The Expanding Graviton Model

Gravitons act like water ripples

Written by: Jason Mark Wolfe

 Outline

1. Abstract
2. Introducti on
3. Body
a. Status Update
b. Expanding Graviton Model
i. Postulate 1: r=ct
1. Big bang cosmology
2. Double slit experiment
3. Special relati vity
ii. Postulate 2: Graviton carrier of physics constants
iii. Postulate 3: Gravitons are wave functi ons
iv. Superstrings, LQG, twistors don’t expand like Expanding gravitons
v. Supporti ng evidence of the existence of Expanding Gravitons
1. Casimir Eff ect
2. Quantum Entanglements
3. Individual gravitons are the medium
4. Quantum fi eld theory = overlap of gravitons (diff erent
confi gurati ons)
5. Anti matt er: gravitons from t2 to t1
6. Single graviton big bang
7. Comparison between Expanding Graviton Theory and other
theories

Abstract
There are five different physics related phenomena that suggest that the building blocks of spacetime
are similar to water ripples. These include (1) the expansion of the big bang; (2) the derivation of special
relativity; (3) the two-slit experiment; (4) the (virtual?) existence of the wave function and (5) Quantum
entanglement. The water ripple model is presented with a certain internal logic; furthermore, since
gravitons are the carriers of the gravitational force, and curvature of spacetime is the cause of gravity,
then we will just call these water ripples… gravitons or Expanding Gravitons… since water ripples do
expand. Since gravitons are virtual particles, they exist. Since they exist, there is an experiment that can
prove their existence by demonstrating that they can store gravitational potential energy that can be
released in propulsion-oriented ways.

String theory doesn't seem to be a contender for a quantum gravity theory because a quantum gravity
theory has to answer the question: what is spacetime made of? Twistor theory is the closest to
answering "what is spacetime made of". But it falls short because "twisters" cannot be experimentally
detected or isolated. It is the same situation with Loop Quantum Gravity. Those loops cannot be isolated
either. But it is worse than that. Neither of those theories are compatible with big bang expansion. You
would expect that, whatever spacetime is made of, that such "atoms of spacetime" require an
"expansion" parameter because the big bang "expanded" from a point. Someone needs to come up with

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a quantum gravity theory that answers the question: what is spacetime made of/what are the atoms of
spacetime. I would suggest calling it, the Expanding Graviton. The Expanding Graviton has three primary
characteristics. 1) Expanding Gravitons are the carriers of the physics constants. 2) Expanding Gravitons
are equivalent to wave functions; thus wave functions and their operators are real things; and now they
are a manifestation of gravitons. 3) Expanding gravitons expand spherically, at the speed of light, with
radius r = ct. Where in physics have we seen something that looks like an expanding sphere? Two places.
First, the derivation of time dilation. Second, two slit interference pattern. A proper quantum gravity
theory should have an experiment associated with it. I would suggest that quantum entanglements
between photons, are (Captured) Gravitons; it's not really an Expanding Graviton if it is captured
between two photons whose positions can be controlled with optical fiber, lenses, mirrors, etc. I would
also comment that it takes a tiny amount of energy to capture a graviton; if you add up all of the
gravitons in the universe, then that number of gravitons multiplied by the capture energy of a graviton
should equal DARK ENERGY. More importantly, if a quantum entanglement IS a graviton, then we can do
experiments on it. Someone needs to create a quantum gravity theory that looks like the outline above.

Introduction

If you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don’t understand quantum mechanics.

-Richard P Feynman

If you can't explain it to a six-year-old, you don't understand it yourself.

-Albert Einstein

The purpose of the Expanding Graviton Model is to explain what quantum mechanics means in terms of
the kind of common sense that a child could understand. The philosophy that went into creating the
EGM (Expanding Graviton Model) is entirely based upon acceptance of what nature has been trying to
tell us, and then applying common sense to a parsimony of few principles that are 100% always true,
and cannot be argued against without destroying the foundations of empirical evidence and truth. EGM
is built upon the wave function solution to quantum mechanics, the derivation of time dilation which is
true for special relativity, and the existence of the fundamental physics constants. If all or any of these
foundational pillars of physics are removed, then the collapse of empirical physics is assured. Unlike
other theoretical approaches to unification, quantum gravity or a theory of everything, EGM is loyal to
empirical physics; the Expanding Graviton Model comes with an experiment that will prove the
connection between quantum mechanic states for position, momentum, energy and their relationship
to gravity fields. For a hundred years, the Einstein equations have usurped Newtonian gravity and have
to dominated the conversation about gravity. EGM is a contender for a quantum gravity theory that, if
proven correct, will demonstrate that quantum entangled photons can be frequency shifted in a way
that is …………………………………………

Second, we are going to use gravitons to explain the foundations of gravity field generator technology.
After reading this paper, you will at least have some idea of what the equipment will look like and also
what you are trying to accomplish. For those who want the physics community to develop gravity field

2
generators and someday gravity field drives, this is the paper explains how that technology works in
terms of established Modern physics.

We could call this Water Ripple theory, but since we are talking about spacetime, what spacetime is
made of, and the carriers of the gravitational force which is the same as spacetime curvature, then it is
arguably better to refer to these “ripples” as Expanding Gravitons. We can’t just call it Graviton theory
because gravitons are traditionally thought of as point particles. In comparison to the Higgs field, the
Higgs particle is occasionally generated by high energy LHC events, and the Higgs field exists because the
Higgs particle can be generated as such. But gravitons don’t work like Higgs particles or fields. Gravitons
work by coming into existence a point, and expanding radially, like a water ripple, at the speed of light.
Spacetime is always presented as 3 dimensions of space and one dimension of time, 4D spacetime.
Likewise, the expanding ripple of the Expanding Graviton expands in 3 dimension of space, one
dimension of time.

If you haven’t already thought of physics phenomena that behaves like ripples and waves, you are
wondering when I am goint

In doing so, we will be in a position to assign several characteristics to these expanding gravitons,
characteristics that are already observed in empirical physics, and then assert that the continual creation
of Expanding Gravitons is the cause of why we observe physics the way we have.

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Status update
It is the first quarter of the 21 st century, and no grand unified theory exists. There are a few contenders
which include superstring theory, loop quantum gravity and M theory. But there are a great many
problems with all of these theories. None of these theories is experimentally verifiable; there is no way
to detect the existence of superstrings, loops or M-branes. But it’s worse than that; none of these
theories has any connection to physical existence or physics as we know it. These are mathematical
constructs that bare no resemblance to physics constants. They do not have any connection to the
wave functions of quantum mechanics. They don’t explain what spacetime dimensions are made of in
terms of measurables. They don’t explain why the speed of light is an invariant for all observers. They
don’t off any reasonable explanation of what quantum mechanics even means. But the worst problem
with these other theories of superstrings, loop quantum gravity and m-theory are that, they are not
accessible to the layperson or even the educated and highly intelligent professional, let alone children.
These theories are for the intellectual elites among mathematicians who presume to tell the rest of us
what “science says” reality is. Were these theories able to lead to new technologies that could serve
humanity or solve global problems of the environment, then such an ego would be deserved. But the

Introduction to the Expanding Graviton Model

The Expanding Graviton Model is intended to be a simple explanation that a layperson or even a child
could understand. It is based upon empirically established physics. It leads to an experiment that can
test its validity. This experiment unifies quantum states with gravity, thus making EGM a contender for
a quantum gravity theory.

Postulate 1: The graviton expands at the speed of light with a radius r = ct.
The first postulate is arguably the easiest for a child to understand. What child hasn’t thrown a rock into
a pond to see ripples. Or looked upon a swimming pool with swimmers diving in, creating ripples.
Gravitons are like ripples that expand outward, at the speed of light. The only difference between a
water ripple and an expanding graviton, is that a graviton expands in 4 dimensional spacetime. As an
equation, that would look like,
2 2 2 2
Rinitial −(c t initial) =R final−(c t final )
Where,

R 2= X 2 + Y 2+ Z 2
A reasonable question to ask is: the theoretical physics community already has 11D superstrings, Loop
Quantum Gravity and Twistors. Why does it need Expanding spheres of radius r = ct? There are two
reasons. First, superstrings, loop quantum gravity and twistors do not account for big bang expansion.
Expanding gravitons are the quanta that spacetime is made of. Expanding gravitons are the “atoms of
spacetime”. Because the big bang expanded from a point into a universe that is 92 billion lightyears

4
across, then the most parsimonious property that an “atom of spacetime” has to have is that it itself
must expand from a point into a sphere of radius r = ct. The fact that the maximum time of the universe
is tmax = 13.7 billion years, but the universe is 46 billion light years in radius, can only be explained if
gravitons are continually being created. Two gravitons on opposite ends of a previous graviton would
explain how it is possible for opposite ends of the universe to expand faster than the speed of light.
Gravitons can only expand at the speed of light. But their center can move with the expanding edge of a
previous expanding graviton.

The

Big Bang Cosmology

It is well established by the cosmology that the big bang began as a very small event of extremely high
energy (4.9x1069 joules) that expanded to the size that it is today, about 93 billion light years across. The
Expanding Graviton model is built upon the simple observation that a water ripple (caused by a thrown
rock or a rain drop) expand with a radius R=vt , where v is the velocity of a ripple in water and t is time.
The medium of water consists of H2O molecules. But in the case of an Expanding Graviton, the speed of
light is built into the graviton medium. The Expanding Graviton is the medium. and it has the speed of
light and time are built into it as characteristics.

Two slit experiment

The two slit experiment is a solid hint that spacetime is made of something that behaves like water
ripples.

The surface of a swimming pool or any place where a water ripple might be found is a two-dimensional
surface; therefore, it’s geometry is of course 2D+1. The geometry of an expanding graviton is 3D+1. The
idea that the big bang expanded at the speed of light seems to run contrary to the inflationary epoch of
the big bang model. However, all gravitons have a center that can move with the outer edge of a

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previous graviton that is already expanding at the speed of light. The result would be that the outer
edge of the second graviton is expanding away from the center of the first graviton, at twice the speed
of light. So on and so forth.

Special Relativity
Special Relativity seems to rely upon the existence of a fabric of spacetime. While the metaphor of a
fabric of spacetime seems unrelated to water ripples, the water ripple analogy is more closely related to
1 1 '
the derivation of special relativity. One only has to convince themselves that L= c ∆ t and D= cΔt
2 2
are actually the effect of two gravitons, both expanding at the speed of light, but the center of one
graviton is passing by the other graviton at some velocity v. The arrows in figure x are suggestive of the
expansion of gravitons shown in figure y.

The invariance of the speed of light for all inertial frames is regarded with awe and without any kind of
mechanism that can be understood at present. However, if spacetime is made of gravitons that are all
expanding at the speed of light, and their centers are free to move around with any velocity (even faster
than light, then ALL gravitons that are able to overlap will create that region of spacetime. Any graviton
with a center that is moving faster than the speed of light will be subject to horizon effects.

6
The Corpuscular model (single photon) of the two slit experiment is https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.0906 is a
demonstration that individual photons behave like both a wave and a particle. The mysterious nature of
particle-wave duality, in terms of the Expanding Graviton model, is explained as follows. The “particle”
is the localized part, the energized part (E = hf) of a virtual photon. Since the energized corpuscular part
of the photon can move around and occupy and or all quantum states available to it, there is a certain
amount of unpredictability built into the graviton.

Postulate 2:
The Expanding Gravity is the carrier of the physics constants.

If you were to ask your physics professor where the physics constants come from, they would shrug and
say, “we don’t know”, and then they would talk about Natural Units. Natural Units are a diversionary
tactic to avoid answering this question by setting all of the constants to 1. If the physics constants really
were set to 1, all life would quickly turn to mush before disintegrating into slow moving radiation.

While postulate 2 might seem almost forgettable, it would be the starting point of how you would
compare the physics of two different universes (if another universe exists) to see if they can interact.

Postulate 3: The wave function solution to the Schrodinger equation is a graviton.

Interesting fact of Expanding Graviton theory: Gravitons are their own independent medium; they have
physics constants (including the speed of light and the Planck constant) built into them.

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The actual definition of a virtual particle is that the error in its energy times the error in its measurement
of time are less than the Planck constant.

h
∆ E × ∆ t>
2π

This is the formal definition of a virtual particles. However, the Casimir effect is the experimental proof
that virtual particles exist.

Postulate 5: The graviton is a virtual particle.

Postulate 6:

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The graviton can be either captured by a particle system with a charge distribution of V(x,y,z,t), part of a
standing wave or can even be a freely expanding virtual wave.

Postulate 7: Wave functions describe gravitons.

A wave function solution to the Schrodinger equation.

The Schrodinger equation is a differential equation. We use it because the solutions correspond to the
experimental observation.

iℏ
∂
∂t
Ψ ( r ,t )=[−ℏ2 2
2m ]
∇ +V ( r , t ) Ψ ( r , t )

Postulate 7 states that wave functions are actually describing gravitons. Since wave functions have
operators for momentum, position and energy,

∂
^p Ψ ( x ) =−iℏ Ψ (x)
∂x
^x Ψ ( x )=xΨ ( x )
∂
H (t)∨Ψ (t)>¿∨i ℏ ∨Ψ > ¿
∂t
And postulate 7 says that gravitons exist as virtual particles, then operators must be characteristics of
those virtual waves, that are gravitons. The problem that is being addressed here is that the physics
community is philosophically committed to the assumption that ALL PHYSICS exists as mathematics –
exigent things only exist as mathematics. In opposition to this philosophy, I am arguing that gravitons
are exigent things, they are virtual particles that can be described mathematically, but have
characteristics that exist physically. If quantum states for momentum, position and energy for a wave
function can be written mathematically, then those same states can exist physically. When gravitons
expand at the speed of light, they spread quantum states everywhere within the volume of those
graviton spheres. Gravitons behave like mathematics because wave functions are mathematics and
wave functions describe gravitons; but gravitons actually exist and are subject to physical processes that
can affect the position, momentum and energy states of single and multiple gravitons. A force is defined
as,
⃑ ∂ ⃗p
F=
∂t
Since gravitons are momentum fields, then a change in the momentum field with respect to time will
produce a force.

Any wave function that is a solution to the Schrodinger equation is a possible description of a graviton.
Equation () below is an example of a simple expanding graviton.

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 1 i (k x+k y y+k z z −ωt )
Ψ ( x , y , z , t )= e x

√2 π
⃑
This equation has momentum states built into it, in the form of ⃑
p=ℏ k . It has position built into it as x,
y and z. It has time built into it as iωt . It also has frequency states that can be energized to become real
photons with energy E= hf.

The number of gravitons that exist in the universe is roughly equivalent to the number created per unit
time n(t) integrated over 13.7 billion years of the age of the universe. The number n(t) is of course
beyond the scope of this paper to derive. But there are N gravitons that have been expanding since they
came into existence. They overlap and their quantum states are related to the gravitational constant of
the universe in some way that is also beyond the scope of this paper.
present
N= ∫ n (t )
t =0

Quantum Entanglements
A quantum entanglement between photons is equivalent to two photons (each of which is an excitation
of the virtual photon part of the graviton)

In the process of a spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion that leads a quantum entanglement
between two photons, the graviton expands from the quantum entanglement event. The energy of the
splitting photon E = hf is divided into two halves. Each have of the photon’s energy becomes an
excitation of energy on the graviton as it expands. Hypothetically, the pathway of the P1 and P2
photons can be controlled through the use of the fiber optics, optical crystals and mirrors. The center of
the graviton can be moved, and the radius of the graviton can be changed through this process.

The spooky action at a distance between two entangled photons is really the virtual photon outer
surface of a graviton. The graviton, given a year, can be two lightyears across. You could have two
entangled photons that are two light years apart because there is a one-year-old graviton that has been

10
allowed to expand for one year, between them. The only thing spooky about gravitons is that they are
virtual objects that can grow in size like a water ripple.

Postulate 8: Individual gravitons are the medium and field for a single
photon; double photons if quantum entanglement of photons is involved.

The Standard Model

The Standard model is the list of all fundamental particles that have been detected by supercolliders
over the last 60+ years.

Each of these particles has a corresponding field. If the electron field is excited with 0.511MeV/c 2

(x2), you can get a real electron and a real positron. But you can get a virtual electron-positron pair that
exist very briefly, for a time, ∆ t <∆ E / ℏ.

Postulate 8 says that a single graviton is the medium and field for a photon. In the Expanding Graviton
theory, a single graviton is the fundamental field of a photon field. All other particles of the standard
model are the effect of multiple gravitons overlapping in just the right way to create the effect of a
vibrating superstring.

Postulate 9: All matter particles of the standard model (except photons) are created by the overlap of
n>1 gravitons as they expand from t1 to t2.

Postulate 10: All antimatter particles of the standard model are created by the overlap of n>1
gravitons as they create the effect of collapsing gravitons as they create an equal an opposite
pathway from t2 to t1.

During the leptogenesis and baryogenesis epochs of the big bang, Gravitons were expanding while
carrying a very high density of energy. As gravitons expand from t 1 to t2 (for matter particles) and the

11
availability of gravitons of decreasing size (for anti-matter particles), energy becomes trapped in those
gravitons. When the energy is trapped, standard model particles are created. The reason antimatter
isn’t around is because gravitons of increasing size are fewer in number and more stable as a way to trap
energy. Dark matter requires a much larger number of gravitons that have to be at the right size to
duplicate the effect of a shrinking graviton. Antimatter particles are made of shrinking gravitons (which
don’t occur naturally).

What is important to remember is that the standard model fields are all made of overlapping gravitons
during an expansion phase of the gravitons from t 1 to t2. All standard model particle fields are made of
gravitons. Gravitons have energy states built into them that allow energy to be stored.

If superstring theorists are certain that vibrating strings is the best way to create quarks and gluons,
then the best way to create the effect of a vibrating string is to using Postulate 9. Postulate 9 says that a
sufficient amount of energy travels along the radius of some number n > 1 expanding (overlapping)
gravitons as they expand from r1 = ct1 to r2 = ct2. This energy becomes trapped along the pathway, and
the particle remains.

A single photon is an excitation of the virtual photon. A virtual photon is the surface of an expanding
graviton. The reason the outer surface of an expanding graviton is the virtual or real photon is because
photons travel at the speed of light away from their center. Everything that is slower than the speed of
light has to do with quantum states that are described by the wave function, Postulate 7.

The reason that the photon has to be the foundation particle for all other particles is because all other
hf
particles have mass. The photon has “effective mass” m= 2 , which some would argue is not valid.
c
One can describe mass an being a localization of energy. While it’s true that an electron can be nearly
anywhere within the orbit of a hydrogen atom, it’s not free to escape in any direction the way a photon
can.

The DeBroglie wavelength is a better argument for why photons have to be foundational while particles
with mass have to be “made of photons”. The wavelength of a particle with mass is given as,
h h
λ= = .
mv p
Another argument is that ALL particle/anti-particle annihilations yield photons.

particle+antiparticle →h ν

Postulate 11: The big bang was caused by a single graviton with big
bang energy E=hf =10 70 joules ( energy of the big bang ).

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If postulate 11 is true, then the initial conditions of the big bang was a frequency f G = 10104 hertz. The
equivalent period TG = 1/fG=10-104 seconds (shortest time period in the universe). The wavelength is
c
λ= = 3x10-96 meters (which is significantly smaller than the Planck scale).
f
The point of postulate 11 is to present a philosophical challenge to Planck units as being acceptable as
some fundamental limit that cannot be challenged. There is no experimentally valid reason to assume
that Planck units are established physics.

Conclusion

We have demonstrated that there are five empirically established areas of physics that have properties
closely associated with water ripples. The big bang expands like a water ripple. Special relativity has
terms in its derivation that include the speed of light times a period of time with is very similar to the
expanding radius of a water ripple r = ct. The two slit experiment has standing waves that look like
water ripples. Wave functions themselves have an e i(k r – ωt) which looks like a ripple. And then we
showed that the opposite ends of a water ripple were perfectly compatible for the excitations of a
quantum entanglement. Since gravitons are more closely connected to spacetime curvature and the
carriers of the gravitational force, we used 11 postulates to establish the properties of what is called the
Expanding Graviton. A description of an experiment follows below.

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The table below compares Expanding graviton theory to other theories in terms of what questions can
be answered in a scientific and plausible way.
Expanding graviton theory String theory Loop Quantum gravity M theory
What does the theory have to do with big ●
bang expansion of the universe?
What is the nature of gravity ● ● ● ●
What are spacetime dimensions made of. ●
Where do the physics constants come ●
from?
Why are wave functions the solution to ●
ALL quantum mechanics problems?
What is the relationship between ●
quantum entanglements and wave
functions?
What is the relationship between ●
quantum mechanics and the invariance of
the speed of light?
Why is the speed of light invariant?
What is the platform upon which the laws ● ● ● ●
of physics are made functional?
What causes time to exist. ●
What is the connection between quantum ●
states and particles?
What is the connection between 4D ●
spacetime and quantum states?
Have an experiment that can prove or ●
disprove the theory.
Theory is mathematically beautiful. ● ● ●
Offers an explanation of Quantum field ● ● ● ●
theory.
Offers a mathematically descriptive ● ● ●
explanation of quantum field theory.
Offers an experiment that can make ●
possible the Alcubierre drive.
Can explain the two-slit experiment. ●
Can lead to gravitationally significant ●
technologies, right now.
This theory can break the stalemate in ●
physics today.
This theory can describe what gravity ●
propulsion drive technology will look like.
Theory can explain how to create a ●
wormhole for photons.

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 ABSTRACT
Use a beam splitter to split a
laser beam into two beams,
two sets of photons, p1 and
p2, that are connected by a
hypothetical entanglement
called a thread. A thread is a
proxy for a small piece of
spacetime. Then, use
centrifuges to blueshift p1
photons, redshift p2
photons. The idea is to
induce a time dilation across

GRAVITY MODIFICATION
the thread. Since it’s a piece
of spacetime, then it should
acquire length contraction as
well, which is qualitatively

FIELD THEORY
similar to curvature. The
output of the laser beam
would be a curvature beam.
A curvature beam would act
Theoretical foundation of gravity modification like a tractor beam,
antigravity.

Owner
Jason Mark Wolfe

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 The Expanding Graviton Model
The purpose of the expanding graviton model is to best represent the mechanism by which ALL known
physics is implemented. This model can answer many questions about physics to include,

1. What is spacetime made of?

2. What is time?
3. What is the relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity?
4. What experiment can be performed that will lead to deeper levels of physics and technology?
5. What causes the physics constants to exist?
6. Why is mathematics such a reliable description of physics?
The expanding graviton model is intended to be the solution to quantum gravity. However, it would be
incomplete to suggest that only quantum mechanics and general relativity are sufficient to arrive at a
correct model. It would be more accurate to say that the Expanding Graviton Model can answer
questions about quantum gravity.

The expanding graviton model is not considered a Theory of Everything because the scientific
community can never be certain that we have discovered everything that can be modeled by such a
theory.

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 Postulates of the Expanding Graviton Model

Postulate one
Gravitons expand from a point into a sphere of radius r =ct .

Postulate two
Gravitons are the mechanistic version of wave function solutions to the Schrodinger equation. The
relationship between gravitons and wave functions is a bit more nuanced. Gravitons expand from a
point until they come into contact with a particle system. At which time, they interact with the particles,
as if captured. During which time, the gravitons become what wave functions are describing. After a
time, the graviton escapes the particles and continues to expand indefinitely. When the graviton
escapes, it doesn't act like a wave function anymore because it's not part of a quantum system anymore.

Postulate three
Expanding gravitons are the carriers of the physics constants. In the absence of gravitons, there are no
physics constants.

The idea for the graviton comes from several observed patterns in nature, all of which suggest the
graviton description.

First, EVENTS cause gravitons. Any time there is an event, the effects travel outward at the speed of
light. In the case of a pond, rain drops cause events that ripple outwards at the speed of a water wave.

Because of the Michelson-Morley experiment, it is very unlikely that the physics community
acknowledges the existence of a spacetime medium. Nevertheless, the facts suggest that the medium is

17
made of expanding gravitons. How do we know? Special relativity is an established fact that describes
the properties of time dilation and length contraction, properties of flat spacetime itself.

The famous physicist Albert Einstein described a thought experiment in which a train is traveling at
some velocity v. On that train, there can be a light source on the floor; it emits photons that travel the
vertical length L to the ceiling. But time dilation is not about light, it’s about the mechanisms that cause
spacetime.

Expanding gravitons can move by each other with a relative velocity v. It is likely that individual
gravitons are the carriers of time itself.

A graviton is the smallest unit of spacetime that has the property of gravitational potential energy. It is
theorized (which means it would have to be proven experimentally) that a quantum entanglement
between two photons is a graviton. That means, a quantum entanglement can store gravitational
potential energy. The orientation of the direction of the gravity field would be based on the relative
positions of the entangled photons.

1.2 The physics of it all

We wouldn’t be talking about physics if we didn’t discuss the laws of motion,

18
 d ⃗p
∑⃗
F= =m⃗a
dt
This is when the instructor will talk about an inertial reference frame, a particle in the frame at position
2
dx d x
x, it’s velocity v= ẋ= , and if the particle is accelerating, a= ẍ= 2 , all it terms of vectors. The
dt dt
particle will have an inertial mass. At some later point, Einstein Special Relativity will be discussed, the
rest mass, the Invariance of the speed of light, coordinate transformations. Modern physics, optics and
quantum mechanics Ψ are discussed, and quantum entanglements that were famously described by
Albert Einstein as “spooky action at a distance”.

There are professors and PhD’s who have mastered these topics and know their way around the
mathematics quite well. The problem is that mathematics was hailed as being the highest level of
thought necessary to solve physics problems and that we didn’t need to talk about a luminiferous aether
or an ontological cause. We only needed mathematics to make the ultimate steps forward towards
scientific progress. But the problem is that there are amazing mathematical models that are so elegant
and beautiful, that they are beyond the reach of experimental testing. Theories like E8, parallel
universes, loop gravity, are all amazing theories, but they can never be falsified, not even by unicorns.

1.3 Parsimony and Occam’s razor

In my opinion, the only way to make a theory that is testable, is to connect all of the mysterious
phenomena of nature together, to see how they fit. The goal is to be able to explain everything with
parsimony and Occam’s razor. One must be good at noticing subtle features that others are trained to
ignore.

I have met many people who have noticed that e iπ +1=0 is a beautiful equation that seems to show up
a lot in quantum mechanics where it looks like the equation for a wave front,
A i(−ωt +k x+k y y+k z z )
ψ ( x , y , z , t )= e x
. It’s the normalized wavefunction solution when the potential
√2
energy of the system is zero; it predicts the probability of photons. Did you notice the signs on the
vector coordinates? [-+ + +]? What else has the same sign configuration? The spacetime interval,
2 2 2 2 2 2
Δ s =−c Δ t + Δ x + Δ y + Δ z . It is starting to look like there is a wave function for a photon that has
frequency and wavelength terms. It happens to travel at the speed of light, which obeys c= λν . It’s
also true that time can be measured with frequency, just like Cesium metal frequency is used
for atomic clocks. Wavelengths are units of distance and could be used to measure distance.
The invariance of the speed of light between two inertial reference frames is taken as an

19
unquestioned postulate. But if we were looking for an ontological mechanism, the wave
function could travel between two reference frames at the speed of light, and regulate the
progression of time for both inertial reference frames. But a wave function is just a
mathematical object with no ontological reality; at least that’s what were told. We know that
real photons exist with energy E=hf. We also know from the Casimir Effect that virtual photons
exist. We know that virtual photons obey Δ E Δ t> h, as if they are just standard deviations that
have no ontological reality. But the equation definitively says that a photon of energy ΔE can
exist for a time no longer than Δt. It’s starting to look like photons can have two states:
 Occupied (real photons)
 Vacant (virtual photons).

It’s beginning to look like quantum mechanics, relativity, inertial frames, progression of time, spacetime
and curvature, can all be performed by the virtual photon if we were trying to be parsimonious. Where
decades of intense mathematical pursuit of a Theory of Everything have not come up with anything
testable, I propose that we use the virtual photon as the ontological mechanism that ties quantum
mechanics and general relativity together, while we wait for a more mathematical TOE that is
experimentally verifiable.

1.4 Quantum entangled photons and threads

Premise: Is there a quantum entanglement that is a subset of spacetime? Let’s call it a thread.

A thread is defined as a quantum entanglement between two photons that behaves like a subset of
spacetime and has features similar to gravity.

The photons from a laser may be passed through a beam splitter or a crystal, to split them into two
beams of photons, p1 and p2. P1 and p2 photons are connected together by a thread, a hypothetical
form of entanglement that has not yet been proven to exist. When the thread is first created, there is
no gravitational potential stored, therefore no curvature. The process of centrifuging the p1 photons,
causing them to blueshift, and the p2 photons to redshift; this is equivalent to inducing a time dilation
and a curvature across the thread. The way gravity is presently understood, the Einstein equations
require the stress energy tensor as the only means to curve spacetime. However, a thread is a subset of
spacetime and is not limited by the stress energy tensor; that means we don’t have to use black holes to
curve it. The thread can be curved using the energy necessary to frequency shift the p1 and p2 photons.
A thread with an induced gravitational potential energy will also have an acceleration vector that points
from the red shifted photons to the redshifted photons, via the shortest path that is optically viable. If
you wanted a repulsive anti-gravity field, you would hold the red-shifted photons and direct the blue-
shifted photons to what you wanted to repulse. Alternately, if you wanted to attract, like a tractor
beam, you would hold the blue-shifted photons, and anything that absorbed the red-shifted photons
would experience a gravitational attraction. The entanglements are not expected to endure indefinitely.

, and will decay back into the spacetime continuum after some lifetime τ.

All photons have a wavelength and a frequency that obeys the relationship,

20
 c= λν
In the case of our p1 and p2 photons, the relationship is,

c= λ1 ν 1=λ 2 ν 2

The subset of spacetime between the photons also obeys this equation; but the interpretation is slightly
different. For a thread, the wavelength is identified with the curvature.

Photons also obey a simple relationship,

ντ=1
Which means that the frequency of the photon times the period of the photon is unity. For a thread,
the photons obey

ν1 τ 1=ν 2 τ 2

The period for the thread correlates to time dilation. In effect, an anti-gravity beam can be used to
induce time dilation.

2.1 Gravitational Potential Energy

When light travels into a gravity well or escapes a black hole, the photons energy and frequency may
change, related by

Δ E=h Δ ν
Normally, we don’t discuss a photon’s potential energy because in Modern Physics, there is no medium
that can become excited with a photon. However, in Anti-gravity physics, the thread will serve as the
medium that connects the two photons. When the photons are centrifuged, the frequency of the
photon will change and the entanglement will acquire a gravitational potential energy. This brings us to
the letter Z which is part of a mnemonic used to remember how this anti-gravity proposal is assembled.

Z is a dimensionless term that comes from Astronomy and refers to change in the frequency or
wavelength of light caused by Doppler shift, gravitational redshift or the Cosmological constant. In
cosmology, general and special relativity, the photon is much smaller than the universe, spacetime

21
continuum, and objects moving at relativistic speeds. But on a thread, spacetime curvature can happen
just because the photons’ frequencies were centrifuged.

The potential energy change induced by the centrifuging of p1 photons (blueshift) is given by the
equation,

h ( ν 1−ν ) + ΔU 1=0 (1)

Similarly, the potential energy change of p2 photons (redshift) is,

h ( ν−ν2 ) + ΔU 2=0 (2)

The total potential energy, per photon, stored in the thread is,

Δ U thr =Δ U 1 + ΔU 2 (3)

Δ U thr =−h ( ν 1 −ν ) −h ( ν −ν 2 )

The potential energy stored by a thread is

Δ U thr =h( ν 2−ν 1 ) (4)

2.2 Centrifuge

The laser passes through a beam splitter and goes to two centrifuges, p1 to blueshift, p2 to redshift. The
frequency shift will occur along an optical fiber that goes from r 1 = 1cm to r2 = 1 meter. The disks will
spin at a rate of ω = 100 revolutions per second.

Blueshift: photons travel from r1 to r2. Redshift: photons travel from r2 to r1.

Using our numbers, the centripetal acceleration will vary along the r axis from,

a 1=r 1 ω2=( .01 m )( 2 π∗100 )2=3944 m/ s 2

To

22
 2 2 2
a 2=r 2 ω =( 1 m )( 2 π∗100 ) =394,384 m/s

This is what is necessary to “charge up” a thread with gravitational potential energy.

2.3 Gravitational redshift

I used the Equivalence Principle and the gravitational redshift equation to arrive at a centrifuge
frequency shift equation.

√
2 GM
1− 2
c Rreceiver
1+ z=
2 GM
1− 2
c Rsource

GM gL
The 2 can be replaced with 2 and g=a=r ω2 and L goes from r1 to r2-r1 to get but we have
c R c
to split the derivation into two parts, p1 blueshift and p2 redshift.
Blueshift: Rsource r1. Rreceiverr2. Rearranging the equation,

1+ z 1=
√ c2 −a2 (r 2−r 1)
c 2−a1 r 1

Then inserting the centrifuge equation, we get,

√
2 2
c −r 2 ω (r 2−r 1) (5)
1+ z 1= 2 2 2
c −r 1 ω

Similarly, for the redshifted p2 photons, Rsource r2. Rreceiverr1

1+ z 2=
√ c2−r 1 ω 2 r 1
c2 −a2 (r 2 −r 1)

Which gives,

√ c2 −r 21 ω2 (6)
1+ z 2=
c2 −r 2 ω2 (r 2−r 1)

Using (4) we can rewrite it in terms of equations (5) and (6),

Δ U thr =h ( ν 2−ν 1 )=hν [( 1+ z 2 )− ( 1+ z1 ) ]

23
The potential energy of one thread with a blue shifted p1 and a redshifted p2 is,

√ √
2
c −r 1 ω
2 2 2 2
c −r 2 ω (r 2−r 1) (7)
Δ U thr =hν [ 2 2
− 2 2 2
]
c −r 2 ω ( r 2−r 1 ) c −r 1 ω

When we work out the numbers,

ΔU thr =hν [ √ 1.00000000000434−√ .999999999995656]

−12
Δ U thr =hν [4.3 x 10 ]

So already, one centrifuge of redshift and one centrifuge of blueshift have produced a thread
with a gravitational potential energy that is 12 orders of magnitude smaller than the energy of
the photon itself.

But don’t be disappointed! After we talk about the details of centrifuge disks as stages, we’re
going to show mathematically that creative multi-staging can make that force grow
exponentially to something worthy of an Alcubierre hyperdrive.
2.4 Potential Energy and Force
The conservative force is equal to the negative of the x derivative of the potential energy,
−∂ U
F=ma=
∂x
The threads have potential energy, shown by eq (7), that can do an equivalent amount of work
as defined by,
W =∫ Fdx
If the work done by the threads exceeds the potential energy stored in the thread field,
conservation of energy will likely cause the entanglement to break and the thread will vanish.
For this reason, it is necessary to make the potential energy of the threads as large as possible.
We do that by maximizing the frequency shift of each thread and maximizing the number of
threads that survive the centrifuge process, nf. The potential energy is equal to,

24
 Δ U =n f ΔU thr (8)

3.1 Experiment Proposal

Let us begin the idea of centrifuging photons with a single disk called a mono-disk. It is a disk with one
optical pathway that travels along the radius of the disk, from r 1 to r2. Notice that r1 is on the front, r2 is
on the back of the disk. The entrance and exit of the optical fibers are referred to as the entrance core
and the exit core; there is a glass core all the way through the fiber.

The mono-disk is the simplest configuration. By convention, the photons would enter the first mono-
disk when the core is at the 12:00 position. It is inevitable that many mono-disks will be attached to an
axle. For simplicity sake, all of the mono-disk cores should be mechanically aligned.

The experiment is indifferent to the direction of disk spin. Blue shifted photons enter the core at r 1 and
exit at r2. Redshifted photons enter the core at r 2, exit at r1.

A stage consists of two parts. First, the spinning disk pathway which centrifuges the photons. Second,
the non-spinning optical pathway back to the start position of the next stage. The first mono-disk, by
convention, starts at the 12:00 position. The core of the disk of the second stage will have rotated to
angle ϴ2. The entrance core of the mth disk of the mth stage will be at angle ϴm, etc.

Originally, we were going to calculate several important numbers, stage by stage, including photon
attenuation, thread attenuation, potential energy gained, optical core position, ϴm. That detailed
information will be added later if needed.

At this point, I think it will take one million blueshift stages and one million redshifted stages to make
photons with a strong enough ΔUTHR to be useable. In the least efficient, most easy to understand
arrangement, there would be one axle with one million mono-disks on it; installed as one million

25
centrifuge stages, just blueshift. Another identical axle for redshift. A more efficient arrangement will
be discussed.

MEOF – Mechanically Enhanced Optical Fiber

The precise timing needed to hit the first core of the first disk is very challenging for a skilled engineer.
When you have to complete the stage optical pathway, and then do it again, thousands or millions of
times, it becomes the bottleneck of anti-gravity technology that could take decades to develop; it is
comparable to the first transistor evolving into today’s Intel core processors. Theoretically, the optical
pathway back to the start position could be done with fiber optics, lenses and mirrors; but to do it by
hand is impractical. It is such an engineering endeavor, that we will call it MEOF technology and treat it
here some very simple calculations.

The MEOF sits between the spinning disks. The purpose of a MEOF is to catch the photons as they exit
the fiber optic pathway of the spinning disk, and redirect them along a non-rotating pathway, through
an optical fiber and lenses, to the optical core of the next disk.

Consider an axle with nmax mono-disks on it, index n, from 1 to n max. One can calculate what the angle, ϴn
has to be on the core of the nth disk, to be in alignment to receive the next photons from the previous
MEOF. assuming the length and time the photons travel on the spinning disk are equal to the length and
time on the return path. If the disk spins at ω = 100 rotations/second, and the photons travel from r 1 to
r2 in a time Δt12,

r 2−r 1=c Δ t 12

Then,

26
 2 nω (r 2−r 1 ) (9)
θn +1=2 nω Δt 12=
c

Problem 3.1a: What is the start position ϴ500 of the 500th disk with a disk pathway r2-r1=1m; ω=200
rotations per second?

2∗499∗200∗2 π
∗1 m
s
θ500 = 8
=θ500 =.00418 radians
3∗1 0 m/s
3.2 A Good First Experiment

The large hadron collider costed approximately $9 billion dollars to prove that the Higgs boson exists. It
succeeded! While knowledge of a Higgs field exists, we don’t reap any technological benefit from it.
However, a good anti-gravity experiment will cost significantly less than that. Yet, if it works, it will be
one of the most important technologies ever discovered by humanity. If it succeeds in proving that
gravitational potential energy can be stored in a thread, it would set the human race on the road to
cheap off world propulsion and interstellar travel.

The scientific community is very good at measuring gravity fields. So, all we need to do is make sure that
the p1 and p2 photons are centrifuged enough that we can tell they’ve been centrifuged. The duration
of the laser burst that must reach the core entry of the spinning disk will be about Δt = 1μs.
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle states the Δ E Δ t> h. Since ΔE = hΔν, then we realize that the
change in the photon frequency caused by centrifuging has to be at least Δ ν Δ t>1 . The minimum
1 6
frequency error that you must get for a Δt = 1μs, is Δ ν > =10 Hz . You have to be absolutely
1 μs
certain that the photons are being centrifuged. Let’s make sure the photons are centrifuged to ten
times this error to δν=10 7Hz. So how many centrifuges will it take to frequency shift ν = 500THz to v+ δν
? Well, every time the photon burst is centrifuged, its frequency is blue shifted by ( 1+ z ), so it has to be
p δν
centrifuged p times to reach the minimum number of centrifuges. We write that as ( 1+ z ) =(1+ ).
ν
p δν
To solve for p, we take the natural log of both sides, ln ( 1+ z ) =ln(1+ ). We get,
ν
δν (10)
ln ⁡(1+ )
ν
p=
ln ⁡(1+ z )

27
For a quick back of the envelope calculation, we can use equation (6), dropping the z 2 subscript for
simplicity,

√
2 2
c −r 2 ω (r 2−r 1)
1+ z= 2 2 2
c −r 1 ω

Problem 3.2a: How many monodisks, p, will it take to frequency shift a ν=500THz laser by δν=10MHz,
using a configuration of disks r1=1cm, r2=1m, ω=100rotations/sec?

δν
ln ⁡(1+ )
ν
p=

√
2 2
c −r 2 ω (r 2 −r 1)
ln ⁡ 2 2 2
c −r 1 ω

Using Excel spreadsheet, p = 4608 monodisks for blue shift, and 4608 for redshift. That is 9216 stages
that will have to be built, and it is the most inefficient way to build it.

What is the expected gravitational potential energy of each thread?

is a good first experiment, proof of concept, to construct 1000 mono-disks with 1000 MEOFs, threading
a laser through a thousand 15guage fiber optic cables (1.45mm). Using 1-meter radius disks with stage
with of .33 meters, the total length would be 330 meters and total volume: 4 meters 2*.33m * 1000 =
1320m3. Since the time the photons spend within one disk is,

1m
Δ t 1,1000 = 8
=3.3 ns
3∗10 m/s
The time per stage is twice that, 6.6ns. For 1000 stages, that only 6.6μs. If you had one million stages in
a row, the total time through the million-stage pathway would only be Δt1,1M = 6.6microseconds. That is
a great time. But the distance is a somewhat impractical 594km.

3.3 More Cores per Disk

A core refers to the core of the optic fiber, where the photons enter and leave. A 15g has a diameter d =
1.45mm. Using dual-disks, a 500,000 stage would be 297km. Quad-disks, 150km. A clock disk would
get you down to 50km. How many optical fibers can you get on one disk? The upper limit of optical
paths that you can put on a disk with an inner radius of 1cm is n c-max, maximum number of cores per disk,
where d, the diameter of the fiber (d=1.5mm) is,

28
 2 π r1 (10)
n c−max =
d

Plugging in the numbers, nc-max = 41.89. We round down to 40 cores, 40 optical pathways per disk.

Just estimating, if there were 40 cores per disk, 40 disks/stages per axel, there would be 40 return paths
from disk 40 to disk 1, a total distance of about 40*.33 = 13.2meters. 1600 stages at 6.6ns per stage,
plus 13.2m, would be about 10μs. The total volume of 40 disks is 4m2*.33m*40= 53 cubic meters and
13.2 meters long. For a pathway that is one million stages long, you’ll need 25,000 axels. You’ll need
twice that, one for blueshift, one for redshift.

3.4 Disk-Core Timing Details

The angular frequency of a disk is fD. The disk rotation period of a disk, TD.

f D T D =1 (11)

The burst rate, fBR, is the number of laser bursts per second. The burst rate depends upon the disk spin
rate fD times the number of optical cores on the disk,

f BR=noc f D (12)

Problem 3.4a: The disk spin rate fD is 6000rpms. So fD = 6000rpms = 100 rotations/sec. The number of
optical cores on a clock disk, noc = 12; it’s called a clock disk because a clock has 12 numbers on it, a clock
disk has 12 optical cores.

1 1
Calculate the disk rotation period: T D = = =T D =.01 sec/rotation
f D 100 cycles/s

Calculate the burst rate for a clock disk spinning at 200 rotations/second:

12 optical cores on the clock disk, noc = 12. Using equation (12).

pulses
f BR=noc f D =12 ∗200 rotations per second =f BR=2400 bursts per second
rotation
The time between bursts is also the time it takes to go from one core to the next, also referred to as the
core to core time, TCTC. One can easily see that the core to core time, times the number of cores per disk
is just the disk rotation period,

n oc T ctc =T D (13)

29
The burst duration is the time needed to lase photons into the core as the disk spins. The angle from
core to core is ϴctc; multiplied by the number of optical cores n OC is 2π, n oc θctc =2 π . The burst duration,
T BD d n d
= oc = oc
TBD, is the fraction T CTC 2 πr 2 πr . The burst duration TBD is,
noc
n oc d oc (14)
T BD= T
2 πr CTC

3: For a bi-core disk, noc = 2, spinning at fD = 300 rot/sec, with an optical core diameter of d oc = 1mm,
what are the burst times for (b) r= r 1=.5cm and (c) r=r2=1.2m?

1
(a) Calculate TCTC. T CTC =
f D noc
(b)
n oc d oc noc d oc d oc .005 m
T BD= T CTC = = = =T BD =106 μsec
2 π r1 2 π r 1 f D noc 2 π r 1 f D 6.28 rad /rot∗.005 m∗300 rot / s
n oc d oc d oc .005 m
(c) T BD= T CTC = = =T BD=2.2 μs
2 π r2 2 π r 2 f D 6.28∗1.2m∗300rot / s
(b) and (c) demonstrate that you have less time to lase in photons when the core is at the outer edge.
Since the lase time can be quite small, even in the femtosecond range, there is no reason not to use only
the smaller lase time value TBD= 2.2μs.

1 1
3.4b: Calculate the disk period TD if fD=300rot/s: fDTD=1. So, T D = = =T D =3.3 ms
f D 300/s

3.4c: Calculate the time it takes to go from core to core, TCTC:

T D 3.3 ms
Using equation 13, T CTC = = =T CTC =1.65 ms .
noc 2

4.1 In pursuit of the Alcubierre hyperdrive

There are two factors that control the total gravitational potential energy of a curvature beam.
One is the number of threads; the other is the amount of curvature of each thread. For
simplicity, we are going to assume 0% loss of threads caused by the stages,
n f =ni

30
We want to calculate the total lifting power which is the total amount of gravitational potential
energy output, per second. Using equation (8)
Δ U =n f ΔU thr

When last we looked, the effect of p1-p2 centrifuging through one stage each, resulted in an
interesting phenomenon, but was 12 orders of magnitude less potential energy than just the
energy of the photon itself. In this section, we’re going to (1) derive the ΔUthr equation for the
multistage Blue-red centrifuge, (2) calculate the number of stages needed to generate ΔUthr =
10000*hf, (3) the maximum space needed for the least efficient centrifuge system, and (4)
discuss a more efficient centrifuge system and calculate the space it would need.
The derivation is actually simple. When p1 photons are blueshifted by the nth centrifuge stage,
the amount of blue shifting is, using equation (5),

[√ ]
n

n c 2−r 2 ω 2 ( r 2−r 1 )
( 1+ z 1 ) = 2 2 2
c −r 1 ω

And,

[√ ]
n
n c 2−r 21 ω2
( 1+ z 2 ) =
c 2−r 2 ω 2 ( r 2 −r 1 )
n n
The result is, Δ U thr (n)=hν [ ( 1+ z 2) −( 1+ z 1 ) ]

[( √ ) (√ )]
n n (16)
2
c −r 1 ω
2 2
c 2−r 2 ω 2 ( r 2 −r 1 )
Δ U thr ( n)=hν −
c 2−r 2 ω2 ( r 2−r 1) c 2−r 21 ω2

For the simplest case, we want to calculate the curvature potential energy per second. In a
time, TBR, nBR threads are lasered into the core of spinning disks. By eq (12), the burst rate is,
f BR=noc f D

During every burst, there is a quantity of nBR entangled photons injected into the spinning cores.
We have to calculate the average gravitational potential energy, which is given by,
t +1 sec
∂U
U ( t=1 sec )= ∫ ∂t
dt=n BR Δ U THR f BR
t

31
Problem 4: What is the gravitational potential energy created in one second by a high power
laser that lases 106watts for 1μs; fBR=1200 bursts per second; Each thread has potential energy
UTHR=hν(.0000003). The frequency ν=500THz. The laser power times the burst time equals the
number of photons. If we assume 100% entanglement, then pt=nBR hν , rearranges to
J
106 ∗10−6 s
pt s
n BR= = =3∗1018 photons
hν (6.6 x 10 J −s )( 5 x 10 Hz)
−34 14

The potential energy caused by nBR=3x1018 particles is,

pt
U ( t=1 sec )=nBR ΔU THR f BR = ∗hν ( .0000003 ) ( 1200 )=U ( 1 sec )=360 μJoules
hν
Still not impressed? What if we try a high-powered laser with 1Gigawatt?
Answer: 360 joules of gravitational potential.

4.2 Building the best Interstellar drive

How far can you push this technology? If you had the best and strongest optical fiber material,
the absolute fastest rotary engines, the most powerful lasers, and the best nuclear power, what
could you do?

Parameters Laser Power Number of bays = 6

3 disk bays 500MWatts x3 Dimensions of bay
r1 = 10cm Fiber diameter d = 6 meters diameter x
r2 = 3 meters 1.5mm 3 meters deep.
Disk thickness 2mm Max cores nc-max ~400 Outer max cores
MEOF thickness 1cm nc-outer-max=12000
disk spin Stages per bay 250
f = 300 rotations/s Total cores 3,000,000
ω = 300*2π rad/s
Weight of disk <1Kg

2 π r1
n c−max =
d
The maximum number of optical fibers that we can squeeze into a single circle of diameter r 1 is
given by Eq 10, rounds off to 400. Just a reminder, the limiting factor of anti-gravity is the
MEOF technology which has to continue the path of the photons through the spinning disk,
causing the entangled photons to frequency shift. The MEOF can perform this task in the most
efficient way that engineers can design. Millions of mono-disks, millions of stages, are the least
efficient and most bulky way to frequency shift photons. By using equation (10), we can

32
increase the efficiency by 400 times per disk. But this section is about building the “best”
interstellar drive possible. So, we are going to push the limits on everything.
The MEOF is going to need fast computers with a lot of memory; because, instead of using (10)
as the maximum number of cores per disk, limited by the inner radius r 1, we’re going to make a
new equation,
2 π r2 (16)
n c−outer−max =
d

Which will place the maximum number of cores equal to the outer circumference divided by d,
which calculates to nc-outer-max=12000. The number of inner rows of r1 will be 30
nc−outer−max
ninner −rows =
n c−max
The timing of this MEOF will be extraordinarily difficult. In addition, the dimensions of the disks will be
6-meter diameter and 2mm thick. The MEOF can have a thickness of one centimeter. The total stage
thickness will be 1.2cm. There will be three sets of upper and lower circular bays. The lower bay is for
red shifting, the upper bay is for blue shifting. Each bay will be 3 meters in depth. Within these, you can
fit 250 stages. The total number of cores is 250*12000 = 3 million.

Remember equation (16)? It was used to calculate the gravitational potential energy per thread. We
can now calculate that potential energy. But this time, we’ve improved the engineering considerably.
Planck h Speed of light c r1 r2 ω n
6.6E-34 299800000 0.1 3 1884 3000000

[( √ ) (√ )]
n n
2 2 2 2 2
c −r 1 ω c −r 2 ω ( r 2 −r 1 )
Δ U thr ( n)=hν 2 2
− 2 2 2
c −r 2 ω ( r 2−r 1) c −r 1 ω

When we plug in the numbers, the gravitational potential energy per thread is Δ U thr =hν (0.0010295).

4.2 Thread Potential Energy Field

33
A quantum entanglement between two photons, referred to as a thread, has a decay rate which will
need to be measured. Although it’s not a particle, it can still be treated as one for the purpose of writing
that it decays into two photons as shown below.

Ṯ →2hν
⃑
We can define the force vector of a thread to be Ṯ . The sum of all of the thread force vectors is,

⃑ ⃑ ⃑
Ṯ =∑ Ṯ i=m a
i

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H. Kleinert (1987). "Gravity as Theory of Defects in a Crystal with Only Second-Gradient Elasticity".
Annalen der Physik. 44 (2): 117. Bibcode:1987AnP...499..117K. doi:10.1002/andp.19874990206

http://theconversation.com/worlds-most-powerful-laser-is-2-000-trillion-watts-but-whats-it-for-45891

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 External Links

 D. Berenstein, Emergent Gravity from CFT, online lecture.

 C. J. Hogan Quantum Indeterminacy of Emergent Spacetime , preprint

 A.D. Sakharov, Vacuum Quantum Fluctuations in Curved Space and the Theory of Gravitation , 1967.

 Matt Visser, Sakharov's induced gravity: a modern perspective , 2002.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kcWV6zlcRU
https://phys.org/news/2018-04-quantum-physicists-entanglement.html
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/15/2/025033/pdf
https://roseramblesdotorg.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/ashtar-command-these-waves-are-
instrumental-to-the-great-awakening.jpg?w=659&h=371
https://www.cornify.com/assets/cornify-unicorns-rainbows.jpg

The philosophy of how the laws of physics are put together. Everything in the physical universe
is implemented by photons, either virtual or real. For simplicity, there are two states of the
photon:

 vacant (virtual photon)

 filled (real photon).

If you thought that the equation e iπ +1=0, was significant in the architecture of the universe,
you were right. Next, two physics constants were configured:

 speed of light c=2.998 x 108 meters per second ,

 Planck constant h=6.63 x 10−34 Joule−seconds
The speed of light c= λν . The wavelength λ measures and establishes distance and direction in
space. The frequency ν measures and establishes time. Together, they create the spacetime
continuum.

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Consider a centrifuged entangled photon that is placed along the axis. The photon has
Δω
frequency ω(x) that is a linear function of x such that the slope is m= . The y intercept of
Δx
the frequency is ω0. So the linear equation of the frequency is a simple,
Δω
ω ( x )=mx+b= x +ω 0
Δx
The equation for a quantum entanglement between two photons might be very complicated,
but the wavefunction of a photon can be as simple as,

Ψ ( x , t )= A e i k x x−iωt

⃑ ∂
In quantum mechanics, the momentum operator, along the x-axis, is p x =−iħ . Thus, we can
∂x
⃑ ∂ψ ∂
calculate the momentum as p x =−iħ
∂x
=−iħ
∂x
( i k x x−iωt ).

⃑ Δω
Remember that ω(x). So, the momentum becomes, p x =ħ k x −ħ t . From Newtonian
Δx
⃑ d ⃑p
mechanics, the force is, F= . When we take the time derivative of the momentum, the first
dt
term is zero, but the second term is linear with time. Which shows that if the momentum
states of a quantum system vary linearly with the x-axis, then they will result in a force,
⃑ Δω ⃑
F=−ħ =m a
Δx
This proves that centrifuging entangled photons will result is a force.

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