VELAMMAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

QUESTION BANK

SUBJECT : IT8601 – Computational Intelligence

SEM / YEAR: VI Sem/ III Year

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence-Search-Heuristic Search-A* algorithm-Game Playing- Alpha-Beta
Pruning-Expert systems-Inference-Rules-Forward Chaining and Backward Chaining- Genetic
Algorithms.
Part - A
S.No Questions K Competence
Le
vel
1 Define Artificial Intelligence K1 Remember
2 List the criteria to measure the performance of different search strategies. K1 Remember
3 Describe the four categories under which AI is classified. K1 Remember
4 What are Expert Systems? K1 Remember
5 List the characteristic features of expert system. K1 Remember
6 Define Inference. K1 Remember
7 Infer some of the application domain where the agent based problem solving K2 Understand
is appropriate.
8 Give any four names of earliest expert systems. K1 Remember
9 Infer some of the uninformed search techniques. K2 Understand
10 Give the components of Game software. K1 Remember
11 Write the general form of the genetic algorithm K1 Remember
12 Show the definition of state-space search technique. K2 Understand
13 Show the meaning of heuristic search. K2 Understand
14 Compare Informed &Uninformed search with examples. K2 Understand
15 Will Breadth-First Search always find the minimal solution why? K2 Understand
16 State the Point of view of alpha-beta pruning K1 Remember
17 Appraise when hill climbing fails to find a solution? K2 Understand
18 Assess the forward chaining rules with example. K2 Understand
19 Name the three activities supported by the programs that interact with K1 Remember
domain experts to extract expert knowledge.
20 Write the ways to formulate a problem. K1 Remember
Part - B
1 Describe informed search strategies with an example. (13) K2 Understand
2 List the advantages and limitations of Genetic Algorithm. State the taxonomy K2 Understand
of the cross over operator. (13)
3 Define A*search algorithm. Discuss about the admissibility of A*algorithm. K2 Understand
(13)
4 List and describe the problem characteristics that need to be considered for K2 Understand
selecting appropriate heuristics for a given class of problems. (13)
5 (i) Distinguish A* and AO*algorithm with each other. (6) K2 Understand
(ii) Demonstrate why some times unnecessary
 backward propagation occurs in ANDOR
6 Infer in details about Rule Based Systems with some K2 Understand
examples.(13)
7 i.Give the characteristics of AI problems? Explain with example(7) K2 Understand
ii.Express what is Control Strategy and Production System? How this is helpful
in AI (6)
8 Write short notes on Expert system tools and expert K2 Understand
system shell. (13)
9 How is AI useful in game playing techniques? Describe what is adversarial K2 Understand
search?(13)
10 i. Illustrate the role of knowledge engineer, domain expert and an end user K2 Understand
in an expert system. (6)
ii. Explain the difficulties involved in developing an expert system. (7)
11 Point out the procedures of genetic algorithms and what are the different K2 Understand
genetic representations
12 i.Infer what is alpha beta pruning/ search.(7) K2 Understand
ii.Explain MINIMAX search technique / algorithm with an example.(6)
13 Draw the state space graph of Hill climbing search. What are the drawbacks K2 Understand
of this algorithm? Also discuss about time space complexity of this
algorithm(13)
14 Consider the block world problem with four blocks A, B, C, D with the start K2 Understand
and goal states given below.
Assume the following two operations: Pick and a block and put it on table,
pick up a block and put it on another block. Solve the above problem using
Hill Climbing algorithm and a suitable heuristic function. Show the
intermediate decisions and states.(13)

Part -C
1 Is it advisable to apply GA’s for all kinds optimization problems? Justify.(15) K3 Apply
2 Solve the given problem. Describe the operators involved in it. Consider a Water K3 Apply
jug Problem: You are given two jugs, a 4-gallon one and a3 gallon one. Neither
have any measuring markers on it. There is a pump that can be used to fill the
jugs with water. How can you get exactly2 gallons of water into the 4-gallon jug?
Explicit Assumptions: A jug can be filled from the pump, water can be poured
out of a jug onto the ground, water can be poured from one jug to another and
that there are no other measuring devices available.(15)
3 Consider a two player game in which the minimax search procedure is used to K3 Apply
compute the best moves for the first player. Assume a static evaluation function
that returns values ranging from -10 to10, with 10 indicating a win for the first
 player and-10 a win for the second player. Assume the following game tree in
which the static scores are from the first player‘s point of view. Suppose the first
player is the maximizing player and needs to make the next move. What move
should be chosen at this point? Can the search be optimized?(15)

4 Assess the following types of hill climbing search techniques K3 Apply

i. Simple hill climbing(5)
ii. Steepest- Ascent Hill climbing(5)
iii. Simulated Annealing(5)
 UNIT II - KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND REASONING
Proposition Logic - First Order Predicate Logic – Unification – Forward Chaining -Backward Chaining
- Resolution – Knowledge Representation - Ontological Engineering - Categories and Objects – Events
- Mental Events and Mental Objects - Reasoning Systems for Categories - Reasoning with Default
Information - Prolog Programming.
Part - A
S.N Questions K Competence
o Level
1 Identify how predicate logic is helpful in knowledge representation. K1 Remember
2 Define unification. K1 Remember
3 Define Ontology. K1 Remember
4 List the predicates of time intervals. K1 Remember
5 What is independent axiom? K1 Remember
6 List the names of logical agents for wumpus world problem. K1 Remember
7 Give the expansion of LISP and PROLOG. K1 Remember
8 Infer FOL with an example. K1 Remember
9 State in your own words about uniqueness quantifier. K1 Remember
10 Can you write a brief outline about daunting. K2 Understand
11 Differentiate prepositional logic and predicate logic. K2 Understand
12 Differentiate declarative and procedural knowledge. K2 Understand
13 Show what is the problem that the effect of axioms ay. K1 Remember
14 Analyze the definition of logic. K2 Understand
15 Analyze the time and event calculus. K2 Understand
16 Analyze the following in a predicate logic: For all x and y, if x is a parent K2 Understand
of y then y is a child of x.
17 Identify the relationship between agents and mental objects. K2 Understand
18 Assess the chances for representing categories in first-order logic. K2 Understand
19 For the given sentence “All Pompeian’s were Romans”. Write a K2 Understand
Well formed
Convert formula in predicate
the followinginto logic.
HornClauses.
20 K2 Understand
∀x:∀y:cat(x) ˅ fish(y) →likes -to - eat(x,y)
Part – B
1 Describe briefly about Ontological Engineering. (13) K2 Understand
2 Define the term logic. What is the role of logic in Artificial Intelligence? K2 Understand
Compare Propositional logic with First order logic(Predicate Calculus).
(13)
3 Describe Unification algorithm in brief with an example. (13) K2 Understand
4 Label how to convert English to prolog facts using facts and rules.(13) K2 Understand
5 Classify the steps needed for Knowledge engineering Process in predicate K2 Understand
logic.(13)
6 Illustrate how to create more general and flexible representations in K2 Understand
Ontological engineering. (13)
7 Infer the ontology for situation calculus.(13) K2 Understand
8 Explain how categories and objects are presented in any four sets.(13) K2 Understand
9 i. What is resolution Principle in propositional logic, explain?(7) K2 Understand
ii. Let the following set of axioms is given to be true: P ,(P ˄Q )
→ R , (S ˅T )→ Q , T. Assumption is that all are true. To
 Prove that R is true(6)
10 Explain Backward and forward Chaining, with example in logic K2 Understand
representation. Also mention advantages and disadvantages of both the
algorithms.(13)
11 Explain briefly about the characteristics of a prolog programming.(13) K2 Understand
12 How is resolution in first order predicate logic different from that of K2 Understand
propositional performed? What is Unification Algorithm &why it is
required?
13 Trace the operations of the unification algorithm on each of the following K3 Apply
pairs of literals:
i) f(Marcus) and f(Caesar)(3)
ii) f(x) and f(g(y)) (5)
iii) f(Marcus, g(x,y))and f(x, g(Caesar, Marcus)) (5)
14 Convert the following well formed formula into clause from with K3 Apply
sequence of steps:(13)

Part – C
1 Consider the following sentences: K3 Apply
 John likes all kinds of food
 Apples are food
 Chicken is food
 Anything any one eats and isn’t killed by is food
 Bill eats peanuts and is still alive
 Sue eats everything Bill eats
i) Translate these sentences into formulas in predicate logic(7)
ii) Convert the formulas of part a into clause form.(8)
2 Evaluate the unification algorithm used for reasoning under predicate logic K3 Apply
with an example. Consider the following facts.(15)
a. Team India
b. Team Australia
c. Final match between India and Australia
d. India scored 350 runs, Australia scored 350runs, India
lost 5 wickets, Australia lost 7wickets.
e. The team which scored the maximum runs wins.
f. If the scores are same the team which lost minimum
wickets wins the match.
Represent the facts in predicate, convert to clause form and prove
By resolution “India wins the match”.

3 i. Why we use prolog programming language?(5) K3 Apply

ii. Write a sample program in prolog language?(6)
iii. Criticize how prolog language can be stated as procedural language?
(4)
4 Convert the following sentences to wff in first order predicate logic. K3 Apply
(15)
(i) No coat is waterproof unless it has been specially treated.
(ii) A drunker is enemy of himself.
(iii) Any teacher is better than a lawyer.
(iv) If x and y are both greater than zero, so is the product of x and
y.
(v) Everyoneinthepurchasingdepartmentover30yearsismarried.

UNIT III - UNCERTAINTY

 Non monotonic reasoning-Fuzzy Logic-Fuzzy rules-fuzzy inference-Temporal Logic-Temporal
Reasoning-Neural Networks-Neuro-fuzzy Inference.
Part - A
S.N Questions K Competence
o Level
1 Define Neural Networks K1 Remember
2 What is Fuzzy Logic? What is its use? K1 Remember
3 Define non monotonic reasoning. K1 Remember
4 List the Application of neural networks K1 Remember
5 What are the ways in which one can understand the semantics of a belief K1 Remember
network?
6 What are the two functions in Neural network’s Activation functions? K1 Remember
7 State in your own words about Hedges? K1 Remember
8 Give some example of non-monotonic reasoning. K1 Remember
9 What are the disadvantages of closed world? Assumption? How will K1 Remember
you overcome it.
10 Express fuzzy inference. K1 Remember
11 What are the structures of neural network? K1 Remember
12 Generalize single layer and multilayer feed forward neural K2 Understand
network?
13 Produce the main difficulties involved with the gradient descent K1 Remember
method.
14 Analyze the different types of FLC. K1 Remember
15 Point out the degree of membership. K1 Remember
16 Differentiate fuzzification and defuzzification. K2 Understand
17 What happens if the examples are not linearly separable? K1 Remember
18 Criticize the remarks on back propagation. K2 Understand
19 Tell how do you think about non-monotonic reasoning is in terms of K2 Understand
arguments.
20 Ina class of10 students (the universal set), 3 students speaks German to K2 Understand
some degree, namely Alice to degree 0.7, Bob to degree 1.0, Cathrine to
degree 0.4.what is the size of the subset A of German speaking students in
the class.
Part – B
1 Define Fuzzy Set? Explain in brief about Fuzzy set K2 Understand
operations?(13)
2 Identify the different key issues with respect to non-monotonic reasoning K2 Understand
system?(13)
3 Describe briefly about the neuro fuzzy inference in detail. (13) K2 Understand
4 Identify the list of basic structure of a generic temporal K2 Understand
models. (13)
5 Classify the fuzzy rules with examples. (13) K2 Understand
6 Demonstrate fuzzy inferences from imprecise data. (13) K2 Understand
7 Interrelate the factors influencing back propagation neural K2 Understand
network.(13)
8 Write a note on fuzzy logic. How do it uses for probabilistic reasoning. K2 Understand
(13)
9 Distinguish between single layer and multilayer perception neural K2 Understand
 networks?(13)
10 Generalize the representations fuzzy elements. (13) K2 Understand
11 Explain in brief about fuzzy propositions?(13) K2 Understand
12 Point out the type of problems that can be solved with neural network? K2 Understand
What are the advantages? What are the inconvenient.(13)
13 Assess the Temporal Logic with Reasoning. (13) K2 Understand
14 Write the most popular algorithm for training a neural network? What is K2 Understand
its principle?(13)
Part -C
1 Assess the conventional reasoning system with non-conventional reasoning K2 Understand
system.(1)
2 With the help of diagram, explain the training algorithm of Back K2 Understand
propagation networks and discuss how the various parameters are chosen
for training the neural net?(15)
3 Explain the neuro fuzzy architecture and give some applications.(15) K2 Understand
4 Explain fuzzy logic control with the neat diagram.(15) K2 Understand
 UNIT IV – LEARNING
Probability basics - Bayes Rule and its Applications - Bayesian Networks – Exact and Approximate
Inference in Bayesian Networks - Hidden Markov Models - Forms of Learning - Supervised Learning -
Learning Decision Trees – Regression and Classification with Linear Models - Artificial Neural
Networks – Nonparametric Models - Support Vector Machines - Statistical Learning - Learning with
Complete Data - Learning with Hidden Variables- The EM Algorithm – Reinforcement Learning
Part - A
S.N Questions K Competence
o Level
1 Define Bayes theorem. Give the Baye’s rule equation. K1 Remember
2 What is localization problem? K1 Remember
3 Define Artificial Neuron model. K1 Remember
4 Mention the statistical learning methods. K1 Remember
5 What is HMM? K1 Remember
6 Define EM algorithm. K1 Remember
7 State in your own words about conditional probability. K1 Remember
8 Infer what is Reward Function in Reinforcement learning? K2 Understand
9 Give the different forms of learning. K1 Remember
10 State the support vector in SVM. K1 Remember
11 Generalize the categories of neural network structures? K2 Understand
12 Distinguish between full joint probability distribution and joint probability K2 Understand
distribution.
13 Organize the key features of reinforcement learning. K2 Understand
14 Organize the types of learning. K2 Understand
15 Difference between Classification and Regression. K2 Understand
16 Identify the issues that affect the design of a learning element. K2 Understand
17 Assess Bayesian networks with an example. K2 Understand
18 Write some applications of Supervised Learning. K1 Remember
19 Given that P(A)=0.3,P(A|B)=0.4andP(B)=0.5,compute P(B|A). K2 Understand
20 Draw the state transition diagram for Markov System. K1 Remember
Part – B
1 Describe Hidden Markov Model and its applications in AI.(13) K2 Understand
2 Define EM algorithm and explain the general form of EM algorithm. (13) K2 Understand
3 Describe briefly about the Regression and Classification with Linear K2 Understand
Models. (13)
4 Identify Various Types of Reinforcement Learning Techniques.(13) K2 Understand
5 Distinguish between Supervised Learning and Unsupervised Learning. K2 Understand
Also mention some of the application areas of both. (13)
6 Express the statistical Learning with examples. (13) K2 Understand
7 Describe briefly about K2 Understand
(i) Continuous model for Maximum likelihood Estimation(6)
(ii) Learning with Hidden Variables.(7)
8 Marie’s marriage is tomorrow K3 Apply
 In recent years , each year it hasrainedonly5 days
 The weatherman has predicted rain tomorrow
 When it actually rains the weatherman correctly forecasts rain
90%ofthe time
  When it doesn’t rain, the weatherman incorrectly forecasts
rain 10% of time.
What is the probability that it will rain on the day of Marie’s wedding?
(13)
9 Generalize Support Vector Machines in detail. What are K2 Understand
advantages and disadvantages of SVM. (13)
10 Tell briefly about the Decision Tree Learning? Why it is useful in AI K2 Understand
applications?(13)
11 i. Explain ANN and Artificial neuron. (6) K2 Understand
ii. What is feed forward neural network. (7)
12 What is learning with complete data? Explain Maximum K2 Understand
Likelihood Parameter Learning with Discrete Model in detail.(13)
13 Can linear regression be used for classification? Justify.(13) K2 Understand
14 What is the maximum number of edges in a Bayesian network (BN) with K2 Understand
n nodes? Prove that a valid BN containing this number of edges can be
constructed (remember that the structure of a BN has to be a Directed
Acyclic Graph). (13)
Part –C
1 Construct the Bayseian network and define the necessary CPTs for the K3 Apply
given scenario we have a bag of three biased coins a, b and c with
probabilities of coming up heads of 20%, 60% and 80% respectively. One
coin is drawn randomly from the bag (with equal likelihood of drawing
each of the three coins) and then the coin is flipped three times to generate
the outcomes X1, X2 and X3.(15)
2 The following table consists of training data from an employee database. K3 Apply
The data have been generalized. Let status be the class label attribute.
Construct Decision tree from the given data. (15)Department Age
Salary Count Status
Sales 31…35 46k..50k 30
Senior Sales 26…30 26k..30k 40
Junior Sales 31…35 31k..35k 40JuniorSystems
21…25 46k..50k 20JuniorSystems 31…35
66k..70k 5SeniorSystems 26…30 46k..50k
3JuniorSystems 41…35 66k..70k
3SeniorMarketing36…40 46k..50k
10SeniorMarketing31…35 41k..45k 4 Junior
Secretary 46…50 36k..40k
Senior Secretary 26…30
3 Consider the following data provided for Weather Forecasting Scenario. K3 Apply
(15)
Two states (Hidden): ‘Low’ and ‘High ‘atmospheric pressure. Two
observations (Visible States) : ‘Rain’and‘Dry’
4 Point out Reinforcement learning technique in detail. Also Mention its K2 Understand
applications in the field of Artificial intelligence.(15)
 UNIT V - INTELLIGENCE AND APPLICATIONS
Natural language processing-Morphological Analysis-Syntax analysis-Semantic Analysis-AIl
applications – Language Models - Information Retrieval – Information Extraction - Machine
Translation – Machine Learning - Symbol-Based – Machine Learning: Connectionist – Machine
Learning.
Part - A
S.N Questions K Competence
o Level
1 Define CFG. K1 Remember
2 Define NLP. K1 Remember
3 State Morphology. K1 Remember
4 Label the terminologies are available in NLP? K1 Remember
5 What is nouns and give example for nouns. K1 Remember
6 List out the advantages of NLP. K1 Remember
7 Give the merits and demerits of context free grammars. K1 Remember
8 Identify the components of Natural language processing. K1 Remember
9 Infer parse tree and give example. K1 Remember
10 Express adjectives with examples. K1 Remember
11 Sketch the basic definition of top down parse. K1 Remember
12 Show how would you differentiate Machine Translation and K1 Remember
Learning?
13 Prepare how mapping works in NLP? K1 Remember
14 Analyze why is NLP difficult? K1 Remember
15 Differentiate syntax and semantic analysis in NLP terminologies. K1 Remember
16 Point out the advantages and disadvantages of top down parser. K1 Remember
17 Appraise the name of application in NLP? K1 Remember
18 Assess information retrieval process in the applications of NLP. K1 Remember
19 Tell about language models in the applications of NLP. K1 Remember
20 Write about symbol based application in intelligence. K1 Remember
Part – B
1 List the Steps in Natural Language Processing and explain them with K2 Understand
some examples.(13)
2 Describe the categories involved in Information Retrieval K2 Understand
System.(13)
3 Describe the structure of NLU and its difficulties.(13) K2 Understand
4 Describe about NLP? Write in details about various application of NLP. K2 Understand
(13)
5 Express the basic concept of Machine Translation System with a K2 Understand
schematic diagram.(13)
6 Discuss the concept of Computer Intelligence and its K2 Understand
application.(13)
7 i. Illustrate probabilistic models for information extraction(7) K2 Understand
ii. Express conditional random fields for information extraction(6)
8 Explain briefly on implementation aspects of syntactic K2 Understand
analysis.(13)
9 Write shot notes on Page Rank algorithm and HITS K2 Understand
Algorithm.(13)
10 Write short notes on K2 Understand
 i. Phonology(2)
ii. Morphology(2)
iii. Discourse (2)
iv. Semantics(3)
v. Syntax(4)
11 Identify about the application of natural language processing. (13) K2 Understand
12 Compare the machine learning and machine translation application of K2 Understand
NLP.(13)
13 Evaluate whether an IR system is performing well?(13) K2 Understand
14 Organize how phrase structure ambiguity affects NLP? Illustrate possible K2 Understand
phrase structures for the sentence:"John saw the man on the mountain
with a telescope".(13)
Part –C
1 Point out the importance of syntax and semantics in NLP. Construct a K2 Understand
grammar and draw the parse tree for the sentence "Bill Printed the file”.
(15)
2 Case study: Find the algorithm that is capable of learning to recognize the K3 Apply
hand written digits and squeezing every last drop of predictive
performance out of them.(15)
3 What is Natural language processing? Mention its application domain in K2 Understand
AI. What are some of the problems which arise in natural language
understanding for autonomous machines like robots, intelligent
computers. (15)
4 Analyze the structure and research models involved in machine K2 Understand
translation.(15)