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Wind Design Loads on High-Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Maysan

Province Southern Iraq

Article · July 2017

DOI: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001

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 ISSN(Online) : 2319-8753
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijirset.com
Vol. 6, Issue 7, July 2017

Wind Design Loads on High-Rise Reinforced

Concrete Buildings in Maysan Province
Southern Iraq
Dawood . Abbas Oda 1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Misan University- Iraq1

ABSTRACT: In recent years Maysan province subjected to high speed winds and cause damaged to many structures
especially cladding and components of the structures, thus the study of wind effects on buildings and especially high-
rise building is necessary. In this study the ASCE7-05 quasi-static analytical procedure is used to determine the design
wind loads on high-rise reinforced concrete buildings with height to width ratio less than four (rigid buildings) in
Maysan province in which all factors are presented to correspond the Maysan province topography and environment
conditions. The basic wind speed for design purposes is specified according to Iraqi standards IQ 301. The
combinations of wind loads with other loads on high-rise concrete buildings are presented based on ASCE7-05
provisions. A flow chart of design procedure is presented and then programmed into Excel sheets for practical uses. A
design tables are developed that cover most possible dimensions and elevations of building in Maysan province
nowadays and in near future, These design tables consider a useful tool for researchers, designers, engineers and local
authorities that have attention in the field of construction, development and risk analysis in Maysan province. The
tables provide design values for the following quantities: pressure distribution along building elevation, Maximum
horizontal force, Maximum base moment, Maximum building upward force, and Maximum building torsion force.
Interpolation is allowed for values not listed in tables.

KEYWORDS: Maysan province, wind loads, high-rise buildings, concrete buildings, design for winds.

I. INTRODUCTION

The lateral loadings due to wind and earthquakes are the major factor that causes the design of high-rise buildings to
differ from those of low-rise buildings. In general for buildings of up to 10-stories and of typical properties, the design
is rarely affected by wind loads. Above this height (approximately 30 m) with increasing in structural members and the
possible re-arrangement of the structure to account for wind loading, lead to incur a cost premium that increase
progressively with height, [1,2].
In Maysan province, all multi-story buildings relatively low to medium heights. This low construction is for
economical reasons, mainly due to weak soil (3-10 ton/m2) in Maysan province which make any increasing in height
will lead to uneconomical construction, i.e., expensive foundations. Also low construction is because of available and
cheap lands parcels which encourage increasing length and width (top-plan) of buildings and reducing the height to
satisfy the required service area of building.
Based on roughly survey, the highest buildings in Maysan province consist 12 stories. Thus it can be said that all multi-
story buildings in south of Iraq nowadays not exceed 40 m in height.
But the new situation of Iraq which is leading to rapidly expansion in towns and cities in south of Iraq due to huge
plans to develop the oil areas, increase the income of local families and local business, rapidly increasing in land parcel,
construction, rent and buildings costs, rapidly increase in population and etc, push to get optimum use or benefit from
available areas. Thus with this economical improvements and increasing the demand on offices, apartments, modern
hotels and people tendency to construct new buildings similar to that in surround regional countries , all these factors
create new direction in both government and private sectors to start with high-rise buildings (more that 30 m in height)

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001 12451

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for governmental and private functional buildings like offices, malls, hotels, apartments, especially with new Iraqi
Investment Law that allow for regional and international investors to start their business in Iraq. From engineering
point of view for this new direction, the high-rise buildings are more efficient with innovations in architectural
treatment, increase in the strength of materials , advances in methods of analysis and with steady environment of south
of Iraq. But these high-rise buildings are lighter and subjected to lateral deflection or sway under wind loadings.
This paper is focused on wind effects in civil engineering activities in Maysan province with main consideration is
taken for multi-story reinforced concrete buildings which the most common construction in south of Iraq due to local
advantages of concrete structures in comparison with steel structures (steel buildings seldom in south of Iraq). Thus this
paper will be good reference for designers and construction companies (especially foreign ones) that have plans to
design or construct projects in south of Iraq; in oil , commercial, industrial and another business fields , also its good
reference for local student and researchers in the wind field and its effects on structures.
ASCE7-05 provisions [3] are used to obtain design wind loads and a detailed procedure is presented with special
attention has been given in determination of ASCE7-05 determination factors that suitable for south of Iraq
environment, then a summarized steps of procedure are presented. The basic wind speed to be used in design is based
on Iraqi standards. An Excel sheets are programmed to get auto-calculations of wind loads in SI units , a design tables
are presented and finally the conclusions are drawn.

II. RELATED WORK

The wind action on building is studied by many researchers and they deal with different topics of this subject, in this
section only previous works related to the present study is reviewed. Zhou et al, 2002 [4], presented a comprehensive
assessment of the source of the scatter exists among the wind effects predicted by the various codes and standards
under similar flow conditions, through a comparison of the along-wind loads and their effects on tall buildings
recommended by major international ASCE 7-98, AS1170.2-89, NBC-1995, RLB-AIJ-1993, and Eurocode-1993. They
noted that the scatter in the predicted wind loads and their effects arises primarily from the variations in the definition
of wind field characteristics in the respective codes and standards. Holmes et al, 2009 [5], described a comparison of
wind load calculations on buildings using fifteen different wind loading codes. Three buildings were studied the low-
rise building ( steel portal-framed industrial warehouse building) , the medium-height building (a 48-metre high office
building) and the high-rise building (a 183 metres high). The comparisons showed varying degrees of agreement
between codes, in which ASCE7-05 procedure gave reasonable results in comparison with the other codes. Shilu and
Patel, 2011[6],developed a computational tool using MS Excel to wind pressure and forces on a multistory commercial
complex according India Codes. Suresh et al, 2012 [7], studied the influence of diagonal braces in RCC multi-storied
frames under wind loads. The wind loads was calculated using static and gust factor method presented by India Code
IS 875 Part III. A sixteen storey high rise building is analysed in STAAD Pro and results are compared with respect to
drift, they found that X- bracings reduces the amount of drift and bending moments in the structure. Srikanth and
Krishna, 2014 [8], analyzed a tall building frame 20 to 80 stories for wind load analysis. Equivalent static wind loads
are computed using the provisions of IS: 875- 1987 PART-III. They concluded that gust factor method, should be
considered for the computation of wind loads in the case of very tall frames and structures, and there is need to
considered the wind effects in the case of frames having more than 20 storey particularly in serve wind climate to arrive
at the critical values for design. Weerasuriya and Jayasinghe, 2014 [ ], studied a high-rise building of height 183 m to
evaluate similarities and differences of wind load calculations done by using five major wind codes and standards. The
codes used are AS/NZS 1170.2:2002, AS 1170.2:1989, CP 3 Chapter V: Part 2:1972, EN 1991-4:2005 and BS
6399.2:1997. They concluded that Australian Code AS 1170.2:1989 yield higher wind loads and drift than other codes.

III. WINDS IN MAYSAN PROVINCE

Winds and earthquakes represent the major environmental loads on structures in Maysan province. Maysan province
climate is warm to hot so there is no any snow may effect on structures.There are two main winds in south of Iraq,
North and North-Western winds and South and south-Eastern winds. The North winds prevail in south of Iraq during
all seasons of the year and its dry and hot at summer while dry and cool at winter. The East winds are relatively warm

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and with high humidity. In additional to above two common winds, Iraq as a whole be under the effect of 120 weak
cyclones per year, these cyclones disturb the flow air and lead to winds with variation directions. There are no good
understand whether these weak winds in different directions have any effects on structures, thus for very dynamic
sensitive structures or the structures that may suffer from resonance phenomenon these weak cyclones may need to be
checked.
Due to boundary layer above earth's surface induced by viscosity, the wind velocity is not constant but is zero at the
surface and increases exponentially to a limiting maximum speed known as the gradient wind speed vg which is
constant over gradient height zg. The gradient height zg is height above ground at which the movement of air is no
longer affect by ground roughness and it is a function of ground roughness. The power law is generally used in
engineering fields to represent the variation of wind speed with height, its an empirical equation gives as [10]:
2
 z 
v z  v10   for z  z g (1)
 10 
vz  vg for z  z g

Where v10 is the wind velocity at height of 10 m which called basic wind speed and its measured by anemometer
located at height 10 m in open terrain, and v z is wind velocity at height z, vg is vz at z=zg , zg and  are defined in
Table 3 , and they depend on exposure as will explained in section 4.1.

IV. BASIC WIND SPEED, V

In all codes wind speed is used to calculate the loadings of wind on structures, which is calculated from Eq (1) and
based on basic wind speed, which is measured at height 10 m in open terrain (Exposure C). For design purposes there
are contour maps for each country accomplished by meteorologists and climatologists to find this basic wind speed.
The basic wind speeds in Iraq is determined from zoning maps presented by Iraqi specifications IQ 301 (Iraqi Code for
forces and loadings) [11] , which is corresponds to the 3 second-gust speed at 10 m above ground in open terrain. The
basic design wind speeds for Iraq is shown in Fig.(1) from which its clearly that basic wind speed for Maysan province
is 42 m/sec.

Fig. 1. Contour map for basic wind speeds of Iraq, [11].

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V. DETERMINATION OF DESIGN WIND LOADS BY ASCE7-05 PROCEDURE

ASCE [3] presents three approaches or methods to determine the design wind loads on different buildings or
structures:
A- Static approach: in which wind force is replaced by equivalent static force , in this approach two methods
could be used:
Method 1: Simplified Procedure (ASCE7-05 section 6.4)
Method 2: Analytical Procedure (ASCE7-05 section 6.5)
B- Dynamic approach: which is done by using Wind tunnel testing and presents as method 3
Method 3: Wind tunnel procedure (ASCE7-05 section 6.6)

Choice of any one from above methods is depend on the structure properties and surround environment characteristics.
In general, static approaches are appropriate for all buildings and structures except for buildings or structures that have
geometrically complex shapes, or slender or vibration-prone or subjected to sever environment conditions. For these
exceptional cases dynamic approach should be used [10,12,13].
Here with common shapes of reinforced concrete buildings and with southern Iraq environment the static approaches
are adequate to determine design wind loads. In static approaches the dynamic effect is accounted through the use of
gust factor. Thus analytical approach (method 2) is the most suitable approach to determine the design wind loadings
on high-rise concrete buildings in south of Iraq, as method 1 is limited to low rise buildings only.

VI. VALIDATION OF MAYSAN PROVINCE CONDITIONS FOR ASCE7-05 PARAMETERS

1. Exposure Categories
ASCE7-05 classifies the exposure into three categories B, C, and D depending on ground roughness and surrounding
obstructions. These categories are summarized in Table 1 with their applicability for south of Iraq exposures.

Table 1: Exposure categories and their applicability for Maysan province

Exposure (ASCE7-05) definitions Category Applicability in Maysan province
Urban , dense sub-urban and wooded areas, B Cities and towns only.
that satisfy : Palm trees seldom satisfy the conditions of this
792 m or 20 H continuous roughness category due to their distribution as narrow width
H: height of building lines parallel to rivers
Open terrain C Marsheslands, open country, villages, grassland and
agriculture lands.

From Table 1, the buildings in urban areas of Maysan province ( district and subdistrict) are considered of exposure B
and building outside urban areas as in oil field or marshland areas are consider as exposure C.

2. Buildings Categories
The buildings in Maysan province can be classified directly into four categories I , II , III and IV according to the
nature of occupancy as presented by ASCE7.

3. Enclosure Classifications
For the purpose of determining design pressure of wind ( internal pressure coefficients) all buildings should be
classifies as enclosed , partially enclosed or open as follow (ASCE7-05 section 6.5.9):
i. Open building: A building having each wall at least 80 % open, namely:
A o  0. 8 * A g (2)

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Where A o : Total area of openings in a wall receiving positive external pressure

A g : The gross area of that wall in which A o is identified.
ii. Paritially Enclosed Building: A building that comply the two following conditions:

A o  1.1 * A Oi OR A o  0.37 m 2 OR A o  0.01 A g Whichever is smaller (3)

A Oi
and  0.2 (4)
A gi
Where A Oi : The sum of areas of openings in the exterior walls and roof
(building envelope) not included Ao
A gi : The sum of gross surface areas of the exterior walls and roof (building envelope) not included Ag
iii. Enclosed Buildings: A building that does not comply with the requirements for open or partially enclosed
buildings.

4. Height of Buildings:
The buildings classified according to their heights to :
1- Low-rise Buildings : which satisfy the following two conditions
a- Mean roof height , h is less than or equal to 18 m (60 ft)
b- Mean roof height , h does not exceed least horizontal dimension (width)
2- High-rise Buildings : all another buildings

5. Types of Structures:
In the design procedure of ASCE7-05 , the structural parts or system considered as:
a- Main Wind-Force Resisting System , MWFRS
Defined as the assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide support and stability for overall structure
(namely the main frame of building). Here "structural frames" is used here to represent main wind force resistance
system MWFRS.
b- Components and Claddings C & C :
The secondary elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as part of MWFRS like parapet , glass and
plastic sheets used in windows, doors and skylight.

The present study deal with design of main buildings, thus only MWFRS tables and figures in ASCE7-05 will be used.

6. Sign Convention
Positive pressure acts toward the surface and negative pressure acts away from the surface.

7. Building Envelope
The envelope of building consisting from windward walls, leeward walls , side walls , windward roofs and leeward
roofs as shown in Fig (2).

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Windward Leeward
Roof Roof

Side Leeward
Windwar Wall Side
WIND
d
Side

Fig.2. Wind Effects on Building Envelope

VII. DETERMINATION OF WIND DESIGN LOADS BY ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE OF ASCE7-05

(METHOD 2)

The wind loads that determined by equivalent static methods are based on the assumption that structural frames and
components/cladding behave elastically in strong winds.
To use this method there are two limitations should be satisfied:
i. Regular shape buildings
ii. No dynamic wind effects (like vortex shedding or across wind effects)
These conditions are applicable for common concrete buildings and wind characteristics in Maysan province. In all
codes wind speed is used to calculate the pressure of wind on structures by using Bernoulli's equation [10,12,13]:
1
q   v2 (5)
2
Where q = wind pressure,   massd density of air , v = velocity of air, thus with   1.225 kg / m 3 which corresponds to
a temperature of 15 o C , Eq. (5) is rewritten as
q  0.613 v 2 (6)
The above pressure is called velocity pressure or dynamic pressure or stagnation pressure, in ASCE7 and here it will be
called velocity pressure.
For design purposes, the velocity pressure at any height z is calculated by the following equation (ASCE7-05 section
6.5.10):

q z  0.613 K z K zt K d V 2 I (N / m2 ) (7)
Where
K z  Velcity pressure factor
K zt  Topographic effect factor
K d  Wind directionality factor
K d  0.85 for all buildings (8)
I= importance factor
These factors are determined as follow:

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1. Importance Factor, I

This factor accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property. Importance factor is determined
from Table 3 (Table 6-1 of ASCE7-05) which depends on building category that defined in Table 2.
Table 2: Importance Factor, I (Table 6-1 of ASCE7-05)
Category Non-Hurricane Prone Regions Hurricane Prone Regions
and Hurricane Prone Regions with V = 85-100 mph with V > 100 mph
I 0.87 0.77
II 1.00 1.00
III 1.15 1.15
IV 1.15 1.15

2. Topographic Factor , Kzt

This factor account for greater wind speed if the structure is located on a hill (elevated site). Its computed by the
following equation:

K zt  (1  K 1 K 2 K 3 ) 2 (9)
Where K1, K2 and K3 are determined from Fig 6-4 of ASCE7-05.

Kzt = 1.0 for structures located on level ground. (10)

As the south of Iraq mostly flat terrain , thus always Kxt= 1.0 , except for elevated ground or hills at the east (Humreen
Hills) parallel to Iraq-Iran borders , which may have oil or industries activities in future.

3. Velocity Pressure Factor, Kz

This factor depends on building height and exposure category as in Table 1, which reflect the variation of wind speed
with elevation and with roughness of site ground. Kz factor could determine using Table 6.3 of ASCE7-05 or use the
following equations:
2
For 4.6 m  z  z g  K z  2.01 (z / z g )  (11)
2
For z  4.6 m  K z  2.01 (4.6 / z g )  (12)

K h  K z at z  h , where h is mean roof height. Where z g and  are determined from Table 3 depending
on exposure category. z g is called gradient height and represent the height after which the wind speed do not affected
by distance (height) from ground.

Table 3: values of z g and  for each exposure category

Exposure Category zg , m 
B 366 7
C 274 9.5
D 213 11.5

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5.4 Gust Effect Factor, G

Gust factor accounts for the additional loading effects of wind turbulence over the basic wind speed and dynamic
amplification of structures. As the basic wind speed is based on a 3-second gust , thus these gust adjustments (gust
factor) reduce the effect of an assumed distributed load over large surface.
Due to gust factor is applied to account the dynamic effects of winds, thus to compute this factor G it should be specify
if the structure rigid of flexible.
Flexible structures are dynamic sensitive structures with a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz (or time
period, T > 1 sec). Thus analytical procedure is applicable for regular shapes flexible structures, but irregular shapes
flexible structures and sever wind conditions should be designed by wind tunnel procedure [10,14].
Rigid structures are structures with a fundamental natural frequency greater than 1 Hz (or time period, T < 1 sec) ,
which mean that rigid structures are away from resonance phenomenon, the massive structures clear example.
For design calculations, the structure is assumed rigid if the ratio of height to least horizontal dimension (width) not
exceeding 4 [14], i.e:

H (Height )
If  4  Rigid Structure (13)
B ( Width)
Thus most high rise concrete buildings in south Iraq could be considered as rigid structures. Thus for Rigid Structures
gust factor is:
Gust Factor = G = 0.85 (14)

VIII. DESIGN WIND PRESSURE, P

For rigid buildings the design wind pressure is determined from the following equations:
1- For Windward Side:

p  q z * G * C p  q h * GC pi (15)

2- For Leeward side, Side walls and roofs

p  q h * G * C p  q h * GC pi (16)
For all cases
p  p min , p min  0.48 KN / m 2 (17)
Where
q h  q z evaluated at z  h , G : Gust effect factor, C p : External Pressure Coefficient and GC pi : Internal pressure
Coefficient. The above coefficients are determined as follows:

1. Internal Pressure coefficient GC pi

This factor is determined from table 6-5 of ASCE7-05 , GC pi =  18 for enclosed buildings.
2. External Pressure Coefficients C p
This factor determines from Fig 6-6 of ASCE7-05, in which fives values for C p are presented: C p for Windward
walls, C p for Leeward walls, C p for Side walls, C p for Windward roofs, and C p for Leeward roofs.

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IX. PARAPETS EFFECTS ON WIND FORCES ON BUILDINGS

The design wind pressure for the effect of parapets on main buildings (MWFRS) is determined by the following
equation:
Pp  q p * ( GC pn ) (18)
Where q p : velocity pressure evaluated at the top of the parapet, Pp : combined net pressure on the parapet, and GC pn :
combined net pressure coefficient for parapet = +1.5 for windward parapet and = - 1.0 for leeward parapet. The force
on parapet of building can be determined by the following formula

F Pp * H p (19)
where Hp : Height of parapet. This force F should be applied on the windward parapet and leeward parapet.

X. DESIGN WIND LOAD, F

Wind load on structural frames is divided into two parts

a- Horizontal wind load on structural frames (leeward or suction)
b- Roof wind loads on structural frames (uplift)
High-rise buildings have flat roof namely   10 o , therefore there is no leeward roof action and then, there is no values
for Cp corresponds to leeward roofs. The wind loads must be calculated for the roofs and walls. Windward and leeward
sides of the buildings must be analyzed, considering wind directions normal and parallel to the roof. Loads must also be
calculated for positive and negative internal pressure.
After all of the scenarios are determined then the worst case is used in design. To achieve this concept, ASCE7-05 [3]
requires that any building should be designed for wind load cases that defined in Fig 6-9 which listed here as Fig (3) in
which CASE1 consider wind act normal to building faces , CASE 3 if the wind act with angle on building while
CASE2 and CASE3 are previous cases respectively but with torsional moment.
For practical design wind may treated as horizontal or lateral loads, although wind often generate significant uplift
(vertical) forces that required special attention to vertical restraint and lateral support for members in reverse bending,
also uplift wind forces can be important in precast concrete construction as in the design of connections [1]. Thus in
flat, monolithic construction (cast-in-site), multistory buildings of the vertical or uplift roof loads are commonly neglect
but it may be critical for some types of structures as mentioned previously.
For design purposes the wind pressures assumed to be applied to the gross area of the vertical projection of walls and
for roofs are applied to area of roof projection on horizontal plan, in general the wind pressures assumed to be applied
to projected area of building perpendicular to the wind direction. Thus wind force is calculated from the following
equation:
F=p*A (20)
Where A is the projected area perpendicular to the wind direction. In design pressure equations (Eqs.15-16), for each
value of Cp there are two values for GC pi (as in Table 5), thus at any level these equations present two values for
design pressure p. In design practice the average value of these two values p ave is used to calculate wind force F, i.e.:

p ( GC pi )  p (GC pi )
p ave  (21)
2
F  p ave * A (22)

The main quantities that needed in high-rise building design due to wind loads are, overturning moment, total lateral
shear, uplift roof forces, and lateral wind forces at different elevations of building.

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The analysis and sometimes design of high rise buildings are accomplished by computer structural programs or
softwares like STAAD, SAP and etc, these softwares are commonly based on finite element method to idealize the
structure in which all forces should be subjected at nodes or members (or elements). Thus wind design loads along the
building is summarized in tables below as pressure units, which can be easily to transformed to nodes of members or
elements.

Fig. 3. Load Cases to find Critical Wind Design Loads

XI. SUMMARIZED STEPS OF DESIGN WIND LOADS PROCEDURE

The steps of calculation design wind speed on high-rise concrete building are listed below and also illustrated by flow-
chart in Figure (4).
1- Determine the exposure category B, C or D according to Table 1.
2- Determine Building Classifications I, II, III or IV according to ASCE7-05.
3- Determine enclosure classification open, enclosed or partially enclosed Eqs. (2-4)
4- Determine the basic wind speed
5- Determine the velocity pressure ( q z or q h ) from Eq.7 in which the factors are determined from:
a- Directionality factor , K d  0.85
b- Importance factor I , from Table 2.
c- Topography factor , K zt 1.0
d- Velocity pressure coefficients K z and K h from Eqs.(11-12)
6- Determine whether the building rigid or flexible , from Eq.(13)
7- Determine Gust effect factor G, for rigid building G = 0.85
8- Determine design wind pressure ,p from Eqs. (15-17), in which the pressure factors are determined as follow:
a- Internal pressure factor , GC pi .
b- External pressure factor, C p (for windward sides, leeward sides, side walls, and windward roof) from Fig 6-6
of ASCE7-05. .
9- Determine the force, F on parapet of building if any, from Eqs.(18-19) for both windward and leeward
parapets.
10- Determine the vertical wind load by using design wind load cases in Fig. (3).

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XII. LOAD COMBINATIONS

In strength design method of concrete structures , the services loads are multiplied by load factors, the possible
combinations of different loads are presented in ACI-Code 2014 [15]. The major design loads of high-rise reinforced
concrete buildings in south of Iraq are:
i. Gravity loads , dead and live loads (vertical loads)
ii. Wind loads (lateral or sway loads)
ACI Code [15] in section 5.3, presents three the following cases to combine above loads namely dead load D, live load
L, Lr roof live load, E earthquake load and wind load W to find ultimate design load U as follow (In which the critical
case (the larger) should be used in design.)

U 1.4 D
U 1.2 D  1.6 L  0.5 L r
U 1.2 D  1.6 L r  (1.0 L or 0.5 W )
U 1.2 D  1.0W  1.0 L  0.5 L r (23)
U 1.2 D  1.0E  1.0 L
U  0.9 D  1.0 W
U  0.9 D  1.0 E

XIII. DESIGN TABLES

The design tables are for wind design loads quantities is based on the following data:
1- Exposure: The building is located in Amarah City (Urban area) so Exposure B is used.
2- Building classification: The building function is office space. It is not considered an essential facility
or likely to be occupied by 300 persons in a single area at one time. Therefore building category II is
appropriate. Namely importance factor, I=1.0
3- Enclosed classification: the building is enclosed according to original design.
4- Basic wind speed , V = 42 m/s
5- The buildings are considered rigid building, namely H/B<4.Since the ratio of height to least
horizontal dimension is less than 4, the fundamental natural frequency is judged to be greater than 1
Hz.
6- All buildings assumed have a parapet wall of height = 1m.
The wind load calculations are done using Excel Sheet developed for this purpose in SI units. Tables are provided wind
pressure distribution and wind design forces for four elevations 18, 24, 48 and 72m which cover the range of building
in Maysan province nowadays in the near future. The interpolation can be used for elevations between listed values.
Tables 4, 6, 8, and 10 cover the design wind pressure distribution along building of height 18 m, 24, 48 and 72m
respectively for both wind direction namely normal to building length (L) or normal to building width (B) . This
design pressure may be used for analysis and design RC buildings in Maysan province.
Tables 5, 7, 9, and 11 cover the wind design forces for building of height 18 m, 24, 48 and 72m respectively. The wind
design forces include: Maximum horizontal force, Maximum base moment, Maximum building upward force, and
Maximum building torsion force. These forces are calculated for different scenarios of wind direction and inclination.
Interpolation is allowed for values not listed in tables.

XIV. CONCLUSIONS

Although the climate of south of Iraq is considered as steady and quiet, but wind effects have considerable effects
on civil engineering structures especially high-rise, slender , complex shape structures. Thus wind effects should be

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001 12461

 ISSN(Online) : 2319-8753
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Vol. 6, Issue 7, July 2017

considered for all buildings design in south of Iraq either to that which consider as low-rise buildings. A design tables
are developed that cover most possible dimensions and elevations of building in Maysan province nowadays and in
near future, These design tables considers a useful tool for researchers, designers, engineers and local authorities that
have attention in the field of construction, development and risk analysis in Maysan province. The tables provide
design values for the following quantities: pressure distribution along building elevation, Maximum horizontal force,
Maximum base moment, Maximum building upward force, and Maximum building torsion force. Interpolation is
allowed for values not listed in tables.

Start

Outline of building

Basic Wind Speed

If low-rise
building

Characteristic of buildings and winds

Simplified procedure may
be used (Method 1)

Not dynamic wind effects Dynamical sensitive structure

1- Across-wind, torsional wind loads
2- Vortex induced vibration, aero-elastic instability
3- Effects of neighboring tall buildings
Analytical Static approach
Method 2
Dynamic approach
Wind tunnel test
Method 3
Wind load on Wind load on structural frames
Components and Cladding C&C MWFRS

-Determine Exposure category B, C or D

- Determine Building classification I, II, III or IV
-Determine Enclosure classification: open, partially enclosed or enclosed

-Determine velocity pressure, q

Specify if the building rigid or flexible

And find gust effect factor G

Determine pressure coefficients:

-Determine design wind pressure, p
External wind pressure coefficient
Internal pressure coefficients

Horizontal wind load Roof wind load

Deter mine critical wind load using ASCE7-05 four load cases

Combination of wind loadswith

another loads to start design

End

Fig. 4. Flow chart for estimation of design wind load

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001 12462

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Table 4: Pressure distribution along building of height = 18 m (6 Stories)

Building Plan, m Height, Height from the base, m

m
L B H Wind 7.6 12.2 19
Direc-
tion
20 15 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.70 0.77 0.83
30 15 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.61 0.68 0.74
40 15 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.59 0.65 0.72
20 20 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.75 0.81 0.88
30 20 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.68 0.74 0.81
40 20 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.61 0.68 0.74
50 20 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.60 0.66 0.72
30 30 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.75 0.81 0.88
40 30 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.70 0.77 0.83
50 30 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.66 0.72 0.79
60 30 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.61 0.68 0.74
70 30 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.60 0.67 0.73
40 40 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.75 0.81 0.88
50 40 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.72 0.78 0.84
60 40 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.68 0.74 0.81
70 40 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.65 0.71 0.77
80 40 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.61 0.68 0.74
50 50 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.75 0.81 0.88
60 50 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.72 0.78 0.85
70 50 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.70 0.76 0.82
80 50 18 L 0.75 0.81 0.88
B 0.67 0.73 0.79

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Table 5: Wind Design forces for building of height = 18 m (6 Stories)

Building Plan, m Height, Wind Max. horizontal Max. base Max. building Max. building
m Direc- force moment upward force torsion force
L B H tion
20 15 18 L 298.2 3422.6 269.6 859.9
B 210.9 2578.9
30 15 18 L 447.3 5133.8 382.6 1602.7
B 185.3 3095.5
40 15 18 L 596.5 6845.1 483.5 2684.0
B 178.9 3961.7
20 20 18 L 298.2 3600.6 348.9 1007.4
B 298.2 3600.6
30 20 18 L 447.3 5400.9 494.4 1824.1
B 272.6 4370.5
40 20 18 L 596.5 7201.3 623.7 2849.3
B 247.0 5363.3
50 20 18 L 745.6 9001.6 741.2 4193.8
B 240.6 7094.1
30 30 18 L 447.3 6920.5 698.2 2266.7
B 447.3 6920.5
40 30 18 L 596.5 9227.4 877.7 3439.5
B 421.7 8531.2
50 30 18 L 745.6 11534.2 1039.5 4820.9
B 396.2 10975.5
60 30 18 L 894.7 13841.0 1201.3 6411.0
B 370.6 13419.8
70 30 18 L 1043.8 16147.9 1363.1 8323.1
B 364.2 16046.4
40 40 18 L 596.5 11699.1 1099.2 4029.6
B 596.5 11699.1
50 40 18 L 745.6 14623.9 1297.2 5558.6
B 570.9 15039.2
60 40 18 L 894.7 17548.7 1495.3 7296.2
B 545.3 18379.3
70 40 18 L 1043.8 20473.5 1693.3 9242.4
B 519.7 21719.4
80 40 18 L 1192.9 23398.2 1891.3 11397.3
B 494.1 25059.5
50 50 18 L 745.6 19103.0 1525.6 6296.3
B 745.6 19103.0
60 50 18 L 894.7 22923.6 1753.9 8181.5
B 720.0 23338.9
70 50 18 L 1043.8 26744.2 1982.2 10275.2
B 694.4 27574.8
80 50 18 L 1192.9 30564.7 2210.6 12577.6
B 668.8 31810.7

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Vol. 6, Issue 7, July 2017

Table 6: Pressure distribution along building of height = 24 m (8 Stories)

Building Plan, m Height, Wind Height from the base, m

m Direc-
tion
L B H 7.6 12.2 18 24.4
20 15 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.73 0.79 0.85 0.90
30 15 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80
40 15 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.61 0.67 0.73 0.78
20 20 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
30 20 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.71 0.77 0.82 0.87
40 20 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80
50 20 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.61 0.68 0.73 0.78
30 30 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
40 30 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.73 0.79 0.85 0.90
50 30 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.68 0.74 0.80 0.85
60 30 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80
70 30 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.62 0.68 0.74 0.79
40 40 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
50 40 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.74 0.80 0.86 0.91
60 40 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.71 0.77 0.82 0.87
70 40 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.67 0.73 0.79 0.84
80 40 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80
50 50 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
60 50 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.75 0.81 0.87 0.92
70 50 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.72 0.78 0.84 0.89
80 50 24 L 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.95
B 0.69 0.75 0.81 0.86

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001 12465

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Vol. 6, Issue 7, July 2017

Table 7: Wind Design forces for building of height = 24 m (8 Stories)

Building Plan, m Height, Wind Max. horizontal Max. base Max. building Max. building
m Direc- force moment upward force torsion force
L B H tion
20 15 24 L 422.1 6195.3 311.9 1216.6
B 298.3 4534.5
30 15 24 L 633.1 9292.9 449.7 2267.0
B 261.7 4700.1
40 15 24 L 844.1 12390.5 575.0 3798.6
B 252.6 5696.8
20 20 24 L 422.1 6350.6 400.4 1425.7
B 422.1 6350.6
30 20 24 L 633.1 9526.0 576.3 2580.6
B 385.5 6723.9
40 20 24 L 844.1 12701.3 735.6 4030.2
B 348.9 7748.0
50 20 24 L 1055.2 15876.6 884.4 5935.3
B 339.8 9202.6
30 30 24 L 633.1 10771.4 828.2 3207.9
B 633.1 10771.4
40 30 24 L 844.1 14361.9 1055.0 4866.6
B 596.5 12536.1
50 30 24 L 1055.2 17952.3 1266.0 6819.9
B 560.0 14432.3
60 30 24 L 1266.2 21542.8 1453.4 9067.9
B 523.4 17814.4
70 30 24 L 1477.2 25133.3 1640.8 11772.7
B 514.3 21539.2
40 40 24 L 844.1 17324.2 1341.0 5702.9
B 844.1 17324.2
50 40 24 L 1055.2 21655.3 1605.9 7865.4
B 807.6 20004.8
60 40 24 L 1266.2 25986.4 1839.4 10322.5
B 771.0 24666.6
70 40 24 L 1477.2 30317.4 2072.8 13074.3
B 734.4 29328.4
80 40 24 L 1688.3 34648.5 2306.2 16120.7
B 697.9 33990.2
50 50 24 L 1055.2 25577.3 1919.6 8910.8
B 1055.2 25577.3
60 50 24 L 1266.2 30692.7 2193.8 11577.0
B 1018.6 31518.8
70 50 24 L 1477.2 35808.2 2468.0 14537.9
B 982.0 37460.3
80 50 24 L 1688.3 40923.6 2742.2 17793.5
B 945.5 43401.8

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Vol. 6, Issue 7, July 2017

Table 8: Pressure distribution along building of height = 48 m (16 Stories)

Building Plan, m Height, Wind Height from the base, m

m Direc-
tion
L B H 7.6 12.2 18 24.4 30.5 42.7 49
20 15 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.80 0.86 0.91 0.96 1.00 1.06 1.09
30 15 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.68 0.74 0.80 0.85 0.88 0.95 0.97
40 15 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.65 0.71 0.77 0.82 0.85 0.92 0.94
20 20 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 1.15
30 20 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.77 0.83 0.88 0.93 0.97 1.03 1.06
40 20 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.68 0.74 0.80 0.85 0.88 0.95 0.97
50 20 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.92 0.95
30 30 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 1.15
40 30 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.80 0.86 0.91 0.96 1.00 1.06 1.09
50 30 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.74 0.80 0.86 0.91 0.94 1.01 1.03
60 30 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.68 0.74 0.80 0.85 0.88 0.95 0.97
70 30 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.66 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.93 0.96
40 40 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 1.15
50 40 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.81 0.87 0.93 0.98 1.02 1.08 1.10
60 40 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.77 0.83 0.88 0.93 0.97 1.03 1.06
70 40 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.72 0.78 0.84 0.89 0.93 0.99 1.02
80 40 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.68 0.74 0.80 0.85 0.88 0.95 0.97
50 50 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 1.15
60 50 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.82 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.03 1.09 1.11
70 50 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.78 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.99 1.05 1.08
80 50 48 L 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 0.47
B 0.75 0.81 0.87 0.92 0.95 1.02 1.04

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001 12467

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Vol. 6, Issue 7, July 2017

Table 9: Wind Design forces for building of height = 48 m (16 Stories)

Building Plan, m Height, Wind Max. horizontal Max. base Max. building Max. building
m Direc- force moment upward force torsion force
L B H tion
20 15 48 L 991.1 28088.6 413.6 2856.3
B 700.0 20005.4
30 15 48 L 1486.6 42132.8 601.9 5320.4
B 613.4 18186.9
40 15 48 L 1982.2 56177.1 774.9 8919.8
B 591.7 18208.6
20 20 48 L 991.1 28088.6 551.5 3347.9
B 991.1 28088.6
30 20 48 L 1486.6 42132.8 802.5 6057.8
B 904.5 26371.4
40 20 48 L 1982.2 56177.1 1033.2 9458.5
B 817.9 24985.5
50 20 48 L 2477.7 70221.4 1264.5 13937.2
B 796.2 25422.7
30 30 48 L 1486.6 42740.3 1166.6 7532.8
B 1486.6 42740.3
40 30 48 L 1982.2 56987.0 1500.2 11425.0
B 1400.0 41722.5
50 30 48 L 2477.7 71233.8 1834.8 16008.0
B 1313.4 41052.0
60 30 48 L 2973.3 85480.5 2162.1 21281.6
B 1226.8 43775.7
70 30 48 L 3468.8 99727.3 2468.5 27629.9
B 1205.1 48432.5
40 40 48 L 1982.2 58459.5 1926.6 13391.6
B 1982.2 58459.5
50 40 48 L 2477.7 73074.4 2354.4 18466.1
B 1895.6 58272.9
60 40 48 L 1808.9 62611.8 2772.4 24231.4
B 1808.9 62611.8
70 40 48 L 3468.8 102304.1 3162.5 30687.3
B 1722.3 67406.2
80 40 48 L 3964.3 116919.0 3535.2 37833.9
B 1635.7 72485.3
50 50 48 L 2477.7 75493.8 2875.7 20924.3
B 2477.7 75493.8
60 50 48 L 2973.3 90592.6 3384.7 27181.2
B 2391.1 81447.9
70 50 48 L 3468.8 105691.3 3858.8 34128.8
B 2304.5 87971.5
80 50 48 L 3964.3 120790.1 4311.2 41767.0
B 2217.9 94850.9

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001 12468

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Website: www.ijirset.com
Vol. 6, Issue 7, July 2017

Table 10: Pressure distribution along building of height = 72 m (24 Stories)

Building Plan, m Height, Wind Height from the base, m

m Direc-
L B H tion 7.6 12.2 18 24.4 30.5 42.7 54.9 73
20 20 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
30 20 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.81 0.87 0.93 0.98 1.01 1.08 1.13 1.18
40 20 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.71 0.77 0.83 0.88 0.91 0.98 1.03 1.09
50 20 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.68 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.95 1.00 1.06
30 30 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
40 30 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.84 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.22
50 30 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.77 0.84 0.89 0.94 0.98 1.04 1.09 1.15
60 30 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.71 0.77 0.83 0.88 0.91 0.98 1.03 1.09
70 30 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.69 0.75 0.81 0.86 0.90 0.96 1.01 1.07
40 40 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
50 40 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.86 0.92 0.98 1.03 1.06 1.13 1.18 1.23
60 40 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.81 0.87 0.93 0.98 1.01 1.08 1.13 1.18
70 40 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.93 0.96 1.03 1.08 1.13
80 40 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.71 0.77 0.83 0.88 0.91 0.98 1.03 1.09
50 50 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
60 50 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.87 0.93 0.99 1.04 1.07 1.14 1.19 1.24
70 50 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.83 0.89 0.95 1.00 1.03 1.10 1.15 1.20
80 50 72 L 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.28
B 0.79 0.85 0.91 0.96 0.99 1.06 1.11 1.16

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001 12469

 ISSN(Online) : 2319-8753
ISSN (Print) : 2347-6710

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijirset.com
Vol. 6, Issue 7, July 2017

Table 11: Wind Design forces for building of height = 72 m (24 Stories)

Building Plan, m Height, Wind Max. horizontal Max. base Max. building Max. building
m Direc- force moment upward force torsion force
L B H tion
20 20 72 L 1645.8 69633.2 615.8 5559.4
B 1645.8 69633.2
30 20 72 L 2468.7 104449.7 923.7 10058.9
B 1501.7 64374.2
40 20 72 L 3291.5 139266.3 1214.0 15704.8
B 1357.6 59543.9
50 20 72 L 4114.4 174082.9 1471.6 23143.6
B 1321.6 59453.8
30 30 72 L 2468.7 104449.7 1385.5 12508.7
B 2468.7 104449.7
40 30 72 L 3291.5 139266.3 1821.0 18971.2
B 2324.6 99833.7
50 30 72 L 4114.4 174082.9 2207.3 26580.3
B 2180.5 96411.8
60 30 72 L 4937.3 208899.5 2593.7 35335.8
B 2036.4 92989.9
70 30 72 L 5760.2 243716.1 2980.0 45876.7
B 2000.4 93512.2
40 40 72 L 3291.5 140123.6 2392.7 22237.6
B 3291.5 140123.6
50 40 72 L 4114.4 175154.5 2899.1 30663.3
B 3147.5 137314.0
60 40 72 L 4937.3 210185.4 3405.4 40235.5
B 3003.4 134504.4
70 40 72 L 5760.2 245216.3 3911.7 50954.1
B 2859.3 131694.8
80 40 72 L 6583.1 280247.2 4422.2 62819.3
B 2715.2 134433.7
50 50 72 L 4114.4 178216.2 3509.0 34746.3
B 4114.4 178216.2
60 50 72 L 4937.3 213859.5 4119.0 45135.1
B 3970.3 176019.0
70 50 72 L 5760.2 249502.7 56670.3 56670.3
B 3826.3 173821.7
80 50 72 L 6583.1 285146.0 5344.0 69352.1
B 3682.2 178560.0

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001 12470

 ISSN(Online) : 2319-8753
ISSN (Print) : 2347-6710

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijirset.com
Vol. 6, Issue 7, July 2017

REFERENCES

[1] Frederick S. Merritt and Jonathan T. Ricketts, "Building Design and Construction Handbook", 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies , Inc.,
2001.
[2] Stafford Smith, B and Coull, A " Tall Building Structures; Analysis and Design" By John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1991.
[3] ASCE/SEI 7-05," Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures", American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005.
[4] Zhou, Y., Kijewski, T.,and, Kareem, A.,"Along-Wind Load Effects on Tall Buildings: ComparativeStudy of Major International Codes and
Standards", ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 128, No. 6, 2002.
[5] Holmes, J. D., Tamura, Y., and Krishna, P., "Comparison of wind loads calculated by fifteen different codes and standards, for low, medium
and high-rise buildings", 11th Americas Conference on Wind Engineering, San Juan., Puerto Rico, June 22-26, 2009.
[6] Shilu,N. G., and, Patel, H. S., " Computational Tool For Wind Pressure And Forces On A Multistory Commercial Complex", JERS, Journal
of Engineering Research and Studies, Vol. II, Issue IV,pp.84-87, 2011.
[7] Suresh, P., Panduranga, R. B., Kalyana, R. J. S., " Influence of diagonal braces in RCC multi-storied frames under wind loads : A case study",
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012.
[8] Srikanth, I., and, Krishna, B., V.," Study on The Effect of Gust Loads on Tall Buildings", IJSCER, International Journal of Structural and Civil
Engineering Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, August 2014.
[9] Weerasuriya, A. U., and, Jayasinghe M.T.R.," Wind Loads on High-Rise Buildings by Using Five Major International Wind Codes and
Standards", Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers-Sri Lanka, Vol. XLVII, No. 03, pp. 13-25,2014.
[10] Tony Yang, "Lecture Notes on Wind Loads" University of California, Berkeley, 2004.
[11] Iraqi Standards IQ.301 , " Iraqi Code for forces and loadings ", Iraqi Ministry of Building and Construction, 2014.
[12] Oral Buyukozturk ," Calculation of Wind and Earthquake Loads on Structures According to ASCE 7 & IBC " Lectures Notes, 2003.
[13] Ted Stathopoulos " Wind Codes and Standards : Fundamentals behind their Provisions" Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
[14] Kishor G. Mehta and James Delahay " Guide to the Use of Wind Load Provisions of ASCE7-02" Published by ASCE, 2004.
[15] ACI-Code , "Building Code Requirements For Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-14)", American Concrete Institute, 2014.

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0607001 12471

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