(!

J Let's Get Started

Underline the verbs in these sentences.
1. Salman has a friend, George.
2. They are happy.
3. They play football in the afternoon.
4. We bought an umbrella.
s. Who can open this lock?

Are all the above verbs performing the same function?

Inthe first sentence, the verb has tells us that Salman possesses a mend.
In the second sentence, the verb are tells us their state of being (that is, they are happy).
In the third sentence, the verb play tells us about the action they perform.

Averb is a word or a group of words that is used to denote an action, event, state of being or possession.

Examples: We played the match withgreat enthusiasm.

They are unhappy with the project.
Veronica has ayounger sister.

Kinds of Verbs
Verbs can be of different rypes, based on their fun ction and their structure.

Bas ed on Functions
- Primary auxiliaries
(be, have and do)
Auxiliary verbs -
- (helping verbs)
Modal auxiliaries
Verbs - .__
(all modals)
'-- Main verbs
 Mai_n verbs are the primary verbs in a 'Sentence. Theyshow the acwal action performed by the
su bject. They can be used by themselves in a sentence.

Examples: 'The nightingale sings sweet~.

Adam bakes delicious cakes.

Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used befo re the main verb 'to show different tense forms and th e
person and number of the subjects.

Examples: Vipul is playing the violin.

Gajini and Rudrani were walking in the park.

Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs are of two types - primary auxiliaries and modals.
Primary Auxiliary Verbs
r
The verbs be, have and do are called primary au~iliarie~. These help
,~
the main verb showthe number and person of rts su bject. These , I

are also called helping verbs. Primary auxiliaries can

- ~ ·
also be used as main
Examples: / am reading an interesting book. verbs in sentences.
I am happy.
The students have completed their homework.
They have a car.
Her work does not need improvement. , He did his work today.
Primary auxiliary verbs have different forms. Look at this table.

be am, rs, are was, were

have has, have had
do does, do did

0 Underline the primary auxiliaries and write if they are used as helping_ verbs or main verbs. 1

1. Saem is a successful doctor.

2. I am doing my homework now.
3. The visitors at the exhibition were happy.
4. I am not as good in English as Hen ry.
5. They are going abroad next winter.
 6. The Clarks have bou. h
g t a new Sl,JV.
7. Mr Gomes has five b .
eaut,ful r-9se plants.
8. Mrs Vergese had set h h
t e omework last Wednesday.
9. She did not complet h · ·
e er work today.
10. He does his homework
regu 1ar1y.
11. What does your m0 th
er cook on special hol idays?
12. Where were you in the aft .,
ernoon r
13
· Where did you go for your vacations this winter?
14. Where are my science notebooks?
1S. What have you brought for lunch today?
A Complete the passage 'th . ..
W wi appropriate aux1hary verbs.
Mr Dhananjay Chakraborty _ (am/is/are) a taxi-driver in Kolkata. He - - (has/
have/ had ) built a garden on the roof of his cab. He has named his taxi 'Sab'fi Rath' or 'Green
Chariot'· There - (am/is/are) metal Gontainers on the roof of the cab. The bottom is
laid with soil , white sand and stone chips. Mr Chakraborty _ _ (am/are/is) 40 years old.
He drives his taxi between Tollygunge and Karunamoyee in Kolkata.

His friend - (am/are/is) the one who gave him this idea. His passengers also showed
their appreciation for the small money plant that he _ _ (have/has/had) begun with.
However, Mr Chakraborty _ (do/does/did) not own his 'Green Chariot'. According to
the owner of the taxi, Dhananjay-(am/are/is) one of the most careful drivers. He also
fu lly supports this mission of his.

Initially, th is _ _ (is/was/were) not easy for him. There _ _ (is/was/were) other drivers
who made fun of him . Most people thought that he --(was/am/are) mad to even try
doing such a thing. However, he _ _ (do/does/did) not lose heart.

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Verbs li ke can, could, must, may, might, will, would, sh_all an~ should are
called modal auxiliaries. They are always used with main verbs and
,_ ,
I
, '

: Unlike primary auxiliaries, \

I

can never be used as a full verb in a sentence. : modal auxiliaries do :

I I

: not change their form :

Examples: You may play in the evening ifyou finish your homework in : according to the tense
I
: I

the morning. : of the main verb or the :

Ican run for ten kilometres at a stretch. \ number and person of the \
:, subject.
_______________________ , )
,
We should ask our teacher for help with the project. ,
Usage of Modal Auxiliaries
Modal auxiliaries are used to express perrnission1 ability, suggestion1 possibjlity or nece~sity.
1. We use may to ask for and give permission.
Examples: May I come in, ma'am? (asking permission)
You may come in. (giving permission)
2. We use can and could to show ability.
Examples: Ramiza can play the guitar well.
He could solve the question paper on his own.
3. We use should for giving advice or suggestions.
Examples: We should never tell lies.
You should always walk on the footpath.
4. We use may, might and could to denote possibility.
Examples: There may be a general strike tomorrow.
The substitute fielder might play in the next match.
There could be heary rainfall this evening.
5. We use must to show necessity.
Examples: You must attend the assembly every day.
We must win our next match to qualify for the finals.

,······~ ,,
6. We use will, shall and would to show future actions.
Examples: We shall meet our principal tomorrow.
I shall not attend school on Friday. I
I

The teacher said that she would give us each a chocolate for : Traditionally, shall is used '
the right answers. : with the first person ,
: to show future action :
He will not reach on time for the show. : wh ile will is used with the :
: second and third persons.:
7. We use will and shall to show our intentions. : However, nowadays, :
Examples: / shall never tell a lie again. : we use will with all three '
I
•._ persons.
We shall trek all the way up to the top of the hill. ~- ------------ -------- --
I will win this match.
I will sing a song for his farewell.
To form negative sentences, we add not to the modal auxiliaries.
Examples: He could not solve the difficult sum.
You will not play unless you are told to.
 A rill in the blanks with a . ..
'=' . ppropnate modal auXJha.ry verbs.
1. Shaksh, _ _ _ _ ( d' I I
can, cannot) score good marks because she sru 1es regu ar Y·
2. The thief _ _ _ _ ( h' · h 1
could not, can) run away because the police held 1m c,g t Y·
3· We _ _ _ _ (must not, must) leave now or else we will miss the bus.
4. You _ _ _ _ (
mu st n't, must) go out without your cardigan. It is very cold outside.
5· He _ _ _ _ (may, can) be sick, but I am not sure.
6· - - - - (May, Can) you please switch on the fan?
7. You _ _ _ _ (
can't, might not) drive. You are just fourteen .
8. You (
can, could) ask me any question now.
9. He (could not, may not) finish his paper on time yesterday.
10 · (May, Can) you speak French?
11. We (would, should) exercise regularly to keep healthy.
12. Each student (will, shall) be given a copy of the painting.
13. We (shall, will) re·ach the theatre on time.
14. (Will, Shall) we go to the beach today?
15. One (would, should) always keep one's promises.
E) Rewrite the sentences after correcting the errors.
1. Who is you talking about?
2. The students making noise.
3. Do Mrs Munshi celebrate the Parsi New Year, Novruz?
4. What time does you get up in the morning?
5. Are Mrs David present today?
6. My sister do not give me any present on my last birthday.
7. I is not going to celebrate my birthday this year.
8. They has not brought their lunchboxes today.
9. Whose books these?
10. Where this parcel come from? NOURUZ
Main Verbs! Regular and Irregular verbs
Depending on how they form thei r simple past and past participle forms, verbs can be divided into
two groups: regul ar and irregular.
 Regular Verbs

Ve rbds that fiorm their simple past or past participle forms by adding -d or -ed co the main verb
ca11e regu 1ar verbs. are

Examples: share shared, care cared

walked, shouted
Irregular Verbs

Verbds that form c_heir past or past participle forms by changing their inside vowel or using different
wor s are called irregular verbs.

Examples: sit sat, go went

think thought, drink drank

.' -~ Don't Forget! -------------------------- ------ \

I
I
I
: • Verbs can be of two types based on their function: main verbs and auxiliary verbs.
' • Main verbs are the primary verbs in a sentence and can be used by themselves.
I
1 Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs.
•
I Auxiliary verbs can be of two types: primary auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries.
•
1
: • Verbs can be of two types based on their structure: regular and irregular. 1
1
I • Regular verbs form their simple past and past participle forms by adding -d or -ed to the 1
I1 ·main verb. · I
1
1 • Irregular verbs form their simple past and past participle forms by changing their inside
: vowels or using different words. . :
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0 l et Us Write
Work in small groups. Choose a place for each group, like hospital, school assembly hall,
0 computer lab or park. Then, write the rules that one should follow at these places using
the modals and primary auxiliaries.