University of Tripoli
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EE421
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Manal Mahmoud Ali Salim
22171719
Group: 13
Instructor: Dr.Ahmed Ashour
:Introduction
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is an analog modulating scheme in which the amplitude of the
pulse carrier varies proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.
The pulse amplitude modulated signal, will follow the amplitude of the original signal, as the signal traces
out the path of the whole wave. In natural PAM, a signal sampled at the Nyquist rate is reconstructed, by
passing it through an efficient Low Pass Frequency (LPF) with exact cutoff frequency
.The following figures explain the Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Fig (1)
Analog pulse modulation is classified as
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Digital modulation is classified as
Pulse Code Modulation
Delta Modulation
Fig (2)
There are two types of sampling techniques for transmitting a signal using PAM. They are:
1. Flat Top PAM
2. Natural PAM
Flat Top PAM
The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to modulating signal amplitude at the time of pulse
occurrence. The amplitude of the signal cannot be changed with respect to the analog signal to be sampled. The
tops of the amplitude remain flat.
Fig (3)
Natural PAM
The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to modulating signal amplitude at the time of pulse
occurrence. Then follows the amplitude of the pulse for the rest of the half-cycle.
Fig (4)
In Pulse modulation, the unmodulated carrier signal is a periodic train of signals. So the pulse train can be
described like the following.
Where ‘A’ is the unmodulated pulse amplitude
‘τ’ is pulse width
The pulse trains periodic time can be denoted as ‘Ts’
In PAM, the signal amplitudes can be changed based on the modulating signal. Here, the modulating signal like
m(t), PAM can be achieved through multiplying the carrier signal with the modulating signal. The o/p is a set of
pulses, where the amplitudes of signals can be changed on the modulating signal.
The specific type of PAM can be referred to as normal PAM, as the pulses follow the outline of the modulating
signal. The pulse train works like a periodic switching signal toward the modulator. Once it is switched ON, and
then allows the samples of modulating signals to supply toward the output. The pulse train’s periodic time is
called the sampling period.
Fs = 1/Ts
Applications of Pulse Modulation Techniques
Both analog and digital signals can be transmitted over long distances. In transmitting
analog signal over a long distance, amplifiers are used at intermediary points. The
amplifiers amplify the signal as well as the noise on the signal that arrive at the amplifier.
Transmission of digital signal over a long distance employs repeaters which regenerate
the signal and transmit it, hence eliminating any noise picked up during transmission.This makes transmission
of digital signals more efficient.
Equipment:
Power unit PSU or PS1, module holder base.
Experiment module MCM30.
Oscilloscope.
Procedure and Results:
1. Sampling (PAM) with Natural Sampling
1.1. We set the circuit to have PAM in 1_channel mode, with natural sampling (SW1=Nat, SW2=1CH, W3=2)
as shown in fig 6.
1.2. We connected 1KHz-2Vpp to the analog input of the PAM modulator.
1.3. We connect the oscilloscope to the analog input signal and to the output of PAM modulator.
Fig (5) input for step 1
Fig (6) Ts
Fig (7) output for step 1
Fig (8) Duration
Result: Ts =84µsec, fs= 12KHz, t=10µs, tg=64 µs, BW=50 µs
2. Sampling (PAM) with flat top sampling
2.1. We set the circuit to PAM 1_channel mode, with flat sampling.
2.2. We connected input single 2Vpp at 1 KHz.
2.3. We measurement TP7 and TP5.
Fig (8) output for step 2
Result: the same as step 1, because flat top doesn’t effect on TS and Duration.
3. Signal reconstruction by filtering
3.1. We set the circuit to PAM 1_channel mode, with flat sampling as fig 16.
3.2. We connected the modulator output to the input of the 3.4KHz low pass filter.
3.3. We connected TP21 to channel oscilloscope and we compare the reconstructed waveform with the input
waveform through Channel
Fig (9) Vpp=2V
4. Ex 2 PAM TDM Transmitter
4.1. We set the circuit to PAM 2_channels mode, with natural sampling and at channel Noise, we put 40 KHz as
fig.
4.2. We made sure the Attenuation and Noise to the minimum.
4.3. We examined the sampling pulses related to the 2 channels.
4.4. Than we measurement the synchronisms at TP11.
Fig (10) Output MOD PAM/TDM
5. TDM signal reconstruction
5.1. We examined PAM/TAM signal at the amplifier output TP15 with the regenerated sampling pulses from
the Phase adjust circuit (TP19 and TP19).
Fig (10) Output DEMOD PAM
Conclusion
The experiment showed how a low pass filter is used to smooth out a PAM signal and
reconstructs samples of the PAM signal to reproduce an original message signal. With
regards to removing unwanted higher frequencies, a high order filter with a sharp rolloff
may be used. This is done in commercial components. Selection of a duty cycle of 10 %
or less is useful in avoiding aperture distortion. Also, Nyquist theorem needs to be
adhered to reproduce a signal with no distortion.
References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/pulse-amplitude-modulation
https://peer.asee.org
