WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOMES-BASED EDUCATION

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE

GENERAL MATHEMATICS 11

2
LEARNING QUARTER

MODULE WEEK 7

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 MODULE IN
GENERAL MATHEMATICS

QUARTER 2
WEEK 7

Propositions
Logical Operators
Development Team

Writer: Manuel Jayjay D. Asuncion III

Editors/ Reviewers: Gerson Jeremy C. Antonio Myla Fei Martinez
Eldefonso B. Natividad, Jr.
Illustrator: Jeshimon C. Patoc
Layout Artist: Manuel Jayjay D. Asuncion III
Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Marlyn S. Ventura

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed to help you understand the critical concepts of
propositional logic. You will learn to differentiate the types of propositions, perform their
operations, and apply them in real-life arguments.

Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC)

The learners:
1. illustrate and symbolize propositions,
2. distinguish between simple and compound propositions, and
3. perform the different types of operations on propositions.

Objectives:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define, illustrate, and symbolize propositions;
2. differentiate the types of propositions;
3. perform the different logical operators; and
4. define and illustrate the truth table of the different logical operators.

What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of the correct answer. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. Which sentence is a proposition?

A. This statement is false.
B. Why does it spread that fast?
C. Please, stop spreading fake news.
D. Many establishments were closed due to Covid-19.

2. Which sentence is NOT a simple proposition?

A. 10 + 9 = 19.
B. Laoag City is the cleanest city in Ilocos Norte.
C. Wearing of face mask is needed in going to public places.
D. Two sides of a triangle are congruent if and only if two angles opposite them are
congruent.

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3. Which sentence is a compound proposition?
A. My father is a policeman.
B. Not all policemen are bad.
C. ABS-CBN's franchise renewal is denied.
D. The pandemic is turning the natural world upside down.

4. Conjunction is a compound proposition connected by the word/s ______.

A. and B. if…then
C. or D. if and only if

5. The disjunction proposition can be written in symbols as _____.

A. ~𝑝 B. 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞
C. 𝑝 → 𝑞 D. 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞

6. Consider the statement "It is not the case that Joemar can play the piano or Ariel can
play the guitar," where p: Joemar can play the piano and q: "Ariel can play the guitar." In
symbols, the statement can be written as _____.
A. 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞 B. ~(𝑝 ˅ 𝑞)
C. 𝑝 ˄ ~𝑞 D. ~(𝑝 ˄ 𝑞)

7. What is the negation of the proposition "2 is an odd number"?

A. 2 is an even number.
B. 2 is not an odd number.
C. It is not true that 2 is an odd number.
D. All of the above.

8. It is a compound proposition derived from two conditional propositions.

A. Biconditional B. Conditional
C. Conjunction D. Disjunction
For items 9 and 10, refer to the given propositions below:
p: Addison is a teacher. q: Addison is a dancer.
9. What is 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞?
A. Addison is a teacher or a dancer.
B. Addison is a teacher and a dancer.
C. If Addison is a teacher, then he is a dancer.
D. Addison is a teacher if and only if he is a dancer.

10. What is 𝑝 → 𝑞?
A. Addison is a teacher or a dancer.
B. Addison is a teacher and a dancer.
C. If Addison is a teacher, then he is a dancer.
D. Addison is a teacher if and only if he is a dancer.

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 Lesson
PROPOSITIONS
1
What’s In

Activity 1. Let's Do Language

Identify and label each sentence as declarative, imperative, interrogative, or

exclamatory.
1. Please wear your face mask and face shield.
2. Have you heard about the new strain of Coronavirus?
3. There are no face-to-face classes in 2021.
4. OMG, my neighbor tested positive for Covid-19!
5. How did Filipino celebrate Christmas in this new normal?

What’s New

In the English language, sentences are classified according to the purpose of the
speaker or writer:
1. A declarative sentence makes a statement of fact and gives information that
generally ends with a full-stop/period.
Examples: Frontliners are considered heroes during COVID–19 pandemic.
Laoag City is under GCQ.
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 9 = 2.
2. An imperative sentence gives a command telling someone to do something or states
a direction or request. It usually ends with a period, but under certain conditions, it
ends with an exclamation point.
Example: Please practice physical distancing.
3. An interrogative sentence asks a question of something or some information and
always ends with a question mark.
Example: I really hate this new normal!
4. An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion and ends with an exclamation
point.
Examples: Did you answer the activities in your module?
How much is swab testing?

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 What is It

Definition
A proposition is a declarative sentence that is immediately decidable
whether it is true or false, but not both.

In the examples in What's New, sentences 1, 4, and 6 are propositions. The truth or
falsity of each can be determined by a direct check. However, sentences 2, 3, 5, and 7 are
not propositions because they cannot be answered as true or false. Sentence 2 is a request
(imperative sentence), sentence 3 expresses a strong feeling (exclamatory sentence), and
sentences 5 and 7 ask questions (interrogative sentence).

Variables are used to represent propositions. The most common variables used are
p, q, and r. If a proposition is true, then its truth value is true, which is denoted by T;
otherwise, its truth value is false, denoted by F.
p: Frontliners are considered heroes during COVID–19 pandemic.
q: Laoag City is under MGCQ.
r: log 3 9 = 2.

Also, a proposition is abstract. The proposition "roses are red" is not identical with a
rose or the color red. Also, there is a type of sentence that is not a proposition and
considered to be a self-contradictory statement. Therefore, it can not be classified as either
true or false is called a paradox.

Examples. Identify whether each of the following is a proposition or is not a proposition.

Justify your answer.
p: How is your online class?
q: Go and wash your hands.
r: Modular class is effective.
s: 3𝑥 + 5 = 2.
t: This is the beginning of the end.

Solution:
p. A question is not a declarative sentence; hence it fails to be a proposition.
q. It is not a proposition. An imperative is not a declarative sentence; thus, it fails to
be a proposition.
r. It is a proposition. The sentence is declarative, and it can be true or false, but not
both.
s. It is a declarative sentence, but unless x is assigned a value or is otherwise
prescribed, the sentence is neither true nor false, hence, not a proposition.
t. The example is a paradox and is not a proposition because it is neither true nor
false.

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 Definition
Simple Proposition – a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting
words.
Compound Proposition – contains two or more simple propositions that are put
together using connective words.

We can combine simple propositions to form compound propositions by using logical

connectives. Words such as and, or, nor, if-then, and if and only if are examples of
connectives. Statements that make up compound propositions are called primitive
components.

Examples
A. Simple Proposition
m: 8 is a perfect cube.
n: A square is a rectangle.
B. Compound Proposition
p: 64 is both a perfect square and a perfect cube.
q: It is not the case that √2 is a rational number.
r: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.

We can determine the simple propositions that make up the compound propositions
p, q, and r. We do so in the following table

Propositions Primitive Components

𝑝1 : 64 is a perfect square.
p
𝑝2 : 64 is a perfect cube.
q 𝑞1 : √2 is a rational number.
𝑟1 : Logic is fun.
r 𝑟2 : Logic is interesting.
𝑟3 : Logic is boring.

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 What’s More

Activity 2. Let's Practice

A. Determine whether each statement is a proposition or not a proposition. Then provide a

brief reason for your answer.
1. m: The sum of two prime numbers is an even number.
2. n: The Earth is the only habitable planet in the universe.
3. o: I can resist anything but temptation.
4. p: 2 is neither an odd nor composite number.
5. q: What a great year, 2020!
6. r: 5𝑥 = 125.
7. s: 𝜋 is an irrational number.
8. t: You should quarantine yourself for 14 days.
9. u: A triangle is an equilateral if and only if the sides are congruent.
10. v: What is this new variant of Covid-19?

B. For each proposition in A, identify whether it is a simple or compound proposition. If it is

a compound proposition, identify its primitive components.

Propositions Primitive Components

What I Have Learned

1. A proposition is a declarative statement that can be immediately decided whether

true (denoted by T) or false (denoted by F), but not both.
2. A simple proposition conveys a complete thought without connecting words.
3. A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simple propositions using
logical connectors or some combination of logical connectors, such as not, or, and,
if-then, and if and only if. Statements that make up compound propositions are
called primitive components.

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 What I Can Do

Make an Argument!

Identify one trending and recent issue in the Philippines. Make a convincing
argument for or against the topic of your choice. Choose only one. Afterwhich, determine
whether each sentence in your argument is a proposition or not a proposition. If the
argument is a proposition, identify whether it is simple or compound. If it is a compound
proposition, identify its primitive components

Lesson
LOGICAL OPERATORS
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What’s In

Activity 3. Let Us Recall!

Identify whether each proposition is simple or compound.

1. p: Number 4 is even and less than 12.

2. q: If night comes before the day, then night causes day.
3. r: A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight lines.
4. s: Michael Marcos Keon is the mayor of Laoag City.
5. t: Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19 vaccine's efficacy was 52% after the first dose and 95%
after the second dose.

What’s New

In the previous lesson, you learned about compound propositions as a combination

of simple propositions using logical connectors. In this lesson, we will introduce the symbolic
counterpart of the connectors not, and, or, if-then, and if and only if, which we call logical
operators. To do that, we need first to discuss an essential tool in logic, the truth table.

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 What is It

Definition
A truth table shows all possible truth values of a given proposition.

Since a proposition has two possible truth values, the proposition p would have the
following truth table:
p
T
F

The truth table is used to define logical operators. Suppose a given proposition is a
compound proposition. In that case, the truth table is used to exhibit the relationship
between its simple components' truth values and the given compound propositions' truth
values.

Take Note!
A truth table involving n propositions has 2𝑛 rows.

For example, (1) suppose p and q are propositions. We can construct a truth table
displaying the relationship between the possible truth values of p and the truth values of q.
The rows of the table will correspond to the possible truth-value combinations of p and q,
and so there will be 22 = 𝟒 rows. Similarly, (2) suppose p, q, and r are propositions. Then a
truth table involving the given propositions has 23 = 𝟖 rows.

The tables below show the truth tables of the two examples.

P Q p q r
T T T T T
T F T T F
F T T F T
F F T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F

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 LOGICAL OPERATORS

A. Negation – is the simplest logical operator.

Definition
The negation of the proposition p is denoted by ~p (read as “not p”) and is
defined through its truth table
p ~𝑝
T F
F T

The truth table tells us that when p is true, its negation, ~𝑝, is false. On the other
hand, when p is false, the negation ~𝑝 is true.

Examples. State the negation of the following propositions.

m: 2 is an odd number
n: Laoag City is the capital of Ilocos Norte.
q: Everyone in Laoag speaks Iloco.

Solution: The negation of the given propositions are given below.

~m: "2 is not an odd number", or "2 is an even number", or "It is not the case that 2 is an
odd number."
~n: Laoag City is not the capital of Ilocos Norte.
~q: Not everyone in Laoag speaks Iloco.

Take Note!
It is a common mistake to assume that the proposition ~p is automatically
false just because it involves a negation. However, ~p can be true – this happens
when p is false. For example, ~m is true because m is false.
Also note that negation ~p is not necessarily the complete opposite of p. For
example the negation of the statement ‘Everyone in Laoag speaks Iloco’ merely
states that there are Laoageños who do not speak Iloco. The negation does not say
that all Laoageños do not speak Iloco.

B. Conjunction – allows us to state an expression for two propositions to be true.

Definition
The conjunction of the propositions p and q, called conjuncts, is denoted by
p ˄ q (read as “p and q”) and is defined through its truth table
p q p˄q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

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 The conjunction p˄q is true only when both conjuncts p and q are true.

Examples. Let p and q be the following propositions.

p: Covid-19 exists. q: Covid-19 changes the world.
Express the following conjunctions as English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
1. p ˄ q 3. Covid-19 does not exist, and it does not change the world.
2. p ˄ (~q) 4. While Covid-19 does not exist, it changes the world.

Solution: The English sentences and symbols are given below.

1. Covid-19 exists, and it changes the world.
2. Covid-19 exists, and it does not change the world. Or Covid-19 exists, yet it does not
change the world.
3. (~p) ˄ (~q)
4. (~p) ˄ q

In the examples, since propositions p and q are both true, then the conjunction p ˄ q
is true. On the other hand, the conjunctions p ˄ (~q), (~p) ˄ (~q), and (~p) ˄ q are false
because the conjuncts ~p and ~q are false.

Take Note!
Conjunctions do not always use the word and. Words like but, eventhough,
yet, and while are also used to flag conjunctions.
.

C. Disjunctions – allows us to express alternatives.

Definition
The disjunction of the propositions p and q, called disjuncts, is denoted by
p ˅ q (read as “p or q”) and is defined through its truth table
p q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

The truth table above tells us that the disjunction p ˅ q is false only when both
disjuncts p and q are false.

Take Note!
The meaning of “OR”
Note that “or” has several meanings in ordinary language. In our case, we use
what mathematicians call the inclusive or. That is p ˅ q means that p is true or q is
true or BOTH are true.

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Examples. Let p, q, and r be the following propositions.
p: Lito has a date with Alyana.
q: Cardo is sleeping.
r: Renato is eating.
Express the following disjunctions as English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
1. p ˅ q
2. p ˅ (~q)
3. p ˅ (q ˅ r)
4. Either Lito has a date with Ayana or Cardo is sleeping, or Renato is eating.
5. Either Lito has a date with Alyana and Cardo is sleeping, or Renato is eating.
6. Either Lito has a date with Alyana, or Cardo is sleeping, and Renato is eating.
7. Either Lito has a date with Alyana and Cardo is sleeping, or Lito has a date with Alyana
and Renato is eating.

Solution: The corresponding English expressions and symbols are given below.
1. Lito has a date with Alyana, or Cardo is sleeping.
2. Either Lito has a date with Alyana, or Cardo is not sleeping.
3. Either Lito has a date with Alyana, or Cardo is sleeping, or Renato is eating.
4. (p ˅ q) ˅ r
5. (p ˄ q) ˅ r
6. p ˅ (q ˄ r)
7. (p ˄ q) ˅ (p ˄ r)

D. Conditional

Definition
The conditional of the propositions p and q is denoted by p → q (read as “If
p, then q”) and is defined through its truth table
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

The conditional p → q may also be read as “p implies q.” The proposition p is

the hypothesis, while the proposition q is the conclusion.

Examples. Let p, q, r, s, and t be the following propositions.

p: Jackie is in Grade 11. s: 2 > 0.
q: Jackie is a senior high school student. t: It is more fun in Ilocos.
r: Jackie is working as a lawyer.
Express the following conditionals as English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
1. p → q
2. ~q → ~r
3. If Jackie is in Grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.

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4. If 2 > 0, then it is more fun in Ilocos.
5. If 2 < 0 or Jackie is in Grade 11, then it is more fun in Ilocos.

Solution:
1. If Jackie is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.
2. If Jackie is not a senior high school student, then she is not working as a lawyer.
3. p→r
4. s→t
5. (~s ˅ p) → t

Take Note!
In logic, the hypothesis p need not cause the conclusion q. For example, we
are not saying that it is more fun in Ilocos because 2 > 0.

E. Biconditional – is a compound proposition that is derived from two conditional

propositions.

Definition
The biconditional of the propositions p and q is denoted by p ↔ q (read as
“p if and only if q”) and is defined through its truth table
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

The proposition may also be written as “p iff q.” The propositions p and q are
the components of the biconditional.

The biconditional's truth table tells us that its truth value is true when the truth values
of p and q are the same.

Examples. Let p, q, and r be the following propositions.

p: Jake is in grade 11.
q: Jake is a senior high school student.
r: Jake is working as a lawyer.
Express the following conditionals as English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
1. p ↔ q
2. q ↔ r
3. Jake is in grade 11 if and only if he is working as a lawyer.
4. Jake is not in grade 11 if and only if he is not a senior high school student.

Solution:
1. Jake is in grade 11 if and only if he is a senior high school student.
2. Jake is a senior high school student if and only if he is work is as a lawyer.

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3. p↔r
4. ~p ↔ ~q

What’s More

Activity 4. Practice Pa More!

A. Express the following propositions in symbols, where p, q, r, and s are defined as

follows:
p: Neil is a gamer. r: Jeric likes to travel.
q: Len is a singer. s: Jeny likes violet.

1. While Len is a singer, Neil is not a gamer.

2. Jeric likes to travel, or he does not.
3. It is not true that Neil is a gamer, and Jeny does not like violet.
4. Either Neil is a gamer, or Len is a singer, yet Jeny likes violet.
5. If Jeric does not like to travel, then Jeny does not like violet.
6. If Jeric likes to travel and Jeny likes violet, then Neil is not a gamer.
7. Neil is a gamer, or Len is a singer if and only if Jeny likes violet and Jeric likes to travel.

B. Express the following propositions in words using the propositions given in A

1. p ˄ (~q) 5. p → (q ˄ s)
2. p ˅ (~p) 6. ~(q → r)
3. ~(r ˅ s) 7. p ↔ (r ˄ s)
4. (r ˅ s) ˄ p

What I Have Learned

1. A truth table shows all possible truth values of a given proposition. A truth table
involving n propositions has 2𝑛 rows.

2. The proposition p is defined through its truth table

p
T
F

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3. The negation of the proposition p is denoted by ~p (read as "not p") and is defined
through its truth table

p ~𝑝
T F
F T

4. The conjunction of the propositions p and q, called conjuncts, is denoted by p ˄ q

(read as "p and q"). Words like but, even though, yet, and while are also used to flag
conjunctions. This operator is defined through its truth table
p q p˄q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

5. The disjunction of the propositions p and q, called disjuncts, is denoted by p ˅ q (read

as "p or q"). It allows us to express alternatives. This operator is defined through its truth
table
p q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

6. The conditional of the propositions p and q is denoted by p → q (read as "If p, then q").
The conditional p → q may also be read as "p implies q." The proposition p is the
hypothesis, while the proposition q is the conclusion. This operator is defined through
its truth table
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

7. Biconditional is a compound proposition derived from two conditional propositions and

is denoted by p ↔ q (read as "p if and only if q"). The proposition may also be written as
"p iff q." The propositions p and q are the components of the biconditional. This
operator is defined through its truth table
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

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 What I Can Do

Activity 6. Follow Me on My Instagram

In this activity, we look at the Instagram world of four girls: Janella, Julia, Kathryn,
and Liza. We summarize their Instagram dynamics – who follows who – in a table such as
the following:
Janella Julia Kathryn Liza
Janella
Julia
Kathryn
Liza

A checkmark in a cell means the girl in that row follows on Instagram the girl in that
column.

Instruction: Check the appropriate cell by considering the following true propositions below.
Liza follows Kathryn but does not follow Janella.
Either Julia follows Kathryn, or Julia follows Liza.
While Janella follows everyone that Julia follows, Janella does not follow Liza.
Kathryn follows everyone who follows her.
Nobody follows herself.

Explain your answer.

Assessment

Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the best answer from among the choices.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following sentences is a proposition?

A. Stop bullying.
B. This is the beginning of the end.
C. Not all positive cases of Covid-19 are symptomatic.
D. You have to attend your synchronous class regularly.

2. Which of the following is a simple proposition?

A. 5𝑥 − 2 = 3. B. Dolphin is not a fish.
C. Adrian is addicted to Mobile Legends. D. May fortune come your way this 2021.

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3. Which of the following is NOT a compound proposition?
A. Not all that glitters are gold.
B. Triangles are scalene, isosceles, or equilateral.
C. If you are 18 years old, then you are eligible to vote.
D. A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight lines.

4. Disjunction is a compound proposition connected by the word/s ______.

A. and B. if…then
C. or D. if and only if

5. The conditional of propositions p and q is denoted by _____.

A. ~𝑝 B. 𝑝 ˄ 𝑞
C. 𝑝 → 𝑞 D. 𝑝 ˅ 𝑞

For items 6-10, refer to the following propositions below:

p: Lisa did not finish college.
q: Lisa is the CEO of L.A. Tech.
r: Lisa loves Juan.
s: Lisa likes Pedro.

6. What is 𝑝 ˄ (~𝑞) in words?

A. Lisa finished college, or she is the CEO of L.A. Tech.
B. Lisa finished college, or she is not the CEO of L.A. tech.
C. Lisa did not finish college, yet she is the CEO of L.A. Tech.
D. Lisa did not finish college, and she is not the CEO of L.A. Tech.

7. Express ~(𝑟 ˅ 𝑠) in a sentence.

A. Lisa loves Juan, and she likes Pedro.
B. Neither Lisa loves Juan nor likes Pedro.
C. Either Lisa loves Juan, or she likes Pedro.
D. Lisa hates Juan, and she does not like Pedro.

8. Express (~𝑝 ˄ 𝑟) → 𝑞 in a sentence.

A. If Lisa finished college or loves Juan, then she is the CEO of L.A. Tech.
B. If Lisa finished college and loves Juan, then she is the CEO of L.A. Tech.
C. If Lisa did not finish college or loves Juan, then she is the CEO of L.A. Tech.
D. If Lisa did not finish college and she loves Juan, then she is the CEO of L.A. Tech.

9. The proposition' Lisa loves Juan if and only if she likes Pedro' can be written in symbolic
form as _____.
A. 𝑟 ˄ 𝑠 B. 𝑟 ˅ 𝑠 C. 𝑟 → 𝑠 D. 𝑟 ↔ 𝑠

10. The proposition 'If Lisa finished her college and is the CEO of L.A. Tech, then she loves
Juan, and she likes Pedro' can be written in symbolic form as _____.
A. (p ˅ q) → (r ˅ s) B. (~p ˅ q) → (r ˅ s)
C. (p ˄ q) → (r ˄ s) D. (~p ˄ q) → (r ˄ s)

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19
Activity 4
A.
1. q ˄ (~p) 2. r ˅ (~r) 3. ~(p ˄ s) 4. (p ˅ q) ˄ s
5. (~r) → (~s) or ~(r → s) 6. (r ˄ s) → (~p) 7. (p ˅ q) ↔ (s ˄ r)
B.
1. Neil is a big eater and Len does not have a big voice.
2. Neil is a big eater or not.
3. Neither Jeric likes to travel nor Jeny likes violet.
4. Either Jeric likes to travel or Jeny likes violet, and Neil is a big eater.
5. If Neil is a big eater, then Len has a big voice and Jeny likes violet.
6. If Len does not have a big voice, then Jeric does not like to travel.
7. Neil is a big eater if and only if Jeric likes to travel and Jeny likes violet.
8. Neil is a big eater and Jeny does not like violet if and if Leni has a big voice and Jeric
likes to travel.
Activity 2 B.
A. 1. m – simple 2. n – simple
1. Proposition 3. p – compound 4. s – simple
2. Proposition 5. u – compound
3. Not a proposition
4. Proposition Propositions Primitive Components
5. Not a proposition
p 2 is an odd number.
6. Not a proposition
7. Proposition 2 is a composite number.
8. Not a proposition u A n equilateral is a triangle.
9. Proposition The sides of equilateral are congruent.
10. Not a proposition
Assessment What I Know
1. C 3. D 5. C 7. B 9. D 1. D
2. C 4. C 6. D 8. B 10. D 2. D
3. B
4. A
Activity 3 Activity 1 5. D
1. Compound 1. Imperative 6. B
2. Compound 2. Interrogative 7. D
3. Simple 3. Declarative 8. A
4. Simple 4. Exclamatory 9. B
5. Compound 5. Interrogative 10. C
Answer Key
References

Crisologo, Leo Andrei A., et.al. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School General
Mathematics. Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education.

Natividad, Stephen Kyle, Asuncion, Marcus, and Cruz, Julius Ceazar. 2018. General
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General Mathematics Module 10 Logic, DepEd-Bureau of Learning Resouces. 2020.

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