What is computer hardware?

Want to know what hardware is in your computer? Become a computer pro with our quick guide
to these essential components and their roles.

Quite simply, computer hardware is the physical components that a computer system requires to
function. It encompasses everything with a circuit board that operates within a PC or laptop;
including the motherboard, graphics card, CPU (Central Processing Unit), ventilation fans,
webcam, power supply, and so on.

Although the design of hardware differs between desktop PCs and laptops due to their
differences in size, the same core components will be found in both. Without hardware, there
would be no way of running the essential software that makes computers so useful. Software is
defined as the virtual programs that run on your computer; that is, operating system, internet
browser, word-processing documents, etc.

Although a computer can function only when both hardware and software are working together,
the speed of a system will largely rely on the hardware used.

When building up a new computer, or simply replacing old parts, you may need to know the
specific hardware in your computer. The purpose of this guide is therefore to help you
understand the inner-workings of your computer.

What is a Motherboard?

The motherboard is at the center of what makes a PC work. It houses the CPU and is a hub that
all other hardware runs through. The motherboard acts as a brain; allocating power where it’s
needed, communicating with and coordinating across all other components – making it one of
the most important pieces of hardware in a computer.

When choosing a motherboard, it’s important to check what hardware ports the motherboard
supplies. It’s vital to check how many USB ports, and what grade (USB 2.0, 3.0, 3.1) they are, as
well as what display ports are used (HDMI, DVI, RGB) and how many of each there are. The
ports on the motherboard will also help you define what other hardware will be compatible with
your computer, such as what type of RAM and graphics card you can use.

Although the motherboard is just one piece of circuitry, it is home to another one of the most
important pieces of hardware: the processor.
What is a CPU (Central Processing/Processor Unit)?
The CPU (Central Processing Unit or processor) is responsible for processing all information
from programs run by your computer. The ‘clock speed’, or the speed at which the processor
processes information, is measured in gigahertz (GHz). This means that a processor advertising a
high GHz rating will likely perform faster than a similarly specified processor of the same brand
and age.
What is RAM?
Random Access Memory, or RAM, is hardware found in the memory slots of the motherboard.
The role of RAM is to temporarily store on-the-fly information created by programs and to do so
in a way that makes this data immediately accessible. The tasks that require random memory
could be; rendering images for graphic design, edited video or photographs, multi-tasking with
multiple apps open (for example, running a game on one screen and chatting via Discord on the
other).

How much RAM you require depends on the programs that you’ll be running. Medium intensity
gaming generally uses 8GB of memory when performed alongside other programs, but
video/graphic design can use upwards of 16GB of RAM. Find out how much memory your
computer needs.

What is a Hard Drive?

The hard drive is a storage device responsible for storing permanent and temporary data. This
data comes in many different forms, but is essentially anything saved or installed to a computer:
for example, computer programs, family photos, operating system, word-processing documents,
and so on. Find out more about hard drives and how they work.

There are two different types of storage devices: the traditional hard disk drive (HDD) and the
newer solid state drives (SSD). Hard disk drives work by writing binary data onto spinning
magnetic disks called platters that rotate at high speeds, while a solid-state drive stores data by
using static flash memory chips. Find out more about computer storage and how solid state
drives work.
What is a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)?

Especially important for 3D rendering, the GPU does exactly what its name suggests and
processes huge batches of graphic data. You will find that your computer’s graphics card has at
least one GPU. As opposed to the basic on-board graphic capabilities that PC motherboards
supply, dedicated graphics cards interface with the motherboard via an expansion slot to work
almost exclusively on graphic rendering. This also means you can upgrade your graphics card if
you want to get a bit more performance from your PC.

Not only this, but modern GPUs fulfil a broad computational workload beyond just rendering,
making them an extension to the central processing unit.
What is a Power Supply Unit (PSU)?
A power supply unit, commonly abbreviated as PSU, does more than just supply your computer
with power. It is the point where power enters your system from an external power source and is
then allocated by the motherboard to individual component hardware. Not all power supplies are
made equally however, and without the right wattage PSU your system will fail to work.

A modern computer will generally need a PSU that’s rated between 500W – 850W to effectively
power all hardware, although the size of the PSU will depend entirely on the power consumption
of the system. Computers that are used for highly intensive tasks such as graphic design or
gaming will require more powerful components and thus will need a bigger PSU to cater to this
additional need.

Without the right amount of power, components won’t be able to run effectively and the
computer might experience crashes or simply fail to boot at all. It’s recommended to have a
power supply that more than covers your system usage. Not only do you guard yourself against
system failure, you also future-proof yourself against needing a new PSU when you upgrade to
more powerful PC components.

Understanding your computer and its hardware components can prove very useful when the time
comes to upgrade or replace any parts, or when building a computer. Should a problem arise with
the internal workings of your computer, you will have a better understanding of the importance
of each component, the need for them to be in good working condition and how to go about
solving any issues. 
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