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Statistics and Probability (Week 1)

This document provides an overview of statistics and probability concepts taught in a module. It discusses key topics like descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, populations, samples, and different sampling methods. Specifically, it defines statistics as the study of summarizing, interpreting, and making decisions based on data. It also explains that a statistic estimates a population value and distinguishes between descriptive statistics, which present and analyze data, and inferential statistics, which make inferences from samples to populations. Finally, it outlines different sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.

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China Pandino
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43 views

Statistics and Probability (Week 1)

This document provides an overview of statistics and probability concepts taught in a module. It discusses key topics like descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, populations, samples, and different sampling methods. Specifically, it defines statistics as the study of summarizing, interpreting, and making decisions based on data. It also explains that a statistic estimates a population value and distinguishes between descriptive statistics, which present and analyze data, and inferential statistics, which make inferences from samples to populations. Finally, it outlines different sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.

Uploaded by

China Pandino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Module 1: Statistics
Subject Teacher: Mr. John Herald F. Alejandro

Statistics and Probability (Week 1)


Lesson 1 - Statistics

Statistics is the course you are studying right now, also known
as statistical analysis, or statistical inference. It is a field of
study concerned with summarizing data, interpreting data, and
making decisions based on data.

A quantity calculated in a sample to estimate a value in a


population is called a "statistic"

Descriptive Statistics

Presenting, analysing, and organizing data

Examples of Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

Gathering all data is not always possible due to


barriers such as time, accessibility, or cost.
Instead of that, we often gather information from
a smaller subset of the population, known as a
sample.

Population: The entire set of possible


observations in which we are interested
Sample: A subset of the population from which information is actually
collected

Source: David M. Lane. et al. Introduction to Statistics : pp. 656

Lesson 2 - Introduction to Statistics

Kinds of samples

A complete sample is a set of objects from a parent population that includes ALL such
objects that satisfy a set of well-defined selection criteria

An unbiased (representative) sample is a set of objects chosen from a complete sample using
a selection process that does not depend on the properties of the objects.

For example, a complete sample of Australian men taller than 2m would consist of a list of
every Australian male taller than 2m. But it wouldn't include German males, or tall
Australian females, or people shorter than 2m.

For example, an unbiased sample of Australian men taller than 2m might consist of a
randomly sampled subset of 1% of Australian males taller than 2m. But one chosen from the
electoral register might not be unbiased since, for example, males aged under 18 will not be
on the electoral register.

Random sample

The best way to avoid a biased or unrepresentative sample is to select a random sample.

A random sample is a sample where each individual member of the population has a known,
non-zero chance of being selected as part of the sample.

The types of random samples are simple random samples, systematic samples, stratied
random samples, and cluster random samples.

Simple Random Sampling

SRS is a method of obtaining a sample from a population in which every member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected.

Example 1: World Campus

An institutional researcher is conducting a study of World Campus students' attitudes toward


community service. He takes a list of all 12,242 World Campus students and uses a random
number generator to select 30 students whom he contacts to complete the survey. This
researcher used simple random sampling because participants were selected from the overall
population in a way that each individual had an equal chance of being selected.

Example 2: Language Study

A student wants to learn more about the languages spoken in her town. She has access to the
census forms submitted by all 3,500 households in her town. It would take too long for her to
go through all 3,500 forms, so she uses a random number generator to select 100 households.
She finds those 100 census forms and records data concerning the languages spoken in those
households. This is a simple random sample because the sample of 100 households was
selected in a way that each of the 3,500 households had an equal chance of being selected.

Stratified Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling is a method of


obtaining a sample from a population in which
the population is divided into important
subgroups and then separate simple random
samples are drawn from each subgroup which
are known as strata.

Example 1: Attitudes Toward Community Service

An institutional researcher is conducting a study of World Campus students' attitudes toward


community service. He thinks that there may be a difference between students who are
associate's, bachelor's, and graduate students. There are 917 World Campus associate's degree
students; the researcher takes a simple random sample from that population. There are 4,819
World Campus bachelor's degree students; the researcher takes a simple random sample from
that population. There are 4,560 World Campus graduate students; the researcher takes a
simple random sample from that population. This is a stratied random sample because the
population of all World Campus students was divided into four strata that the researcher
believes could impact the responses to the survey

Cluster Sampling

Cluster Sampling is a method of selecting a


sample from a population in which the
population is divided into subgroups (i.e.,
clusters) and a simple random sample of those
subgroups is taken; all individuals within these
clusters may be sampled, or a simple random
sample may be taken from the selected clusters
Lesson 3 – Variables

Variables are properties or characteristics of some event, object, or person that can take on
different values or amounts;

Constants do not vary.

Variables may be ...

Independent and Dependent Variables

• The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in
your study.
• The dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the
independent variable.

Qualitative and Quantitative Variables


Quantitative Variables - Variables whose values result from counting or measuring
something.

Qualitative Variables - Variables that are not measurement variables. Their values do not
result from measuring or counting

Discrete and continuous variables

Discrete - Countable

Continuous - Infinite

Source: David M. Lane. et al. Introduction to Statistics : pp. 656

Quiz: True or False: Tell whether the following statement if it is true or false.
__________1. To have an effective research you should be bias in selecting respondents.
__________2. The qualifying list of the football team is an example of descriptive statistics.
__________3. Drawing a conclusion about the cat's growth percentage is an example of
descriptive statistics
__________4. Statistics is a field of study concerned with summarizing data, interpreting
data, and making decisions based on data.
__________5. Population is a part of a sample

Quiz: Answer the following question.


1. An __________ is a set of objects chosen from a complete sample using a selection
process that does not depend on the properties of the objects.
2. A ____________ is a set of objects from a parent population that includes ALL such
objects that satisfy a set of well-defined selection criteria.
3. It is a method of obtaining a sample from a population in which every member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected
4. It is a method of selecting a sample from a population in which the population is
divided into subgroups (i.e., clusters) and a simple random sample of those subgroups
is taken
5. It is a method of obtaining a sample from a population in which the population is
divided into important subgroups and then separate simple random samples are drawn
from each subgroup

Weekly Output:
Write a short paragraph (minimum of 8 sentences) about statistics with an integration of the other
subjects.

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