HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING

CVE 140

LIENEL SEPTBER C. DELASAN

STUDENT

ENGINEER LARRY ESPRELA SALARZA

PROFESSOR
 In the past few weeks, we have researched about Highways and Roadways. Its
systems, pavements, disadvantages and others that are related to Road and Highways.
Learning about Roads and Highways is important as a Civil Engineering student,
because it will help us in our future if we become a Civil Engineer someday and we
will be the one who will build roads. Today's civilization necessitates a complex and
extensive set of skills. Its elements have movement. It is to efficiently follow the
movement and action patterns of the component. The system's current state is primarily
reliant on vehicles, implying transportation. It provides regular mobility and contributes
to making the planet and communities stronger and safer. With good local
transportation, people can travel to work every day; employment, schools, nutritious
food outlets, and healthcare are all feasible destinations, as are facilities, security, and
dependability. The quality of life in our towns and cities increases as a result of this. It's
a desirable area to live, and it helps the local economy.

Roads and Highways are important part of our lives. It is now also part of our
lives because we use it everyday. Learning about it helps us to know how it built and
what materials used in constructing the roads and highways. In our previous lessons, we
researched about roads and highways. From its system, safety and also how it built. The
system of roads and highways is to bring people to where they want to go and bring
goods to other places.

A good transportation process is important. People use transportation to get to

their daily destinations. Local roads and highways are constructed to make
communities stronger and safer. It is intended to learn where individuals reside and
how they travel to their destinations. The Philippines' existing road and highway
infrastructure is based on vehicles, and it benefits many people in their daily lives.
Roads are essential for economic growth and prosperity, as well as delivering important
social benefits. They are essential to a country's growth and development. A road
network is also important in the fight against poverty since it connects people to jobs,
social services, health care, and education.

In the Philippines, there are various types of roadways. Between large cities,
there are national highways. Provincial roads are the routes that connect cities and
municipalities. They connect barangays to national highways. Municipal or city roads
are roadways that run through cities or towns. They connect to provincial and federal
roadways. Barangay (village or suburb) roads are other public roadways within the
barrio (village or suburb). Expressways are highways that have interchanges.
Expressways are toll roads in the Philippines. Tolls are paid in cash and are priced
differently. Electronic payment is available on several of the country's major
expressways. Laws, such as speed limits and parking regulations, are enforced.
Although speed limit signs are not always visible on the road, the following guidelines
usually apply: 100 km/h on expressways, 80 km/h on national and provincial highways,
40 km/h through streets or boulevards with no traffic, 30 km/h on city and municipal
highways with light traffic, 20 km/h in congested areas, school zones, and roads where
drivers must pass stalled cars. In this way, accidents can be prevented.

Knowing the cost for building roads and highways helps Engineer to determine
the budget they will need when starting. Economic analyses must be done to compare
proposed design exception projects to conventional designed projects. An economic
analysis approach was developed to conduct benefit cost studies for design exception
highway projects. In terms of monetary values, the approach considers both life-cycle
costs and advantages associated with a proposed building project. Engineers and
designers calculate agency costs using past experience, bid prices, design parameters,
material costs, and other information. Travel time and delays are usually calculated as a
percentage of average personal wages. For the country's economic growth, a well-
developed transportation system is essential. The significant increase in vehicle
population has resulted in traffic congestion on metropolitan roadways. Thus, new road
infrastructure, as well as enhancements to existing infrastructure, offer long-term
economic and societal benefits in reducing traffic congestion.

We can encounter problems anywhere. In roads and highways, there are various
problems that both the pedestrians and drivers are having. Accidents in cars is one of
them. Accidents in cars can be traumatic. You can never be fully prepared for the
emotional and physical consequences of a vehicle accident. After the collision or crash
has been investigated, medical attention has been sought, police reports and other
important paperwork have been gathered, evidence has been gathered, and liability has
been determined, recovery normally begins. Some injuries do not manifest themselves
right away after an event, but regardless of when they do, they can have long-term
consequences. Psychological or emotional stress is one of the types of automobile
accident injuries that generally persist a long time. Industries, educational institutions,
vacation attractions, and hospitals, to name a few, all benefit from highways. Because it
enables and speeds up travel, it is critical to the economies of both developed and
developing countries around the world. As a result, any issue that affects highway
transportation's seamless operation could have a huge negative impact on a country's
economy. This, along with a number of other considerations, helps to explain why
highways are so important to a country. Many roads have insufficient capacity, poor
sidewalks, unrestricted crossings, and inadequate road infrastructure and safety
measures.

We should be careful at all times when driving. Develop a positive attitude

toward driving. Many teen car accidents are caused by their attitude and maturity rather
than their talent or knowledge. Make a commitment to yourself to have a responsible
driving attitude. You're in charge of almost 3,000 pounds of fast-moving metal, and you
owe it to yourself, your passengers, and other motorists to drive safely. Get as much
supervised driving practice as you can. Your parents should be involved in your
practice driving as much as possible. Make a firm timetable and stick to it with them.
Continue doing so until you take your licensure exam.

There are two types of pavements of roads and highways. Rigid and Flexible
pavements. Different types of pavement transfer weight differently over the sub grade.
Flexible pavements are those that are surfaced with bituminous (or asphalt) materials.
Rigid pavements are those that are not surfaced with bituminous (or asphalt) materials.
Both flexible and rigid pavements can be constructed for a long life (e.g., more than 35
years) with little maintenance. Both categories have been used for almost every form of
road classification. There are a variety of reasons to choose one form of pavement over
another, some practical, some economical, and some political. The critical condition of
stress from the rigid pavement is that the maximum flexural stress was occurring from
the slab due to wheel load and temperature changes, whereas the distribution of
compressive stresses from the flexible pavement is the main point of difference in the
structural behavior of rigid pavement compared to flexible pavement.
 With growing competition in the transportation sector, involved companies
should deploy new existing technologies and extensively improve the quality of their
services to remain in the business. Transportation in goods is now easy in other people
because most of us know how to use a cellphone. In the Philippines, Shopee is the most
popular for teenagers. Shopee is an app that enables you to buy things that you need
and also don’t need and just for fun. Shopee is a big help for teenagers because there
are various items that they need in their everyday lives and in their school. It also
makes them to shop online because other items are cheap and affordable.
Transportation for people also made easier. People can now book for a ride online and
wait in their house for the ride to come. Private vehicles also increases because other
car companies have cheap and small vehicles for people who don’t want to ride in
public vehicles.

Transportation agencies in the Philippines has two sectoral offices, the Road
transport and the Maritime transport. In the Road transport, we have LTO and LTFRB.
The Land Transportation Office is an agency of the Philippine government under the
Department of Transportation responsible for all land transportation in the Philippines.
Functions of the LTO include the inspection and registration of motor vehicles,
issuance of licenses and permits, enforcement of land transportation rules and
regulations, and adjudication of traffic cases. The Land Transportation Franchising and
Regulatory Board (LTFRB) was created by virtue of an Executive order issued on June
19, 1987, with the goal of simplifying the land transportation industry franchising
system. Since the creation of the LTFRB, the issuance of franchises for land transport
operators has become more stringent, resulting in higher safety standards for land travel.
Technical evaluation staff ensure that operating and safety standards of commercial and
private vehicles are observed, prior to the issuance of operating franchises. In the
Maritime Transport, under this sector is the Philippine Coast Guard. The Philippine
Coast Guard, is an armed and uniformed service primarily tasked with enforcing all
applicable laws within the Philippine waters, conducting maritime security operations,
safeguarding of life and property at sea and protecting the marine environment and
resources.