IBM

History and Evolution of

IBM Mainframes

Jim Elliott
Advocate – Infrastructure Solutions
Manager – IBM System z9 and zSeries Operating Systems
IBM Canada Ltd. ibm.com/vm/devpages/jelliott

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 IBM

History and Evolution of IBM Mainframes

ƒ The history of SHARE has paralleled that of IBM mainframes for

over 50 years. This presentation will cover the history of IBM
mainframes from the IBM 701 through IBM S/360 to IBM eServer
zSeries and the new IBM System z9. The evolution of OS/360 to
z/OS and CP/67 to z/VM will also be covered (with honorable
mention of DOS/360 to z/VSE and ACP to z/TCP).
ƒ The speaker has worked for IBM for over 32 years including stints
as an MVT, VM/370 and DOS/VS systems programmer, IMS
application developer and product manager for VM, VSE and Linux
for IBM Americas. Today Jim is responsible for all the System z9
and zSeries operating systems in addition to being the Advocate
for Infrastructure Solutions for IBM Canada. As a result, he has
'hands-on' experience with most of IBM's mainframes over that
period.

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Reports of the death of the

mainframe were premature
ƒ “I predict that the last
mainframe will be unplugged
on March 15, 1996.”
– Stewart Alsop, March 1991
ƒ “It’s clear that corporate
customers still like to have
centrally controlled, very
predictable, reliable
computing systems – exactly
the kind of systems that IBM
specializes in.”
– Stewart Alsop, February 2002
Source: IBM Annual Report 2001
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In the Beginning – The First Two Generations

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The family tree – 1952 to 1964

ƒ Several mainframe
families announced,
designed for different
applications
ƒ Every family had a
different, incompatible
architecture
ƒ Within families, moving
from one generation to the
next was a migration
– Common compilers made
migration easier – COBOL
and FORTRAN

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IBM 701 – 1952

1st generation

ƒ The first IBM large-scale electronic computer

manufactured in quantity
ƒ IBM's first commercially available scientific computer
ƒ The first IBM machine in which programs were stored
in an internal, addressable,
electronic memory
ƒ The first of the pioneering
line of IBM 700 series
computers, including the
702, 704, 705 and 709

701
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IBM 305 RAMAC – 1956

1st generation

ƒ The first computer to include a disk drive (named the

IBM 350 Disk File)
ƒ Prior to this magnetic computer storage had consisted
of core memory, tape, and drums
ƒ The 350 Disk File consisted of a stack
of fifty 24” discs
ƒ The capacity of the entire disk 350 Disk
file was 5 million 7-bit characters,
which works out to about 4.4 MB
in modern parlance

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IBM 1401 – 1959

2nd generation

ƒ The all-transistorized IBM 1401 Data Processing System

placed the features found in electronic data processing
systems at the disposal of 1402 1401 1403 729
smaller businesses,
previously limited to the use
of conventional punched
card equipment
ƒ These features included: high
speed card punching and
reading, magnetic tape input
and output, high speed
printing, stored program, and
arithmetic and logical ability

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IBM 1440 – 1962

2nd generation

ƒ Low-cost system specifically designed to solve the

increasing data handling problems of smaller volume
businesses
ƒ The 1440 met the need for a 1443 1441 1311
complete accounting system
and offered the benefits of a
business information system
ƒ With a variety of models and
special features available for
the 1440, a system could be
tailored to meet immediate
data processing requirements
and expanded to absorb
increased demands

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IBM 7094 – 1962

2nd generation

ƒ Built for large-scale scientific computing

ƒ Compatible with the IBM 7090, the advanced solid-state
IBM 7094 offered substantial increases
in internal operating
7094
speeds and functional
capacities
ƒ New expanded functions
provided with the IBM 7094
were: double-precision
floating-point operations
and seven index registers

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The April 1964 Revolution –

3rd generation

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During the 1950s, Data Processing came of age

ƒ Data Processing machines existed – sorters, collators,

tabulators
ƒ "Computers" were devoted almost entirely to the
processing of computationally intensive tasks
ƒ Demand for computers, as data processing machines,
boomed and new machines were built to meet this
demand
ƒ Customers were getting very frustrated with migration
costs that came with processor upgrades

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 IBM

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System/360 – Announced April 7, 1964

ƒ IBM decided to implement a wholly new architecture

specifically designed both for data processing and to be
compatible across a wide range of performance levels
ƒ IBM invested $5B to develop a family of five
increasingly powerful computers that run the same
operating systems and can use S/360-75
the same 44 peripheral devices
with the same architecture
– Architecture published in the
S/360 Principles of Operation
– 24-bit addressing (32-bit architecture)
– Solid logic circuit cards
2401 2311
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System/360 – a child is born

ƒ Hardware
– One main storage, maximum size is 16MB
– One or two Central Processing Units (CPUs)
– One to seven Channels
– Selector or Byte Multiplexor
– Block Multiplexor
– Control Units (which connect to Channels)
– Devices (which connect to Control Units)
ƒ Family of operating systems
– Operating System/360 (OS/360)
– Disk Operating System/360 (DOS/360)
– TOS, BPS, …
– ACP
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Core
Memory

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S/360 family
Model Announced First Shipped
30 April 7, 1964 June, 1965
40 April 7, 1964 April, 1965
50 April 7, 1964 August, 1965
20* November 18, 1964 April, 1966
65 April 22, 1965 November, 1965
75 April 22, 1965 January, 1966
44 August 16, 1965 June, 1966
67 August 16, 1965 May, 1966 Virtual storage
91 January 18, 1966 October, 1967
25 January 3, 1968 October, 1968
85 January 30, 1968 December, 1969 High speed cache
195 August 20, 1969 March, 1971
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System/360 Model 20
1966

ƒ Special purpose
“entry level” S/360
ƒ 24K of core
memory
ƒ Half the registers of
other models
ƒ Instruction set that
was not binary-
compatible with the
rest of the S/360
family
ƒ Popular as an RJE
workstation

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System/360 Model 67

ƒ First IBM system with virtual storage capabilities

– S/360 Model 65 with addition of the Dynamic Address
Translation facility S/360-67
ƒ Operating systems
– Time Sharing System –
The “official” operating system
from IBM Data Systems Division
– Control Program/67 with the
Cambridge Monitor System –
The “unofficial” operating system
from the IBM Cambridge Scientific
“DAT box”
Center

University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

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System/370 – Announced June 30, 1970

ƒ Compatible upgrade from S/360

ƒ 370 Model 145 is the first computer with fully integrated
monolithic memory (circuits in which all of the same
elements – resistors, capacitors and diodes – are
fabricated on a single slice of silicon) and 128-bit bi-
polar chips "We are confident that the performance
ƒ New peripherals of System/370, its compatibility, its
– 3330/3340/3350 disk engineering and its programming will
make it stand out as the landmark for
– 3211 printer the 1970s that System/360 was for the
Sixties."
Tom Watson, Jr.
IBM Chairman and CEO
1961-1971

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System/370 with Virtual Storage –

Announced August 2, 1972
ƒ Compatible upgrade from S/370 with virtual storage
ƒ First multiprocessor
models (158MP, 168MP)
ƒ Family of operating systems 3850 S/370-148 3705 3350
– OS/360 Î OS/VS
– DOS/360 Î DOS/VS
– CP/67 Î VM/370

3505 3203 3525 3270

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S/370 – the architecture matures

ƒ Virtual storage
– 2KB or 4KB pages of memory
– 64KB or 1MB segment sizes
– Translation of virtual
addresses to real addresses
using Dynamic Address
Translation (DAT) logic 3033
– Segment tables point to page 3031
locations
ƒ Channel architecture
– 256 channels
ƒ CPU changes
– Extended MP support via
CPU address
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S/370 family

Model Announced First Shipped Replacement

155 June 30, 1970 January, 1971 158
165 June 30, 1970 April, 1971 168
195 June 30, 1970 August, 1973
145 September 23, 1970 June, 1971 148
135 March 8, 1971 April, 1972 138
158 August 2, 1972 April, 1973 3031
Virtual
storage 168 August 2, 1972 May, 1973 3033
capable 125 October 4, 1972 April, 1973 4331/4361
models
115 March 13, 1973 March, 1974 4331/4361
138 June 30, 1976 November, 1976 4341/4381
148 June 30, 1976 January, 1977 4341/4381

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System/370 with Extended Architecture

ƒ Evolution of S/370 3083

ƒ 3081 introduced Thermal

Conduction Modules
ƒ New peripherals
– 3800 printer
– 3370/3380 disk
– 3480 tape
ƒ Family of operating systems
– OS/VS Î MVS/SP Î MVS/XA
– DOS/VS Î VSE/SP
– VM/370 Î VM/SP, VM/SP HPO
– VM/370 Î VM/XA MA Î VM/XA SF Î VM/XA SP
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370-XA – radical surgery for the architecture

ƒ Extended storage addressing

– 24-bit or 31-bit addressing
– 4KB pages in 1MB segments
ƒ Interpretive execution facility
– Start Interpretive Execution (SIE) instruction
– SIE runs until interception condition raised
– Used by VM/XA
– Multiple High Performance Guest Support Facility (MHPGSF)
to support V=F guests on VM/XA SP
• Rename Processor Resource/Systems Manager (PR/SM) when
Logical Partitions (LPAR) announced
ƒ 370-XA channel design
– CHPIDs
– Subchannels
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System/370 with Enterprise Systems

Architecture
ƒ Extension of 370-XA
– Expanded Storage
– Multiple 31-bit address spaces
ƒ Common set of peripheral devices
– 3390 disk
– 3490 tape 3090

ƒ Family of operating systems

– MVS/XA Î MVS/ESA
– VSE/SP Î VSE/ESA
– VM/XA SP Î VM/ESA

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9672-G5
System/390 with Enterprise Systems
Architecture – Announced September 1990
ƒ Evolution of ESA/370
ƒ 1994 – S/390 Parallel Transaction Server
– Family of CMOS processors
ƒ 1998 – System/390 Generation 5 server – more than 1,000 MIPS
ƒ 1999 – System/390 Generation 6 server – copper chip technology
ƒ Common set of peripheral devices
– RAMAC, Enterprise Storage Subsystem disk
– 3590 Magstar tape
ES/9000
ƒ Family of operating systems
– MVS/ESA Î OS/390
– VSE/ESA
– VM/ESA
– Linux for S/390 (December 1999)

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S/370 to ES/9000

115/125 138/148 158/168

▼ ▼ ▼
4331 Î 4321 4341 3031/3032/3033
▼ ▼ ▼
4361 4381 3081/3083/3084
▼ ▼ upgrade ▼
9370 4381-E 3090
▼ upgrade ▼ ▼ upgrade
9221 9121 9021
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Parallel Transaction Server to G6

1994-04-06 9672-Enn, Parallel Transaction Server

9672-Pnn
1994-09-13 9672-Rn1 Parallel Enterprise Server
1995-06-12 9672-Rn2,
9672-Rn3
1996-09-10 9672-Rn4 G3
1996-09-10 2003 Multiprise 2000
1997-06-09 9672-Rn5 G4
1998-06-23 9672-nn6 G5
1999-09-20 7060 Multiprise 3000
1999-05-03 9672-nn7 G6

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zSeries with z/Architecture –

Announced October 2000
ƒ Evolution of ESA-390 zSeries 900
– 24-bit, 31-bit, and 64-bit addressing
supported concurrently
– z900 – up to 16 processors
– z800 – up to 4 processors
• Linux-only model in January 2002
• General purpose model in February 2002
– Integrated Facility for Linux on z900/z890
ƒ Family of operating systems
– OS/390 Î z/OS
– VSE/ESA Î z/VSE
– VM/ESA Î z/VM
– TPF Î z/TPF
– Linux for S/390 Î Linux for zSeries

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zSeries Enhanced

ƒ May 2003
– z990 – up to 32 processors – configurable as CPs, IFLs, SAPs
– Up to 256GB memory
ƒ October 2003 zSeries 990
– The Mainframe Charter
ƒ April 2004
– z890 – up to 4 configurable processors
– zSeries Application Assist Processor
ƒ October 2004
– Crypto Express 2
ƒ January 2005
– FICON Express 2
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System z9 – Announced July 26, 2005

ƒ IBM System z9 109 (z9-109) delivers excellence in large scale

enterprise computing and is designed and optimized
as the hub of the on demand enterprise
ƒ Built on more than 40 years as an industry-acknowledged
leader and taking that leadership to new levels
– Scalability
– Availability and security
– Balanced system design
– Virtualization technology
ƒ Breaking new ground
– Designed to minimize outages to help
your business stay always on
– Greater scalability and performance to
grow with your business
– Flexibility to enable efficient response
to your business needs
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System z9 and zSeries: Balanced System Design

System I/O Bandwidth

Balanced System
172.8 GB/sec CPU, n-way, memory,
I/O bandwidth*

96 GB/sec

24 GB/sec

GBs MIPs for

512 GB 256 GB 64 GB 288.15 450 ~ 600
1-way
12-way
16-way

32-way

System z9 109*
zSeries 990
54-way zSeries 900

Generation 6
CPUs
Generation 5
*z9-109 exploits a subset of its designed I/O capability
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9672-G5 to eServer zSeries to System z9

1998-06-23 9672-nn6 G5
1999-05-03 9672-nn7 G6
2000-10-03 2064-1nn z900
2002-04-30 2064-2Cn z900 Turbo
2002-02-19 2066 z800
(Linux only model 2002-01-29)
2003-05-13 2084 z990
2004-04-07 2086 z890
2005-07-26 2094 System z9 109

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April 7, 2004 – The 40th Anniversary!

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April 7, 2004 – The 40th Anniversary!

http://ibm.com/eserver/zseries/timeline/
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Summary

ƒ From System/360 in 1964 to today’s System z9 and

zSeries, we have seen an evolution that has preserved
customer investments in a unique way
ƒ From OS/360 to MVS to OS/390 to z/OS, we have seen
an evolution of the operating system that is core to
most corporate IT environments
ƒ From CP/67 as a research project and VM/370 as a
migration tool, VM has evolved to today’s z/VM as the
core of IBM’s zSeries virtualization technology
– Virtualization is now considered “standard” in the industry and
all virtualization solutions owe much to the VM family
“Legacy systems are systems that work!”
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Bibliography

ƒ Melinda Varian, Princeton

– “VM and the VM Community: Past, Present, and Future” presented at SHARE
89, 1997
ƒ Jeff Gribbin, EDS UK
– “Development of 360/370 Architecture – A Plain Man’s View”, 1989
ƒ Chuck Boyer
– “The 360 Revolution”, 2004
ƒ IBM Archives: Valuable resources on IBM's history
– http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/
ƒ IBM Systems Journal
– “VM/370–a study of multiplicity and usefulness”
L H Seawright and R A MacKinnon, Volume 18, Number 1, 1979
– Evolution of a virtual machine subsystem
E C Hendricks and T C Hartmann, Volume 18, Number 1, 1979
– “ESA/390 interpretive-execution architecture, foundation for VM/ESA”
D L Osisek, K M Jackson, and P H Gum, Volume 30, Number 1, 1991
ƒ IBM Journal of Research and Development
– “The Origin of the VM/370 Time-Sharing System”
R J Creasy, Volume 25, Number 5, 1981

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ƒ All other products may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
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