficiently. 2... the research team discovered that its initial approach did not cater for changes in wind speed, which could not be controlled as an experimental variable. 3 Ithas a garage on the track, where it waits until the light intensity is high enough to give useful results. 4 The main difficulty faced by the research group was to find an agronomist who could grow the perfect crop of sunflowers. 5 The team and their robot have already made a major breakthrough in the Australian wheat industry with Drysdale Wheat, which signalled the arrival of a new technique for selecting drought-resistant species, |