JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA & PROSES

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN DAN ALAM BINA

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

(CHEMICAL ENGINEERING)

SEMESTER I 2020/2021

COURSE LECTURERS:

KKKR3523 DR PEER MOHAMED

GROUP 1-8

GROUP MEMBERS:

1. KASHVINWARMA A/L BASKARAN A169128

3. NURUL HUSNA BINTI JAMALULLAIL A169309

4. NUR AZMINA HUSNA BINTI MOHD AZAM A168522

5. UMMI DARWISYAH BINTI AZHAR A169147

The Monod equation of growth is only applicable for balanced growth, that is, when
pseudo steady state inside the cells has been established. Therefore, it is not applicable
in the lag phase

[𝑆]
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐾𝑆 + [𝑆]

Where,

𝜇𝑔 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝜇𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐾𝑠 = 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑆 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

1.1.1 Assumption

a. Cell growth is balanced growth which can be described with cell concentration
change

b. There is only one substrate in cell cultire that limit cell growth .All the other
substrates are excessive and their concentration change wall not affect cell
growth

c. Cell growth is a simple reaction and the cell yield with respect to substrate 𝑌𝑥/𝑠 ,is
constant

1.1.2 Limitation

𝝁𝒈 = 𝝁𝒎 When S>>𝑲𝒔
𝜇𝑚
𝜇𝑔 = ( ) 𝑆 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 ≪ 𝐾𝑠
𝐾𝑠
1.2 BLACKMAN EQUATION

𝜇𝑔 = 𝜇𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑆 ≥ 2𝐾𝑠

𝜇𝑚
𝜇𝑔 = ( ) 𝑆 𝑖𝑓 𝑆 < 2𝐾𝑠
2𝐾𝑠

Where ,

𝜇𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚

𝜇𝑔 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚

𝐾𝑠 = 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑆 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

1.2.1 Development

Blackman equation is quite similar with mono equation but has 2 conditions that must
be fulfilled

𝑆 = 𝐾𝑠 when 𝜇𝑔 = 𝜇𝑚 /2

𝜇𝑚 𝑆
𝜇𝑔 =
𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾𝑠
𝜇 𝑆
𝑚
= 2𝐾 ,if S< 2K
𝑠

𝜇𝑔 = 𝜇𝑚 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑆 > 2𝐾𝑠

1.2.2 Assumption

a. Amount of enzyme is sufficiently low to be growth limiting

b. Cell growth is single system with one limiting substance

1.2.3 Limitation of blakcman equation

a. The equation only describes substare limiting growth when growth is low
b. Population density is low

c. Not showing lag phase

d. Not showing the insight to the variables that influence growth

The residuals are randomly distributed around the line of error=zero with zero mean, indicating
that the Teissier-type model represents the data correctly. Tessier-type model describes best
the growth of microorganism (Dong et al. 2015)

b. Assumption used to develop the equation

The confidence intervals must be much smaller (or at least smaller) than the respective
parameter values (in absolute values). The confidence intervals at 95% for all tested growth
models are less than the estimated parameter values returned by the fitting algorithm. The
Tessier-type model has significantly much smaller confidence intervals for all its kinetic
parameters. The Teissier model differs with the Monod model, Blackman model, and Moser
model when it transitions from first order kinetics to zero order kinetics (Muloiwa et al. 2020)

c. Limitation of Tessier equation

Just like the Monod model, Blackman model, and Moser models, the Teissier model is not
capable of describing cell growth inhibition. Hence, it is not capable of describing the lag and
death phase. Although the Teissier model was able to fit experimental data on phenol, ethanol,
and ammonium, it struggled with fitting data on substrate that exhibits cell inhibition such as
lead, cadmium, caffeine, and atrazine. The performance of the model is unpredictable and it
may rely on the sampling methods, and data analyzing methods (Muloiwa et al. 2020).
 REFERENCE

Dong, Y., Yan, X., Lu, F., Guo, M. & Zhuang, Y. 2015. Development and optimization of an
unstructured kinetic model for sodium gluconate fermentation process. Computers, Materials
and Continua 48(1): 43–55.

Muloiwa, M., Nyende-Byakika, S. & Dinka, M. 2020. Comparison of unstructured kinetic

a. How to develop Moser equation .

Moser equation used to describe the cell growth rate.This equation was proposed by Hermann

Moser that was a modified form of Monod equation.Moser upgraded the model of Monod

with a parameter n usually n>1 in Monod equation to integrate effects of adoption of

microorganisms to stationary processes by mutation. For the specific growth rate becomes

equal to the Monod model. The mathematical formulation of the Moser model is given by

𝝁𝒎 𝑺 𝒏
𝝁=
𝒌𝒔 +𝑺𝒏

where n is adjustable parameter which will provides a degree of flexibility in fitting data and

predict interesting dynamic behavior in continuous stirred tank reactors (Mahanta et al.,

2014).

b. Assumption made to develop Moser equation.

The estimated values for the parameters can serve as a useful guide for selection of

the most appropriate integral form of the specific growth-rate equation. For example,

if a = 0.17 and b = 1.83, the Moser model with n = 1.2 would be statistically the best

choice(Kargi & Shuler, 1979).

Other assumption made is that both anabolic and catabolic reactions are irreversible and only

one substrate is limiting which also mean rate of anabolism depends on the concentrations of

substrate (Liu, 2007).

c. Limitation of Moser equation .

Moser equation model has not been widely used to describe the growth rate. Since it

does not consider as the substrate inhibition hence it can not be used to deal with toxic

substrate. Moser model can not used to describe death phase but it is capable of

describing the lag phase when substrate concentration is high(Krishnan et al. ,2017).
 References

Equations . Application to the Serre and. (2008). Indiana University Mathematics Journal,

57(1).

Kargi, F., & Shuler, M. L. (1979). Generalized differential specific rate equation for

microbial growth. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 21(10), 1871–1875.

https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211014

Liu, Y. (2007). Overview of some theoretical approaches for derivation of the Monod

equation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 73(6), 1241–1250.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0717-7

Mahanta, D. J., Borah, M., & Saikia, P. (2014). A Study on Kinetic Models for Analysing the

Bacterial Growth Rate. December 2014, 68–72.

Muloiwa, M., Nyende-Byakika, S., & Dinka, M. (2020). Comparison of unstructured kinetic

bacterial growth models. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 33, 141–150.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2020.07.006
Contois Equation

a. How to develop Contois equation

Contois address the kinetics of the growth of the cell mass in the bioreactor and most of these
models report expressions for specific growth rate of cell mass. However, many industrial
wastes contain chemical which are known to have inhibitory effects on the growth of the
biomass. Hence a growth rate expression that includes the inhibitory effect of the substrate
concentration on the growth of the biomass is often required to accurately model the treatment
of industrial wastes. There are a number of industrial processes, in particular wastewater
treatment, which use Contois kinetics model for cell-growth rate since Contois model is more
accurate than Monod kinetics. The Contois growth rate expression has been shown
experimentally to be applicable to both anaerobic and aerobic degradation of industrial
wastewaters. The rate equation proposed by Contois for the specific growth rate includes both
biomass and rate-limiting substrate concentrations. The Contois equation is given by:

𝜇𝑚 𝑆
𝜇=
𝐾𝑋 + 𝑆

where μ is the specific growth rate, µm is the maximum specific growth rate, K is the Contois
saturation constant, S is the substrate concentration and X is the cell mass concentration. Using
the concept of yield coefficient, X can be expressed in terms of S:

𝑋 − 𝑋𝑂 = 𝑌 (𝑆𝑂 − 𝑆)

S0 and X0 are feed substrate and biomass concentrations for chemostat culture and are constants
for a particular set of experiments.

𝑋 = 𝐾1 ′ − 𝑌𝑆

where K1' = YS0 + Xo. Then, substituting eq. from earlier into this eq. one can obtain:

𝜇𝑚 ′𝑆
𝜇=
𝐾′ + 𝑆

where µm' = µm/ (l - KY) and K' = KK1 '/ (1 - KY).

b. Assumption made to develop Contois equation

1. Assume that the Contois model can be improved by an inclusion of similar substrate
inhibition term (S 2/KI).

2. Assumes that the yield coefficient is independent of growth rate which is equivalent to
assuming a vanishingly small maintenance energy requirement.

3. Assume that the limiting substrate is utilized only for cell growth but not for product
formation.

c. Limitation of Contois equation

1. Contois equation cannot describe lag and death phase.

2. It does not capture substrate inhibition