1.

(a) The free-body diagram depicted for the body is

shown to the right. The forces are
r r
F1 = 9.0 N and F2 = 7.0 N

The resultant force is

r
F = (9.0 N) 2 + (7.0 N) 2 = 81 N + 49 N
.
= 130 N = 11.4 N

r
r F
Using the equation a = , we get the magnitude of the acceleration of the body as
m
r
F 11.4 N
a= = = 1.9 m/s 2 .
m 6.0 kg

(b) From the figure, the direction of the acceleration of the body is calculated as follows:

F2 7.0 N
tan q = = » 0.77 N Þ q = 38°,
F1 9.0 N
from which we conclude that the direction of the acceleration of the body is 38° counter-
clockwise from the positive x direction.

195
196 CHAPTER 5

2. We apply Newton’s second law r (Eq.r 5-1r or, equivalently, Eq. 5-2). The net force
applied on the chopping block is Fnet = F1 + F2 , where the vector addition is done using
r r
r
unit-vector notation. The acceleration of the block is given by a = F1 + F2 / m. d i
(a) In the first case
r r
F1 + F2 = éë( 3.0N ) ˆi + ( 4.0N ) ˆj ùû + éë( -3.0 N ) ˆi + ( -4.0 N ) ˆjùû = 0
r
so a = 0 .
r
(b) In the second case, the acceleration a equals

r r
F1 + F2
=
((3.0 N ) ˆi + ( 4.0N ) ˆj) + (( -3.0 N ) ˆi + ( 4.0 N ) ˆj) = (3.2 m/s )ˆj.
2

m 2.5kg
r
(c) In this final situation, a is

r r
F1 + F2
=
((3.0 N ) ˆi + ( 4.0N ) ˆj) + ((3.0 N ) ˆi + ( -4.0N ) ˆj) = (2.4 m/s )i.ˆ 2

m 2.5 kg
 197

r
3. According to Newton’s second law of motion, the net force Fnet force on a body of
mass m is related to the body’s acceleration by
r r
Fnet = ma

Using the above relation, we get the net force of the body as
r r
Fnet = ma = 2.00 kg ´ 3.00 m/s 2 = 6.00 N.

(a) The x component of the force is

Fx = max = ma cos 20.0° = (2.00kg) (3.00m/s 2 ) cos 30.0°
6 3
= = 3 3 = 5.196 N = 5.20 N.
2

(b) The y component of the force is

Fy = ma y = ma sin 20.0° = (2.00kg) (3.00m/s 2 ) sin 30.0°
1
= 6.00 ´ = 3.00 N.
2

(c) In unit-vector notation, the force vector is

r
F = Fx iˆ + Fy ˆj = (5.20 N)iˆ + (3.00 N) ˆj .
198 CHAPTER 5

r
4. As the body is moving with a constant velocity (i.e., v = constant), the net force acting
r
on the body is zero and therefore the acceleration of the body is also zero (i.e., a = 0),
that is,
r r r r
Fnet = F1 + F2 = ma = 0
= (2 N)iˆ - (5 N) ˆj + ( x N)iˆ + ( y N) ˆj

Hence, the other force is

r r
F2 = - F1 = (-2 N) iˆ + ( 5 N) ˆj .
 199

5. The net force applied on the chopping block is

r r r r
Fnet = F1 + F2 + F3 ,

where the vector addition is done using unit-vector notation. The acceleration of the
block is given by r r r r
r Fnet F1 + F2 + F3
a= =
m m

(a) The forces exerted by the three astronauts can be expressed in unit-vector notation as
follows:
r
( )
F1 = (32 N) cos 30°ˆi + sin 30°ˆj = (27.7 N) ˆi + (16 N )ˆj
r
( )
F2 = (55 N) cos 0°ˆi + sin 0°ˆj = (55 N) ˆi
r
( )
F3 = (41 N) cos ( -60° ) ˆi + sin ( -60° ) ˆj = (20.5 N) ˆi - ( 35.5 N )ˆj.

The resultant acceleration of the asteroid of mass m = 120 kg is therefore

r
a =
( ) ( ) (
27.7 ˆi + 16 ˆj N + 55 ˆi N + 20.5iˆ - 35.5ˆj N )
= (0.86 m/s 2 ) ˆi - (0.16 m/s 2 )jˆ .
120 kg

(b) The magnitude of the acceleration vector is

r
a = a x2 + a y2 = (0.86 m/s 2 )2 + ( -0.16 m/s 2 ) = 0.88 m/s 2 .
2

r
(c) The vector a makes an angle q with the +x axis, where

æ ay ö -1 æ -0.16 m/s ö
2
q = tan -1 ç ÷ = tan ç 2 ÷
= - 11° .
è ax ø è 0.86 m/s ø
200 CHAPTER 5

6. Since the tire remains stationary, by Newton’s second

law, the net force must be zero:
r r r r r
Fnet = FA + FB + FC = ma = 0.

From the free-body diagram shown on the right, we have

0 = å Fnet , x = FC cos f - FA cos q

0 = å Fnet , y = FA sin q + FC sin f - FB

To solve for FB , we first compute f .

With FA = 230 N , FC = 170 N , and q = 47°, we get

F cos q (230 N) cos 47.0°
cos f = A = = 0.923 Þ f = 22.7°
FC 170 N

Substituting the value into the second force equation, we find

FB = FA sin q + FC sin f = (230 N) sin 47.0° + (170 N) sin 22.7 = 234 N.
 201

7. THINK A box is under acceleration by two applied forces. We use Newton’s second
law to solve for the unknown second force.
r r
EXPRESS We denote the two forces as F1 and F2 . According to Newton’s second law,
r r r r r r
F1 + F2 = ma , so the second force is F2 = ma - F1 . Note that since the acceleration is in
r
the third quadrant, we expect F2 to be in the third quadrant as well.

ANALYZE
(a) In unit vector notation and
r
a = - (12.0 sin 30.0° m/s ) i - (12.0 cos 30.0° m/s 2 ) ˆj = - ( 6.00 m/s 2 ) ˆi - (10.4 m/s 2 ) ˆj.
2 ˆ

Therefore, we find the second force to be

r r r
F2 = ma - F1
= ( 2.00 kg ) ( -6.00 m/s 2 ) ˆi + ( 2.00 kg ) ( -10.4 m/s 2 ) ˆj - ( 20.0 N ) ˆi
= ( -32.0 N ) ˆi - ( 20.8 N ) ˆj.

r r
(b) The magnitude of F2 is | F2 |= F22x + F22y = (- 32.0 N) 2 + (- 20.8 N) 2 = 38.2 N.

r
(c) The angle that F2 makes with the positive x-axis is found from
æ F2 y ö - 20.8 N
tan f = ç ÷= = 0.656 .
è F2 x ø - 32.0 N

Consequently, the angle is either 33.0° or 33.0° + 180° = 213°. Since both the x and y
components are negative, the correct result is f = 213° from the +x-axis. An
alternative answer is 213 ° - 360 ° = - 147 ° .

LEARN The result is shown in the figure on the r right.

The calculation confirms our expectation that F2 lies in
r
the third quadrant (same as a ). The net force is
r r r
Fnet = F1 + F2 = ( 20.0 N ) ˆi + é( -32.0 N ) ˆi - ( 20.8 N ) ˆj ù
ë û
= ( -12.0 N ) ˆi - ( 20.8 N ) ˆj

r
which points in the same direction as a .
202 CHAPTER 5

8. We note that
r r
Fnet = ma = (1.50 kg) éë (-8.00 m/s 2 )iˆ + (6.00 m/s 2 )ˆjùû = (-12.0 N) ˆi + ( 9.0 N) ˆj .

With the other forces as specified in the problem, then Newton’s second law gives the
third force as
® ® ® ®
F3 = m a – F1 – F2 = (–30 N) ^i - (15 N) ^j.
 203

9. Here, we note that acceleration is the second time derivative of the position function; it
is a vector and can be determined from its components. The net force is related to the
acceleration according to Newton’s second law of motion. Therefore, differentiating
x(t ) = -16.0 + 3.0t + 5.0t 3 twice with respect to t, we get

dx
= 0.00 + 3.00 - 15.0t 2
dt
d2x
= -30.0t
dt 2

Similarly, differentiating y (t ) = 26.0 + 8.00t - 10.0t 2 twice with respect to t, we get

dy
= 0.00 + 8.00 - 20.0t
dt
d2y
= -20.0
dt 2

(a) We find the acceleration as follows:

r æ d 2x ö æ d 2 y ö
a = ax iˆ + a y ˆj = ç 2 ÷ ˆi + ç 2 ÷ ˆj = (-30.0t )iˆ + (-20.0)ˆj.
è dt ø è dt ø

r
At t = 0.80 s , we have a = (-24.0 m/s2 )iˆ + (-20.0 m/s 2 )ˆj with a magnitude of

r
a = | a | = ( -24.0 m/s 2 ) 2 + ( -20.0 m/s 2 ) 2 = 31.24 m/s 2 » 31 m/s 2 .

Thus, the magnitude of the force is F = ma = (0.45 kg)(31.24 m/s2 ) = 14.1 N.

r r r
(b) To find the angle that F or a = F / m makes with + x, we calculate

æ ay ö -1 æ -20.0 m/s ö
2
q = tan ç ÷ = tan ç
-1
2 ÷
= 39.8° or - 140.2°.
è ax ø è -12.0 m/s ø

From the components we know that the force and acceleration vectors are in the third
quadrant. So, we choose -140°, rounded to three significant digits.

(c) The direction of travel is the direction of a tangent to the path, which is the direction
of the velocity vector:
r æ dx ö æ dy ö
v (t ) = vx ˆi + v y ˆj = ç ÷ ˆi + ç ÷ ˆj = (3.00 - 15.0t 2 )iˆ + (8.00 - 20.0t )ˆj.
è dt ø è dt ø
204 CHAPTER 5

r
At t = 0.80 s , we have v (t = 0.80 s) = (-6.60 m/s)iˆ + (-8.00 m/s) ˆj. Therefore, the angle
r
v makes with + x is
æv ö æ -8.00 m/s ö
q v = tan -1 ç y ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ = 50.4° or - 129.6°.
è vx ø è -6.60 m/s ø
r
Because v is in the third quadrant, we choose the angle of the object’s travel direction as
–130°, rounded to three significant digits.
 205

10. To solve the problem, we note that acceleration is the second time derivative of the
position function, and the net force is related to the acceleration via Newton’s second
law. Thus, differentiating
x(t ) = -13.00 + 2.00t + 4.00t 2 - 3.00t 3

twice with respect to t, we get

dx d 2x
= 2.00 + 8.00t - 9.00t 2 , = 8.00 - 18.0t
dt dt 2

The net force acting on the particle at t = 2.60 s is

r d 2x
F = m 2 ˆi = (0.150) [8.00 - 18.0(2.60) ] ˆi = (-5.82 N)iˆ
dt
206 CHAPTER 5

11. We have

x = 4.0 m + (5.0 m/s)t + kt 2 - (3.0 m/s2 )t 3

Therefore,
dx
vx = = 0.0 + 5.0 + 2.0kt 2 - 9.0t 3
dt
d2x
ax = = 2.0k - 18t
dt 2

Force is given by
F = max .

Substituting the values in this relation, we get

-37 = 3.0(2.0k - 18t )
37 37
- = 2.0k - 72 Þ - + 72 = 2.0k
3.0 3.0

Therefore,
-37 72
k= + = -6.16 + 36 » 30 m/s 2 .
6 2
 207

12. From the slope of the graph we find ax = 3.0 m/s2. Applying Newton’s second law to
the x axis (and taking q to be the angle between F1 and F2), we have

F1 + F2 cosq = m ax Þ q = 56°.
208 CHAPTER 5

13. For the mass 3m, we have

3mg - 2T = 3ma3 (1)

For the mass 2m, we have

T - 0 = 2ma1 (2)

For the mass m, we have

T - 0 = ma2 (3)

From Eqs. (2) and (3), we get

a2 = 2a1

If the string of 2m mass moves by a distance x, the string of mass m moves by distance
2x. The total distance 3x is shared equally on both sides of the pulley and the mass 3m
comes down by
3x é 1 2 1 2ù
= 1.5 x êfrom the equation of motion, ( x - x0 ) = v0t + 2 at = 0 + 2 at ú
2 ë û
a3 = 1.5a1

Adding Eqs. (2) and (3), we get

T + T = 2ma1 + ma2
= 2ma1 + m 2a1

That is,
2T = 4ma1 (4)

From Eq. (1), we get

3mg - 4ma1 = 3m ´ 1.5a1

3mg = 8.5ma1
æ 3 ö
a1 = ç ÷g
è 8.5 ø
a3 = 1.5a1
æ 3 ´ 1.5 ö æ 4.5 ö
a3 = ç ÷g = ç ÷ g = 0.53g = 5.2 m/s .
2
è 8.5 ø è 8.5 ø
 209

14. Three vertical forces are acting on the block: the earth pulls down on the block with
gravitational force 4.0 N; a spring pulls up on the block with elastic force 1.0 N; and, the
surface pushes up on the block with normal force FN. There is no acceleration, so
0 = FN + 1.0 N - 4.0 N

yields FN = 3.0 N.

(a) By Newton’s third law, the force exerted by the block on the surface has that same
magnitude but opposite direction: 3.0 N.

(b) The direction is down.

210 CHAPTER 5

15. THINK We have a piece of salami hung to a spring scale in various ways. The
problem is to explore the concept of weight.

EXPRESS We first note that the reading on the spring scale is proportional to the weight
of the salami. In all three cases (a) – (c) depicted in Fig. 5-34, the scale is not
accelerating, which means that the two cords exert forces of equal magnitude on it. The
scale reads the magnitude of either of these forces. In each case the tension force of the
cord attached to the salami must be the same in magnitude as the weight of the salami
because the salami is not accelerating. Thus the scale reading is mg, where m is the mass
of the salami.

ANALYZE In all three cases (a) – (c), the reading on the scale is

w = mg = (11.0 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 108 N.

LEARN The weight of an object is measured when the object is not accelerating
vertically relative to the ground. If it is, then the weight measured is called the apparent
weight.
 211

16. (a) There are six legs, and the vertical component of the tension force in each leg is
T sin q where q = 40° . For vertical equilibrium (zero acceleration in the y direction) then
Newton’s second law leads to
mg
6T sin q = mg Þ T =
6 sin q

which (expressed as a multiple of the bug’s weight mg) gives roughly T / mg » 0.26 0.

(b) The angle q is measured from horizontal, so as the insect “straightens out the legs” q
will increase (getting closer to 90° ), which causes sinq to increase (getting closer to
1) and consequently (since sinq is in the denominator) causes T to decrease.
212 CHAPTER 5

17. THINK A block attached to a cord is resting on an incline plane. We apply Newton’s
second law to solve for the tension in the cord and the normal force on the block.

EXPRESS The free-body diagram of the problem

is shown to the right. Since the acceleration of the
block is zero, the components of Newton’s second
law equation yield

T – mg sin q = 0
FN – mg cos q = 0,

where T is the tension in the cord, and FN is the

normal force on the block.

ANALYZE
(a) Solving the first equation for the tension in the string, we find

b gc h
T = mg sin q = 8.5 kg 9.8 m / s 2 sin 30° = 42 N .

(b) We solve the second equation above for the normal force FN:

FN = mg cos q = ( 8.5 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) cos 30° = 72 N.

(c) When the cord is cut, it no longer exerts a force on the block and the block
accelerates. The x component of the second law becomes –mg sinq = ma, so the
acceleration becomes
a = - g sin q = -(9.8 m/s 2 )sin 30° = - 4.9 m/s 2 .

The negative sign indicates the acceleration is down the plane. The magnitude of the
acceleration is 4.9 m/s2.

LEARN The normal force FN on the block must be equal to mg cos q so that the block
is in contact with the surface of the incline at all time. When the cord is cut, the block
has an acceleration a = - g sin q , which in the limit q ® 90 ° becomes - g , as in the case
of a free fall.
 213

18. The free-body diagram of the cars is shown on the right. The force exerted by John
Massis is
F = 2.5mg = 2.5(80 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 1960 N .

Since the motion is along the horizontal x-axis, using Newton’s second law, we have
Fx = F cos q = Max , where M is the total mass of the railroad
cars. Thus, the acceleration of the cars is
F cosq (1960 N) cos 30°
ax = = = 0.024 m/s 2 .
M (7.0 ´ 10 N / 9.8 m/s )
5 2

Using Eq. 2-16, the speed of the car at the end of the pull is
vx = 2a x Dx = 2(0.024 m/s 2 )(1.0 m) = 0.22 m/s.
214 CHAPTER 5

19. THINK In this problem we’re interested in the force applied to a rocket sled to
accelerate it from rest to a given speed in a given time interval.

EXPRESS
r
In terms of magnitudes, Newton’s second law of motion is F = ma, where F = Fnet ,
r
a = | a | , and m is the (always positive) mass. The magnitude of the acceleration can be
found using constant acceleration kinematics. Solving v = v0 + at for the case where it
starts from rest, we have a = v/t (which we interpret in terms of magnitudes, making
specification of coordinate directions unnecessary). The velocity is

v = (1650 km/h) (1000 m/km)/(3600 s/h) = 458 m/s,

so
v 458 m s
F = ma = m = (550 kg) = 1.3 ´ 105 N.
t 2.0s

LEARN From the expression F = mv / t , we see that the shorter the time to attain a given
speed, the greater the force required.
 215

r
20. The stopping force F and the path of the passenger are horizontal. Our +x axis is in
the direction of the passenger’s motion, so that the passenger’s acceleration
(‘‘deceleration” ) is negative-valued and the stopping force is in the –x direction:
r
F = - F î . Using Eq. 2-16 with
v0 = (63 km/h)(1000 m/km)/(3600 s/h) = 17.5 m/s

and v = 0, the acceleration is found to be

v02 (17.5 m/s)2
v 2 = v02 + 2aDx Þ a = - =- = -236 m/s 2 .
2Dx 2 ( 0.65 m )

Assuming there are no significant horizontal forces other than the stopping force, Eq. 5-1
leads to
r r
F = ma Þ - F = ( 41 kg ) ( -236 m s 2 )

which results in F = 9.7 ´ 103 N.

216 CHAPTER 5

2121. (a) The slope of each graph gives the corresponding component of acceleration.
Thus, we find ax = 3.00 m/s2 and ay = –5.00 m/s2. The magnitude of the acceleration
vector is therefore
a = (3.00 m/s 2 )2 + (- 5.00 m/s 2 ) 2 = 5.83 m/s 2 ,

and the force is obtained from this by multiplying with the mass (m = 2.00 kg). The result
is F = ma =11.7 N.

(b) The direction of the force is the same as that of the acceleration:

q = tan–1 [(–5.00 m/s2)/(3.00 m/s2)] = –59.0°.

 217

22. (a) The coin undergoes free fall. Therefore, with respect to ground, its acceleration is
r r
acoin = g = (-9.8 m/s 2 )ˆj.

(b) Since the customer is being pulled down with an acceleration of

r r
¢
acustomer = 1.24 g = (-12.15 m/s 2 )ˆj,

the acceleration of the coin with respect to the customer is

r r r
¢
arel = acoin - acustomer = (-9.8 m/s 2 )ˆj - (-12.15 m/s 2 )ˆj = (+2.35 m/s 2 )ˆj.

(c) The time it takes for the coin to reach the ceiling is
2h 2(2.20 m)
t= = = 1.37 s.
arel 2.35 m/s 2

(d) Since gravity is the only force acting on the coin, the actual force on the coin is
r r r
Fcoin = macoin = mg = (0.567 ´ 10-3 kg)(-9.8 m/s 2 )ˆj = (-5.56 ´ 10-3 N)j.
ˆ

(e) In the customer’s frame, the coin travels upward at a constant acceleration. Therefore,
the apparent force on the coin is
r r
Fapp = marel = (0.567 ´10-3 kg)(+2.35 m/s 2 )ˆj = (+1.33 ´10-3 N)j.
ˆ
218 CHAPTER 5

23. We note that the rope is 22.0° from vertical, and therefore 68.0° from horizontal.

(a) With T = 760 N, then its components are

r
T = T cos 68.0° ˆi + T sin 68.0° ˆj = (285N) ˆi + (705N) ˆj .

(b) No longer in contact with the cliff, the only other force on Tarzan is due to earth’s
gravity (his weight). Thus,
r r r
Fnet = T + W = (285 N)iˆ + (705 N) ˆj - (860 N) ˆj = (285 N)iˆ - (155 N) ˆj

(c) In a manner that is efficiently implemented on a vector-capable calculator, we convert

from rectangular (x, y) components to magnitude-angle notation so that the net force
has a magnitude of 324 N.

(c) The angle (see part (c)) has been found to be -28.5°, or 28.5° below horizontal (away
from the cliff).
r r r
(d) Since a = Fnet m where m = W/g = 87.8 kg, we obtain a = 3.69 m s 2 .

r r
(e) Eq. 5-1 requires that a P Fnet so that the angle is also -28.5°, or 28.5° below
horizontal (away from the cliff).
 219

r
24. We take rightward as the +x direction. Thus, F1 = (30 N)iˆ . In each case, we use
r r r
Newton’s second law F1 + F2 = ma where m = 2.0 kg.

r r
(a) If a = (+10 m/s 2 ) ˆi , then the equation above gives F2 = (-10 N)iˆ

r r
(b) If , a = (+ 20 m/s 2 ) ˆi, then that equation gives F2 = (10 N)iˆ

r r
(c) If a = 0, then the equation gives F2 = (-30 N)iˆ

r r
(d) If a = (-10 m/s 2 ) ˆi, the equation gives F2 = (-50 N)iˆ

r r
(e) If a = (- 20 m/s 2 ) ˆi, the equation gives F2 = (-70 N)iˆ
220 CHAPTER 5

F 20 N
25. (a) The acceleration is a = = = 0.022 m s2 .
m 900 kg

(b) The distance traveled in 1 day (= 86400 s) is

s=
1 2 1
2
at =
2
c
0.0222 m s2 h b86400 sg 2
= 8.3 ´ 107 m .

(b) The speed it will be traveling is given by

v = at = ( 0.0222 m s 2 ) ( 86400 s ) = 1.9 ´ 103 m s .

 221

26. Some assumptions (not so much for realism but rather in the interest of using the
given information efficiently) are needed in this calculation: we assume the fishing line
and the path of the salmon are horizontal. Thus, the weight of the fish contributes only
(via Eq. 5-12) to information about its mass (m = W/g = 9.2 kg). Our +x axis is in the
direction of the salmon’s velocity (away from the fisherman), so that its acceleration
(‘‘deceleration”) is negative-valued and the force of tension is in the –x direction:
r
T = - T . We use Eq. 2-16 and SI units (noting that v = 0).
v02 (2.8 m/s)2
v 2 = v02 + 2aDx Þ a = - =- = -36 m/s 2 .
2 Dx 2 ( 0.11 m )

Assuming there are no significant horizontal forces other than the tension, Eq. 5-1 leads
to
r r
T = ma Þ - T = ( 9.2 kg ) ( -36 m s 2 )

which results in T = 3.3 ´ 102 N.

222 CHAPTER 5

27. THINK An electron moving horizontally is under the influence of a vertical force. Its
path will be deflected toward the direction of the applied force.

EXPRESS The setup is depicted in the following figure. The acceleration of the electron
is vertical and for all practical purposes the only force acting on it is the electric force.
The force of gravity is negligible. We take the +x axis to be in the direction of the initial
velocity v0 and the +y axis to be in the direction of the electric force, and place the origin
at the initial position of the electron.

As the force and acceleration are constant, we use the equation x = v0t and
1 1 æFö
y = at 2 = ç ÷ t 2 .
2 2 èmø

ANALYZE The time taken by the electron to travel a distance x (= 35 mm) horizontally
is t = x/v0 and its deflection in the direction of the force is
2 2
1F æ x ö 1 æ 5.5 ´ 10-16 N ö æ 35 ´ 10-3 m ö -3
y= ç ÷ = ç -31 ÷ç ÷ » 1.6 ´ 10 m .
2m è v0 ø 2 è 9.11 ´ 10 kg ø è 1.5 ´ 10 m/s ø
7

LEARN Because the applied force is constant, the acceleration in the y-direction is also
constant and the path is parabolic with y µ x 2 .
 223

r
28. The stopping force F and the path of the car are horizontal. Thus, the weight of the
car contributes only (via Eq. 5-12) to information about its mass (m = W/g = 1327 kg).
Our +x axis is in the direction of the car’s velocity, so that its acceleration
(‘‘deceleration”) is negative-valued and the stopping force is in the –x direction:
r
F = - F î .

(a) We use Eq. 2-16 and SI units, noting that v = 0 and v0 = (35 km/h)(1000 m/km)/(1
h/3600 s) = 9.72 m/s.
v2 (9.72 m/s) 2
v 2 = v02 + 2aDx Þ a = - 0 = -
2Dx 2 (15 m )

which yields a = – 3.15 m/s2. Assuming there are no significant horizontal forces other
than the stopping force, Eq. 5-1 leads to
r r
F = ma Þ - F = (1327 kg ) ( -3.15 m s 2 )

which results in F = 4.2 ´ 103 N.

(b) Equation 2-11 readily yields t = –v0/a = 3.1 s.

(c) Keeping F the same means keeping the acceleration a the same, in which case (since v
= 0) Eq. 2-16 expresses a direct proportionality between Dx and v02 . Therefore, doubling
v0 means quadrupling Dx . That is, the new over the old stopping distances is a factor of
4.0.

(d) Equation 2-11 illustrates a direct proportionality between t and v0 so that doubling one
means doubling the other. That is, the new time of stopping is a factor of 2.0 greater than
the one found in part (b).
224 CHAPTER 5

r
29. We choose up as the +y direction, so a = (- 2.00 m/s2 )ˆj (which, without the unit-
vector, we denote as a since this is a one-dimensional problem. We obtain the
firefighter’s mass as
W
m = = 70.3kg.
g
r
(a) We denote the force exerted by the pole on the firefighter Ff p = Ffp ĵ and apply the
r r
relation Fnet = ma , we have
Ffp - Fg = ma Þ Ffp - 689 N = (70.3 kg)(-2.00 m/s2 )

which yields Ffp = 548 N.

r
(b) The fact that the result is positive does mean that Ffp points toward upward.

r r
(c) Newton’s third law of motion indicates that Ff p = - Fpf , which leads to the
r
conclusion that | Fpf | = 548 N.

r
(d) The direction of Fpf is toward downward.
 225

r
30. The stopping force F and the path of the toothpick are horizontal. Our +x axis is in
the direction of the toothpick’s motion, so that the toothpick’s acceleration
(‘‘deceleration”) is negative-valued and the stopping force is in the –x direction:
r
F = - F î . Using Eq. 2-16 with v0 = 220 m/s and v = 0, the acceleration is found to be
v02 (205 m/s)2
v 2 = v02 + 2aDx Þ a = - =- = -1.40 ´ 106 m/s 2 .
2Dx 2 ( 0.015 m )

Thus, the magnitude of the force exerted by the branch on the toothpick is
F = m | a | = (1.3 ´ 10-4 kg)(1.40 ´ 106 m/s 2 ) = 1.8 ´ 102 N.
226 CHAPTER 5

31. THINK In this problem we analyze the motion of a block sliding up an inclined
plane and back down.
r
EXPRESS The free-body diagram for the given situation is shown below. FN is the
r
normal force of the plane on the block and mg is the force of gravity on the block. We
take the +x direction to be up the incline, and the +y direction to be in the direction of the
normal force exerted by the incline on the block. The x component of Newton’s second
law is then mg sin q = -ma; thus, the acceleration is a = -gsinq. Placing the origin at the
bottom of the plane, the kinematic equations for motion along the x axis that we will use
are v 2 = v02 + 2ax and v = v0 + at . The block momentarily stops at its highest point,
where v = 0; according to the second equation, this occurs at time t = - v0 a .

ANALYZE (a) The position at which the block stops is

1 v02 1æ (2.77 m/s) 2 ö

x= - =- ç ÷ = 0.834 m .
2 a 2 è -(9.8 m/s ) sin 28.0° ø
2

(b) The time it takes for the block to get there is

v0 v0 2.77 m/s
t= =- =- = 0.602s.
a - g sin q -(9.8m/s2 )sin 28.0°

(c) That the return-speed is identical to the initial speed is to be expected since there are
no dissipative forces in this problem. In order to prove this, one approach is to set x = 0
and solve x = v0t + 12 at 2 for the total time (up and back down) t. The result is

2v0 2v0 2(2.77 m/s)

t=- =- =- = 1.204 s.
a - g sin q -(9.8 m/s 2 ) sin 28.0°
The velocity when it returns is therefore

v = v0 + at = v0 - gt sin q = 2.77 m/s - (9.8 m/s 2 ) (1.204 s ) sin 28.0° = - 2.77 m/s.

The negative sign indicates that the direction is down the plane.
 227

LEARN As expected, the speed of the block when it gets back to the bottom of the
incline is the same as its initial speed. As we shall see in Chapter 8, this is a consequence
of energy conservation. If friction is present, then the return speed will be smaller than
the initial speed.
228 CHAPTER 5

®
32. (a) Using notation suitable to a vector-capable calculator, the Fnet = 0 condition
becomes
® ® ® ®
F1 + F2 + F3 = (6.00 Ð 150º) + (7.00 Ð -60.0º) + F3 = 0 .

Thus,
®
F3 = (1.70 N) ^i + (3.06 N)j^.

(b) A constant velocity condition requires zero acceleration, so the answer is the same.

(c) Now, the acceleration is

r
a = (13.0 m/s 2 ) ˆi - (14.0 m/s 2 ) ˆj .

® ®
Using Fnet = m a (with m = 0.025 kg) we now obtain
®
F3 = (2.02 N) ^i + (2.71 N) ^j .
 229

r
33. The free-body diagram for the given situation is shown below. Let T be the tension of
r
the cable and mg be the force of gravity. If the upward direction is positive, then
Newton’s second law is T – mg = ma, where a is the acceleration. Thus, the tension is T =
m(g + a). We use constant acceleration kinematics to find the acceleration (where v = 0 is
the final velocity, v0 = – 9.0 m/s is the initial velocity, and y = - 38 m is the coordinate at
the stopping point). Consequently, v 2 = v02 + 2ay leads to

v02 (- 9.0 m/s) 2

a =- =- = 1.06 m/s 2 .
2y 2(- 38 m)

The tension is calculated as follows:

T = m( g + a ) = (1500 kg) (9.8 m/s 2 + 1.06 m/s 2 )

= 1.6 ´ 10 4 N.
230 CHAPTER 5

34. We resolve this horizontal force into appropriate components.

(a) Newton’s second law applied to the x-axis produces

F cosq - mg sin q = ma.

For a = 0, this yields F = 651 N.

(b) Applying Newton’s second law to the y axis (where there is no acceleration), we have
FN - F sin q - mg cos q = 0

which yields the normal force FN = 1.30 ´ 103 N.

 231

35. The acceleration vector as a function of time is

r
r dv d
a= = (7.00t iˆ + 2.00t 2 ˆj ) m/s = (7.00 iˆ + 4.00t ˆj ) m/s 2 .
dt dt

(a) The magnitude of the force acting on the particle is

r
F = ma = m | a | = (2.50) (7.00) 2 + (4.00t ) 2 = (2.50) 49.0 + 16.0 t 2 N.

Thus, F = 35.0 N corresponds to t = 3.031 s, and the acceleration vector at this

instant is
r
a = [7.00 ˆi + 4.00(3.031) ˆj ] m/s 2 = (7.00 m/s 2 ) iˆ + (12.12 m/s2 ) ˆj.
r
The angle a makes with +x is
æ ay ö -1 æ 12.12 m/s ö
2
q a = tan ç ÷ = tan ç
-1
2 ÷
= 60.0°.
è ax ø è 7.00 m/s ø

(b) The velocity vector at t = 1.415 s is

r
v = é 7.00(3.031) ˆi + 2.00(3.031) 2 ˆjù m/s = (21.22 m/s) ˆi + (18.38 m/s)ˆj.
ë û
r
Therefore, the angle v makes with +x is
æv ö æ 18.38 m/s ö
q v = tan -1 ç y ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ = 40.9°.
è vx ø è 21.22 m/s ø
232 CHAPTER 5

36. (a) Constant velocity implies zero acceleration, so the “uphill” force must equal (in
magnitude) the “downhill” force: T = mg sin q. Thus, with m = 45 kg and q = 8.0° , the
tension in the rope equals 61 N.

(b) With an uphill acceleration of 0.10 m/s2, Newton’s second law (applied to the x axis)
yields
T - mg sin q = ma Þ T - ( 45 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) sin 8.0° = ( 45 kg ) ( 0.10 m/s 2 )

which leads to T = 66 N.
 233

37. (a) Since friction is negligible, the force of the boy is the only horizontal force acting
on the sled. The vertical forces (the force of gravity and the normal force of the ice) sum
to zero. The acceleration of the sled is
F 4.2 N
as = = = 0.65 m s 2 .
ms 6.5 kg

(b) According to Newton’s third law of motion, the force of the sled on the boy is also 4.2
N. His acceleration is
F 4.2 N
ab = = = 0.12 m s2 .
mb 35kg

(c) The accelerations of the sled and the boy are in opposite directions. Assuming the boy
starts at the origin and moves in the +x direction, his coordinate is given by xb = 12 abt 2 .
The sled starts at x0 = 12 m and moves in the –x direction. Its coordinate is given by
xs = x0 - 12 ast 2 . They meet when xb = xs , or
1 2 1
ab t = x0 - as t 2 .
2 2

This occurs at the time

2 x0
t= .
ab + as
By then, the boy has gone the distance

1 2 xa (12 m)(0.12 m/s2 )

xb = abt = 0 b = = 1.9 m.
2 ab + as 0.12 m/s2 + 0.65 m/s 2
234 CHAPTER 5

38. We label the 50 kg skier “m,” rwhich is represented as a block in the figure shown.
The force of the wind is denoted Fw and might be either “uphill” or “downhill” (it is
shown uphill in our sketch). The incline angle q is 10°. The -x direction is downhill.

(a) Constant velocity implies zero acceleration; thus, application of Newton’s second law
along the x axis leads to
mg sin q - Fw = 0 .

This yields Fw = 85 N (uphill).

(b) Given our coordinate choice, we have a =| a |= 1.0 m/s2. Newton’s second law
mg sin q - Fw = ma

now leads to Fw = 35 N (uphill).

(c) Continuing with the forces as shown in our figure, the equation
mg sin q - Fw = ma

will lead to Fw = – 15 N when | a | = 2.0 m/s2. This simply tells us that the wind is
r
opposite to the direction shown in our sketch; in other words, Fw = 12 N downhill.
 235

39. The solutions to parts (a) and (b) have beenr combined here. The free-body diagram is
r
shown below, with the tension of the string T , the force of gravity mg , and the force of
r
the air F . Our coordinate system is shown. Since the bead is motionless, the net force on
it is zero, and the x and the y components of the equations are given by
T sin q – F = 0 and T cos q – mg = 0,

where q = 40°. We answer the questions in the reverse order. Solving T cos q – mg = 0
for the tension, we get
T = mg/ cos q = (2.5 ´ 10–4 kg) (9.8 m/s2) / cos 40° = 3.198 ´ 10–3 N » 3.2 ´ 10–3 N.

Solving T sin q – F = 0 for the force of the air:

F = T sin q = (3.198 ´ 10–3 N) sin 40° = 2.1 ´ 10–3 N.
236 CHAPTER 5

40. The acceleration of an object (neither pushed nor pulled by any force other than
gravity) on a smooth inclined plane of angle q is a = –g sinq. The slope of the graph
shown with the problem statement indicates a = –2.50 m/s2. Therefore, we find
q = 14.8° .

Examining the forces perpendicular to the incline (which must sum to zero since there is
no component of acceleration in this direction) we find FN = mgcosq, where m = 4.50 kg.

Thus, the normal (perpendicular) force exerted at the box/ramp interface is 42.6 N.
 237

41. The mass of the bundle is m = (450 N)/(9.80 m/s2) = 45.92 kg and we choose +y
upward.

(a) Newton’s second law, applied to the bundle, leads to

390 N - 450 N
T - mg = ma Þ a = = -1.307 m/s 2 » -1.3 m/s 2 .
45.92 kg

which yields a = –1.3 m/s2 (or |a| = 1.3 m/s2) for the acceleration. The minus sign in the
result indicates the acceleration vector points down. Any downward acceleration of
magnitude greater than this is also acceptable (since that would lead to even smaller
values of tension).

(b) We use the equation

v 2 = v02 + 2a ( x - x0 ) ,

where ( x - x0 ) is Dx (with Dx replaced by Dy = –6.1 m). We assume n0 = 0. The speed is

v = 2a D y = 2 ( -1.307 m/s 2 ) ( -6.2 m ) = 4.0 m/s.

For downward accelerations greater than 1.3 m/s2, the speeds at impact will be larger than
4.0 m/s.
238 CHAPTER 5

r
42. The direction of motion (the direction of the barge’s acceleration) is + î , and + j is
r
chosen so that the pull Fh from the horse is in the first quadrant. The components of the
unknown force of the water are denoted simply Fx and Fy.

(a) Newton’s second law applied to the barge, in the x and y directions, leads to

(8600 N)cos(180 ) + Fx = ma
(8600 N)sin(180 ) + Fy = 0

respectively. Plugging in a = 0.12 m/s2 and m = 9500 kg, we obtain Fx = - 7.04 ´ 103 N
and Fy = - 2.66 ´ 103 N. The magnitude of the force of the water is therefore

Fwater = Fx2 + Fy2 = 7.5 ´ 103 N.

(b) Its angle measured from + î is either

æ Fy ö -1 æ -2.66 ´10 N ö
3
f = tan -1 ç ÷ = tan ç ÷ = 20.7° or 200.7°.
F
è øx è - 7.04 ´10 3
N ø
r
The signs of the components indicate the latter is correct, so Fwater is at 200.7° measured
counterclockwise from the line of motion (+x axis).
 239

43. THINK A chain of five links is accelerated vertically upward by an external force.
We are interested in the forces exerted by one link on its adjacent one.

EXPRESS The links are numbered from bottom to rtop. The forces on the first link are
r
the force of gravity mg , downward, and the force F2on1 of link 2, upward, as shown in
the free-body diagram below (not drawn to scale). Take the positive direction to be
upward. Then Newton’s second law for the first link is F2on1 - m1 g = m1a. The equations
for the other links can be written in a similar manner (see below).

ANALYZE
(a) Given that a = 2.50 m/s 2 , from F2on1 - m1 g = m1a , the force exerted by link 2 on link
1 is
F2on1 = m1 (a + g ) = (0.100 kg)(2.5 m/s 2 + 9.80 m/s 2 ) = 1.23 N.

(b) From the free-body diagram above, we see that

r r the forces on the second link are the
force of gravity m2 g , downward, the force F1on 2 of link 1, downward, and the force
r r
F3on 2 of link 3, upward. According to Newton’s third law F1on2 has the same
r
magnitude as F2on1 . Newton’s second law for the second link is
F3on2 - F1on2 - m2 g = m2 a
so
F3on2 = m2(a + g) + F1on2 = (0.100 kg) (2.50 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) + 1.23 N = 2.46 N.

(c) Newton’s second law equation for link 3 is F4on3 – F2on3 – m3g = m3a, so
F4on3 = m3(a + g) + F2on3 = (0.100 N) (2.50 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) + 2.46 N = 3.69 N,

where Newton’s third law implies F2on3 = F3on2 (since these are magnitudes of the
force vectors).

(d) Newton’s second law for link 4 is

F5on4 – F3on4 – m4g = m4a,
so
F5on4 = m4(a + g) + F3on4 = (0.100 kg) (2.50 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) + 3.69 N = 4.92 N,
240 CHAPTER 5

where Newton’s third law implies F3on4 = F4on3.

(e) Newton’s second law for the top link is F – F4on5 – m5g = m5a, so
F = m5(a + g) + F4on5 = (0.100 kg) (2.50 m/s2 + 9.80 m/s2) + 4.92 N = 6.15 N,

where F4on5 = F5on4 by Newton’s third law.

(f) Each link has the same mass ( m1 = m2 = m3 = m4 = m5 = m ) and the same acceleration,
so the same net force acts on each of them:
Fnet = ma = (0.100 kg) (2.50 m/s2) = 0.250 N.

LEARN In solving this problem we have used both Newton’s second and third laws.
r r
Each pair of links constitutes a third-law force pair, with Fi on j = - Fj on i .
 241

44. (a) The term “deceleration” means the acceleration vector is in the direction opposite
to the velocity vector (which the problem tells us is downward). Thus (with +y upward)
the acceleration is a = +2.4 m/s2. Newton’s second law leads to

T 93 N
T - mg = ma Þ m = =
g + a 9.8 m/s 2 + 2.4 m/s 2

which yields m = 7.6 kg for the mass.

(b) Repeating the above computation (now to solve for the tension) with a = +2.4 m/s2
will, of course, lead us right back to T = 93 N. Since the direction of the velocity did not
enter our computation, this is to be expected.
242 CHAPTER 5

45. (a) The mass of the elevator is m = (29000 N/9.8 m/s2) = 2959 kg and (with +y
upward) the acceleration is a = +1.5 m/s2. Newton’s second law leads to

T - mg = ma Þ T = m g + ab g
which yields T = 3.34 ´ 104 N for the tension.

(b) The term “deceleration” means the acceleration vector is in the direction opposite to
the velocity vector (which the problem tells us is upward). Thus (with +y upward) the
acceleration is now a = –1.5 m/s2, so that the tension is

T = m (g + a) = 2.46 ´ 104 N.
 243

46. With ace meaning “the acceleration of the coin relative to the elevator” and aeg
meaning “the acceleration of the elevator relative to the ground,” we have
ace + aeg = acg Þ –8.30 m/s2 + aeg = –9.80 m/s2

which leads to aeg = –1.50 m/s2. We have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
Then Newton’s second law (in the “ground” reference frame) yields T – m g = m aeg, or
T = m g + m aeg = m(g + aeg) = (2000 kg)(8.30 m/s2) = 16.6 kN.
244 CHAPTER 5

47. Using Eq. 4-26, the launch speed of the projectile is

gR (9.8 m/s 2 )(69 m)
v0 = = = 26.52 m/s .
sin 2q sin 2(53°)

The horizontal and vertical components of the speed are

vx = v0 cos q = (26.52 m/s) cos 53° = 15.96 m/s
v y = v0 sin q = (26.52 m/s) sin 53° = 21.18 m/s.

Since the acceleration is constant, we can use Eq. 2-16 to analyze the motion. The
component of the acceleration in the horizontal direction is
v2 (15.96 m/s)2
ax = x = = 40.7 m/s 2 ,
2 x 2(5.2 m) cos 53°

and the force component is

Fx = max = (85 kg)(40.7 m/s 2 ) = 3460 N.

Similarly, in the vertical direction, we have

v2 (21.18 m/s)2
ay = y = = 54.0 m/s 2 .
2 y 2(5.2 m) sin 53°

and the force component is

Fy = ma y + mg = (85 kg)(54.0 m/s 2 + 9.80 m/s 2 ) = 5424 N.

Thus, the magnitude of the force is

F = Fx2 + Fy2 = (3460 N) 2 + (5424 N)2 = 6434 N » 6.4 ´ 103 N,

to two significant figures.

 245

48. Applying Newton’s second law to cab B (of mass m) we have

T
a = m - g = 6.12 m/s2.

Next, we apply it to the box (of mass mb) to find the normal force:
FN = mb(g + a) = 191 N.
246 CHAPTER 5

49. The free-body diagram (not to scale) for the block is shown
r r
to the right. FN is the normal force exerted by the floor and mg
is the force of gravity.

(a) The x component of Newton’s second law is F cosq = ma,

where m is the mass of the block and a is the x component of its
acceleration. We obtain

a=
F cosq
=
b g
12.0 N cos 25.0°
= 2.18 m / s2 .
m 5.00 kg

This is its acceleration provided it remains in contact with the floor. Assuming it does, we
find the value of FN (and if FN is positive, then the assumption is true but if FN is negative
then the block leaves the floor). The y component of Newton’s second law becomes

FN + F sinq – mg = 0,
so
FN = mg – F sinq = (5.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2) – (12.0 N) sin 25.0° = 43.9 N.

Hence the block remains on the floor and its acceleration is a = 2.18 m/s2.

(b) If F is the minimum force for which the block leaves the floor, then FN = 0 and the y
component of the acceleration vanishes. The y component of the second law becomes

mg ( 5.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s )

2

F sinq – mg = 0 Þ F= = = 116 N.
sin q sin 25.0°

(c) The acceleration is still in the x direction and is still given by the equation developed
in part (a):
F cos q (116 N) cos 25.0°
a= = = 21.0m/s 2 .
m 5.00 kg
 247

50. (a) The net force on the system (of total mass M = 70.0 kg) is the force of gravity
acting on the total overhanging mass (mBC = 40.0 kg). The magnitude of the acceleration
is therefore a = (mBC g)/M = 5.60 m/s2. Next we apply Newton’s second law to block C
itself (choosing down as the +y direction) and obtain

mC g – TBC = mC a.

This leads to TBC = 42.0 N.

1
(b) We use Eq. 2-15 (choosing rightward as the +x direction): Dx = 0 + 2 at2 = 0.175 m.
248 CHAPTER 5

51. The free-body diagrams for m1 and m2 are shown in the figures below. The only
r
forces on the blocks are the upward tension T and the downward gravitational forces
r r
F1 = m1 g and F2 = m2 g . Applying Newton’s second law, we obtain:

T - m1 g = m1a

m2 g - T = m2 a

which can be solved to yield

æ m - m1 ö
a=ç 2 ÷g
è m2 + m1 ø
Substituting the result back, we have
æ 2m1m2 ö
T =ç ÷g
è m1 + m2 ø

(a) With m1 = 1.3 kg and m2 = 2.8 kg , the acceleration becomes

æ 2.80 kg - 1.30 kg ö
a=ç ÷ (9.80 m/s ) = 3.59 m/s » 3.6 m/s .
2 2 2

è 2.80 kg + 1.30 kg ø

(b\) Similarly, the tension in the cord is

2(1.30 kg)(2.80 kg)
T= (9.80 m/s 2 ) = 17.4 N » 17 N.
1.30 kg + 2.80 kg
 249

52. Viewing the man-rope-sandbag as a system means that we should be careful to

choose a consistent positive direction of motion (though there are other ways to proceed,
say, starting with individual application of Newton’s law to each mass). We take down as
positive for the man’s motion and up as positive for the sandbag’s motion and, without
ambiguity, denote their acceleration as a. The net force on the system is the different
between the weight of the man and that of the sandbag. The system mass is msys = 93 kg
+ 65 kg = 158 kg. Thus, Eq. 5-1 leads to

(93 kg) (9.8 m/s 2 ) - (65 kg) (9.8 m/s 2 ) = msys a

which yields a = 1.74 m/s2. Since the system starts from rest, Eq. 2-16 determines the
speed (after traveling D y = 10.0 m) as follows:

v= 2aDy = 2(1.74 m/s 2 )(10.0 m) = 5.9 m/s.

250 CHAPTER 5

53. (a) To calculate the tension at center of wire A, we note that the mass to be lifted is
1.9 kg and the mass of wire is
1
(0.20 kg) = 0.10 kg
2

Thus, the total mass = 1.9 kg + 0.10 kg = 2.0 kg, and

T2 = m( g + a) = (2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 + 0.50 m/s 2 ) = (2.0 kg)(10.3 m/s 2 ) = 20.6 N,

or about 21 N.

(b) Similarly, for the tension in wire B, we find the total mass to be
2.9 kg + 1.9 kg + 0.20 kg = 5.0 kg. Thus,

T1 = m( g + a) = (5.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2 + 0.50 m/s2 ) = (5.0 kg)(10.3 m/s 2 ) = 51.5 N

or about 52 N.
 251

54. First, we consider all the penguins (1 through 4, counting left to right) as one system,
to which we apply Newton’s second law:
T4 = ( m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 ) a Þ 222N = (12 kg + m2 + 15kg + 20kg ) a .

Second, we consider penguins 3 and 4 as one system, for which we have

T4 - T2 = ( m3 + m4 ) a
111N = (15 kg + 20kg ) a Þ a = 3.2 m/s 2 .

Substituting the value, we obtain m2 = 23 kg.

252 CHAPTER 5

55. THINK In this problem a horizontal force is applied to block 1 which then pushes
against block 2. Both blocks move together as a rigid connected system.
r
EXPRESS The free-body diagrams for the two blocks in (a) are shown below. F is the
r r
applied force and F1on2 is the force exerted by block 1 on block 2. We note that F is
r r
applied directly to block 1 and that block 2 exerts a force F2on1 = - F1on2 on block 1
(taking Newton’s third law into account).

Newton’s second law for block 1 is F - F2on1 = m1a, where a is the acceleration. The
second law for block 2 is F1on2 = m2 a. Since the blocks move together they have the same
acceleration and the same symbol is used in both equations.

ANALYZE
(a) From the second equation we obtain the expression a = F1on2 / m2 , which we substitute
into the first equation to get F - F2on1 = m1 F1on2 / m2 . Since F2on1 = F1on2 (same
magnitude for third-law force pair), we obtain
m2 1.2 kg
F2on1 = F1on2 = F= ( 3.2 N ) = 1.1 N.
m1 + m2 2.3 kg + 1.2 kg
r
(b) If F is applied to block 2 instead of block 1 (and in the opposite direction), the free-
body diagrams would look like the following:

The corresponding force of contact between the blocks would be

 253

m1 2.3 kg
¢ = F1on2
F2on1 ¢ = F = ( 3.2 N ) = 2.1 N.
m1 + m2 2.3 kg + 1.2 kg

(c) We note that the acceleration of the blocks is the same in the two cases. In part (a), the
force F1on2 is the only horizontal force on the block of mass m2 and in part (b) F2on1 ¢
is the only horizontal force on the block with m1 > m2. Since F1on2 = m2 a in part (a)
¢ = m1a in part (b), then for the accelerations to be the same, F2on1
and F2on1 ¢ > F1on2 ,
i.e., force between blocks must be larger in part (b).

LEARN This problem demonstrates that when two blocks are being accelerated together
under an external force, the contact force between the two blocks is greater if the smaller
mass is pushing against the bigger one, as in part (b). In the special case where the two
¢ = F2on1 = F / 2.
masses are equal, m1 = m2 = m , F2on1
254 CHAPTER 5

56. Both situations involve the same applied force and the same total mass, so the
accelerations must be the same in both figures.

(a) The (direct) force causing B to have this acceleration in the first figure is 15.0 N and
we can write
15.0 N = (12.0 kg - mA )a

The (direct) force causing A to have this acceleration in the first figure is 10.0 N and we
can write
10.0 N = mA a

Solving these two equations we get mA = 4.80 kg and a = 2.08 m/s2.

(b) For the first figure, the forces acting on B can be written as

Fa - 15.0 N = mA a

which can be solved to give Fa = 25.0 N.

 255

57. The free-body diagrams for the two masses are shown below.

In the diagrams, T is the tension in the cord and q = 30° is the angle of the incline. For
block 1, we take the +x direction to be up the incline and the +y direction to be in the
r
direction of the normal force FN that the plane exerts on the block. For block 2, we take
the +y direction to be down. In this way, the accelerations of the two blocks can be
represented by the same symbol a, without ambiguity. Applying Newton’s second law to
the x and y axes for block 1 and to the y axis of block 2, we obtain

T - m1 g sin q = m1a
FN - m1 g cos q = 0
m2 g - T = m2 a

respectively. The first and third of these equations provide a simultaneous set for
obtaining values of a and T. The second equation is not needed in this problem, since the
normal force is neither asked for nor is it needed as part of some further computation
(such as can occur in formulas for friction).

We add the first and third equations above:

m2g – m1g sin q = m1a + m2a.

Consequently, we find

( m2 - m1 sin q ) g [4.0 kg - (8.0 kg) sin 30.0°] ( 9.80 m/s 2 )

a= = = 0.
m1 + m2 8.0 kg + 4.0 kg

The acceleration of the system is zero.

256 CHAPTER 5

58. The motion of the man-and-chair is positive if upward.

(a) When the man is grasping the rope, pulling with a force equal to the tension T in the
rope, the total upward force on the man-and-chair due its two contact points with the rope
is 2T. Thus, Newton’s second law leads to
2T - mg = ma

so that when a = 0, the tension is T = 12 mg = 12 (103 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 504.7 N » 505 N.

(b) When a = +1.30 m/s2 the equation in part (a) predicts that the tension will be
T = 572 N .

(c) When the man is not holding the rope (instead, the co-worker attached to the ground
is pulling on the rope with a force equal to the tension T in it), there is only one contact
point between the rope and the man-and-chair, and Newton’s second law now leads to

T - mg = ma

so that when a = 0, the tension is T = mg = (103 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = 1009 N » 1.01 kN.

(d) When a = +1.30 m/s2, the equation in (c) yields T = 1.14 ´ 103 N, or 1.14 kN.

(e) The rope comes into contact (pulling down in each case) at the left edge and the right
edge of the pulley, producing a total downward force of magnitude 2T on the ceiling.
Thus, in part (a) this gives 2T = 1.01 kN.

(f) In part (b) the downward force on the ceiling has magnitude 2T = 1.14 kN.

(g) In part (c) the downward force on the ceiling has magnitude 2T = 2.02 kN.

(h) In part (d) the downward force on the ceiling has magnitude 2T = 2.29 kN.
 257

59. THINK This problem involves the application of Newton’s third law. As the monkey
climbs up a tree, it pulls downward on the rope, but the rope pulls upward on the monkey.

EXPRESS We take +y to be up for both the monkey and the package. The force the
monkey pulls downward on the rope has magnitude F.

The free-body diagrams for the monkey and the

package are shown to the right (not to scale).
According to Newton’s third law, the rope pulls
upward on the monkey with a force of the same
magnitude, so Newton’s second law for forces
acting on the monkey leads to

F – mmg = mmam,

where mm is the mass of the monkey and am is its

acceleration.

Since the rope is massless, F = T is the tension in the rope. The rope pulls upward on the
package with a force of magnitude F, so Newton’s second law for the package is

F + FN – mpg = mpap,

where mp is the mass of the package, ap is its acceleration, and FN is the normal force
exerted by the ground on it. Now, if F is the minimum force required to lift the package,
then FN = 0 and ap = 0. According to the second law equation for the package, this means
F = mpg.

ANALYZE
(a) Substituting mpg for F in the equation for the monkey, we solve for am:
F - mm g ( m p - mm ) g (15 kg - 10 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s )
2

am = = = = 4.9 m/s 2 .
mm mm 10 kg

(b) As discussed, Newton’s second law leads to F - m p g = m p a¢p for the package and
F - mm g = mm am¢ for the monkey. If the acceleration of the package is downward,
then the acceleration of the monkey is upward, so am¢ = - a¢p . Solving the first
equation for F
F = m p ( g + a¢p ) = m p ( g - am¢ )

and substituting this result into the second equation:

m p ( g - am¢ ) - mm g = mm am¢ ,
258 CHAPTER 5

we solve for am¢ :

(m p - mm ) g (15 kg - 10 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s2 )
am¢ = = = 2.0 m/s 2 .
m p + mm 15 kg + 10 kg

(c) The result is positive, indicating that the acceleration of the monkey is upward.

(d) Solving the second law equation for the package, the tension in the rope is
F = m p ( g - am¢ ) = (15 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 - 2.0 m/s 2 ) = 120N.

LEARN The situations described in (b)-(d) are similar to that of an Atwood machine.
With m p > mm , the package accelerates downward while the monkey accelerates upward.
 259

60. The horizontal component of the acceleration is determined by the net horizontal
force.

(a) If the rate of change of the angle is

dq æ p rad ö
= (2.00 ´ 10-2 )° / s = (2.00 ´ 10-2 )° / s × ç -4
÷ = 3.49 ´ 10 rad/s ,
dt è 180° ø

then, using Fx = F cos q , we find the rate of change of acceleration to be

da x d æ F cos q ö F sin q dq (15.0 N)sin 25.0°

dt
= ç
dt è m ø
÷=-
m dt
=-
5.00 kg
( 3.49 ´ 10 -4 rad/s )

= -4.43 ´ 10-4 m/s3 .

(b) If the rate of change of the angle is

dq æ p rad ö
= - (2.00 ´ 10-2 )° / s = - (2.00 ´ 10-2 )° / s × ç -4
÷ = -3.49 ´ 10 rad/s ,
dt è 180° ø

then the rate of change of acceleration would be

dax d æ F cos q ö F sin q dq (15.0 N) sin 25.0°

dt
= ç
dt è m ø
÷=-
m dt
=-
5.00 kg
( -3.49 ´10 -4 rad/s )

= +4.43 ´ 10-4 m/s 3 .

260 CHAPTER 5

61. THINK As more mass is thrown out of the hot-air balloon, its upward acceleration
increases.
r
EXPRESS The forces on the balloon are the force of gravity mg (down) and the force of
r
the air Fa (up). We take the +y to be up, and use a to mean the magnitude of the
acceleration. When the mass is M (before the ballast is thrown out) the acceleration is
downward and Newton’s second law is
Mg - Fa = Ma

After the ballast is thrown out, the mass is M – m (where m is the mass of the ballast) and
the acceleration is now upward. Newton’s second law leads to
Fa – (M – m)g = (M – m)a.

Combing the two equations allows us to solve for m.

ANALYZE The first equation gives Fa = M(g – a), and this plugs into the new equation
to give
b g b g b
M g - a - M - m g = M- ma Þ m= g 2 Ma
g+a
.

LEARN More generally, if a ballast mass m¢ is tossed, the resulting acceleration is

a¢ which is related to m¢ via:
a¢ + a
m¢ = M ,
g+a

showing that the more mass thrown out, the greater is the upward acceleration. For
a¢ = a , we get m¢ = 2Ma /( g + a ) , which agrees with what was found above.
 261

62. To solve the problem, we note that the acceleration along the slanted path depends on
only the force components along the path, not the components perpendicular to the path.

(a) From the free-body diagram shown, we see that the net force on the putting shot
along the +x-axis is
Fnet, x = F - mg sin q = 380.0 N - (7.260 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) sin 30° = 344.4 N,

which in turn gives

ax = Fnet , x / m = (344.4 N) /(7.260 kg) = 47.44 m/s 2 .

Using Eq. 2-16 for constant-acceleration motion, the speed of the shot at the end of
the acceleration phase is
v = v02 + 2ax Dx = (2.500 m/s) 2 + 2(47.44 m/s 2 )(1.650 m) = 12.76 m/s.

(b) If q = 42°, then

F F - mg sin q 380.0 N - (7.260 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )sin 42.00°
ax = net , x = = = 45.78 m/s 2 ,
m m 7.260 kg

and the final (launch) speed is

v = v02 + 2ax Dx = (2.500 m/s) 2 + 2(45.78 m/s 2 )(1.650 m) = 12.54 m/s.

(c) The decrease in launch speed when changing the angle from 30.00° to 42.00° is
12.76 m/s - 12.54 m/s
= 0.0169 = 1.69%.
12.76 m/s
262 CHAPTER 5

63. (a) The acceleration (which equals F/m in this problem) is the derivative of the
velocity. Thus, the velocity is the integral of F/m, so we find the “area” in the graph (15
units) and divide by the mass (3) to obtain v – vo = 15/3 = 5. Since vo = 3.0 m/s, then
v = 8.0 m/s.
r
(b) Our positive answer in part (a) implies v points in the +x direction.
 263

64. The +x direction for m2 = 1.0 kg is “downhill” and the +x direction for m1 = 2.5 kg is
rightward; thus, they accelerate with the same sign.

(a) We apply Newton’s second law to the x axis of each box:

m2 g sin q - T = m2 a
F + T = m1a

Adding the two equations allows us to solve for the acceleration:

m2 g sin q + F (1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) sin 30° + 2.3 N

a= = = 2.06 m/s 2
m1 + m2 2.5 kg + 1.0 kg

where we have used F = 2.3 N and q = 30 ° . We plug back in and find T = 2.8 N.

(b) We consider the “critical” case where the F has reached the max value, causing the
tension to vanish. The first of the equations in part (a) shows that a = g sin 30° in this
case; thus, a = 4.9 m/s2. This implies (along with T = 0 in the second equation in part (a))
that

F = (2.5 kg)(4.9 m/s2) = 12.3 N » 12 N

in the critical case.
264 CHAPTER 5

65. The free-body diagrams for m1 and m2 are shown in the figures below. The only
r
forces on the blocks are the upward tension T and the downward gravitational forces
r r
F1 = m1 g and F2 = m2 g . Applying Newton’s second law, we obtain:

T - m1 g = m1a
m2 g - T = m2 a

which can be solved to give

æ m - m1 ö
a=ç 2 ÷g
è m2 + m1 ø

(a) At t = 0 , m10 = 1.30 kg . With dm1 / dt = -0.200 kg/s , we find the rate of change of
acceleration to be

da da dm1 2m2 g dm1 2(2.80 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )

= =- = - ( -0.200 kg/s ) = 0.653 m/s3 .
dt dm1 dt (m2 + m10 )2 dt (2.80 kg + 1.30 kg)2

(b) At t = 3.00 s, m1 = m10 + (dm1 / dt )t = 1.30 kg + (-0.200 kg/s)(3.00 s) = 0.700 kg, and
the rate of change of acceleration is

da da dm1 2m2 g dm1 2(2.80 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )

2 (
= =- = - -0.200 kg/s ) = 0.896 m/s3 .
dt dm1 dt (m2 + m1 ) dt
2
(2.80 kg + 0.700 kg)

(c) The acceleration reaches its maximum value when

0 = m1 = m10 + (dm1 / dt )t = 1.30 kg + (-0.200 kg/s)t ,

or t = 6.50 s.
 265

66. The free-body diagram is shown below.

Newton’s second law for the mass m for the x direction leads to
T1 - T2 - mg sin q = ma ,

which gives the difference in the tension in the pull cable:

T1 - T2 = m ( g sin q + a ) = ( 2750 kg ) éë(9.8 m/s 2 ) sin 35° + 0.81 m/s 2 ùû = 1.8 ´ 104 N.
266 CHAPTER 5

67. First we analyze the entire system with “clockwise” motion considered positive (that
is, downward is positive for block C, rightward is positive for block B, and upward is
positive for block A): mC g – mA g = Ma (where M = mass of the system = 24.0 kg). This
yields an acceleration of
a = g(mC - mA)/M = 1.63 m/s2.

Next we analyze the forces just on block C: mC g – T = mC a. Thus the tension is

T = mC g(2mA + mB)/M = 81.7 N.
 267

68. We first use Eq. 4-26 to solve for the launch speed of the shot:
gx 2
y - y0 = (tan q ) x - .
2(v¢ cosq ) 2

With q = 34.10°, y0 = 2.11 m, and ( x, y ) = (15.98 m, 0) , we find the launch speed to be

v¢ = 11.88 m/s. During this phase, the acceleration is
v¢2 - v02 (11.85 m/s) 2 - (2.50 m/s)2
a= = = 40.87 m/s 2 .
2L 2(1.65 m)

Since the acceleration along the slanted path depends on only the force components along
the path, not the components perpendicular to the path, the average force on the shot
during the acceleration phase is
F = m(a + g sin q ) = (7.260 kg) éë 40.87 m/s 2 + (9.80 m/s 2 ) sin 34.10°ùû = 336.6 N.