Chapter 2

Quadratic Functions

Shafi ee Khai dzir

prepared by
:
2.1 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES www.inttuition.com

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

I. To solve a quadratic equation means to find the roots of the quadratic equation.

2- The roots of an equation are the values of its variable for which the equation is true

(usually refers to the values of the variable that makes the equation equal to zero).

3 .

The general form of a quadratic equation is

4. There are three ways to solve a quadratic equation.

(a)

(b)

(c) -

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SOLVING BY FACTORISATION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 1
Solve these quadratic equations via factorisation.
(a) ✗ 2+2×+1--0 (b) N 't 72=-6 (c) -
622=-112-10

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SOLVING BY FACTORISATION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 1

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SOLVING BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE

1. Completing the square basically means to factorise the siterm into the form of en -
p) ?

2. Consider a quadratic equation, -

9ns +12N -4=0

Step 't : step 4 :

step 7 :

step 2 steps steps

: :
:

step 3 : steps :

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SOLVING BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 2
Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square.
(A) 522-3×-4=0 (b) -4N
-
+ 9N =-3

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SOLVING BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 2

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SOLVING BY QUADRATIC FORMULA

1. In most applications, quadratic equations are solved simply by using the quadratic formula.

2. For a general form of quadratic

equation, an 7- bat c- -
Oi

QUADRATIC FORMULA

3. The quadratic formula is actually

derived from completing the

square.

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SOLVING USING THE QUADRATIC FORMULA www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 3
Solve these equations quadratic formula (Give your answer correct to four significant figures.)
-
(a) 2N ( N -

2) = ( 3- a) ( 2N + 1) (b) 2x = 632 -
90 (C) -
4x
-
+ 17N +9=0

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SOLVING USING THE QUADRATIC FORMULA www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 3

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SOLVING PROBLEMS USING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 4
The diagram (a) below shows four pieces of wood with the same width and a total frontal surface
area of 180 centimeters squared. The four pieces of wood are glued to each other to form a
-

picture frame as shown in (b). Determine the width of a single of piece wood.
39 cm
L >

(a)
39cm
< >
,

EID 24cm

(b)
✓
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SOLVING PROBLEMS USING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 4

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FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM ITS ROOTS

1. If the roots of any given quadratic equation are ✗ { B , reversing the factorisation process yields;

2 .
For a general form of quadratic equation, and + but C =
0

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FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM ITS ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 5
Form a quadratic equation that has these sets of roots;

(a) -

¥ { 3- (b) -

E- only

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FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM ITS ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 6
Determine the sum of roots and product of roots for these quadratic equations.
(b)
'
(a) 322 + Gx -
8=0 -

2x -
12N 1-9=0 (c) -
22 + 3N +20--0

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FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM ITS ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 7
If ✗ { B are the roots of the quadratic equation 3ns -
7- x -
10=0 , form a quadratic
equation with the roots;

(a) ✗ -2
{ B- 2 (b) 2- { I

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FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM ITS ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 7

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FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM ITS ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 8
'

One of the roots the quadratic equation 16k tpn +4=0 is four times the other root. Find p.

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FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM ITS ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 9
'
Given -3 and s are the roots of the quadratic equation 3N + kN -3=0, find the value of k
and s.

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SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES (Graph Sketching)

1. A quadratic inequality typically consists of two linear inequalities as its solution.

From an 't bn + c 70 -17 (N -

P) ( N
-

9) 70 [ OR < 0,20 , so]

> >

> >

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SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES (Number Line & Table Method)

From (N -
2) (N +3770

NUMBER LINE METHOD

TABLE METHOD

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SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 10

Solve each of these inequalities.

'
36 70
(a) R2 11N t 18<0 (b) -3ns an -6 yo (c) 2x se -
-

+
-

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SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 10

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2.2 TYPES OF ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS www.inttuition.com

TYPES OF ROOTS

I. There are a few types of roots of a quadratic equation.

2- The type of roots depends on the discriminant of the equation from the quadratic formula.

-
b±✓b2-4ac Tz Discriminant of
✗ =

2A
the
equation

R2 - 521-6=0 ✗
2-
4N +4=0 ✗ 2- At 10=0

(R 3) (N 2) =
0
( 2) 2=0
?
-

x
-
-

✗ =3 OR N=2 2=2

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SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING TYPES OF ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 11

Find the value of t if the quadratic equation ✗ ( set 20) = M ( 2x + 5) -

50 has two equal
and real roots.

-
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SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING TYPES OF ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 12

If the quadratic equation ( pt 1) 221-5=92 Has two equal roots, express p in terms of q.

-
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SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING TYPES OF ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 13

10)
Find the range of values of q is the quadratic equation ✗ ( n t
q
= -4 has
-

(a) Two distinct

} real roots (b) No real roots

-
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SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING TYPES OF ROOTS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 14

Find the range of values of p is the quadratic equation N 't 2 =

2pm has two real roots.
pt

-
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2.3 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS www.inttuition.com

THE QUADRATIC FUNCTION GRAPH

axis of
I. The graph of a quadratic function, f- (a) =
-
an + bNtC symmetry
↳ I
is a symmetrical curve called a /

1
Condition Effect on Graph
1

a f• Minimum
point
Axis
of -171
•
Maximum
b symmetry ,
point
l

l
c
l

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TYPE OF ROOTS AND X-INTERCEPTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
www.inttuition.com

f- (a) = ✗
2- 5nt6
foe)=Ñ-421-4 f- (a) =x '
-

z +10
f(a) =
O fol ) =0
f- (a) =O
R2 -
5N 1-6=0 '
N -4×1-4=0
N2 -2+10=0
( N 3) (
-

N -21=0 ( ✗ -2,2=0
2=3 OR N=2 N= 2

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SHAPE AND TYPE OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 15

Determine and sketch the shape of these quadratic functions.

(a) fix ) = x2 - 5kt 6 (b) gtk )
= N
?
4N + 4 (c) h (a) =
N°+4
(d) MIN ) = 4N -

4 x2 (e) MN ) = -
I +2N - R2 (f) pcn ) =
-22-22-5

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SHAPE AND TYPE OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 15

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SHAPE AND TYPE OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 16

Find the values of q if the quadratic function for) = 42ft 413 g)

-
set 513 -

g)
touches the x-axis at one point.

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SHAPE AND TYPE OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 17
2
Find the range of p if the quadratic function rcn ) = ✗ + 2Pa + 5p -
6

(a) Touches the x-axis at (b) Does not touch the N -

axis .

two different points .

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THE VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

1. The general form of a quadratic function can tell us the shape by referring to the sign of ‘a’.

2. A more useful form of the quadratic function is the vertex form.

3 We can change the general form to vertex form via completing the square.
'

ng ng

>a

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THE VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

1. These are the steps to convert a function from general form to vertex form.

Consider a quadratic function, her ) =

222+721-11

Step 't : step 4 .

Step 7 :

step 2 steps steps

: :
:

step 3 : steps :

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THE VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 19

For each of these functions, determine the maximum or minimum point.

(a) flu) 4N 5 322 (b) 3rd 9N -6
gin )
= t -
=
+

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THE VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 19

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THE VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 20

The quadratic function fcn )

'
= -2N tha -
3 has a maximum value of k when x=2. Determine the
value of h and k.

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THE VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 21

The diagram shows the graph for the quadratic function foe ) =
alk k )
- -

4 , where a and k are

constants.
ng
y=fca)

R
• •
>
µ 3

Find
(a) The axis of symmetry

(b) The value of K

(c) The minimum point

(d) The value of a

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SKETCHING THE GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

222 +7kt HI
1. Lets say theres a quadratic function, fcx , =

step 1:

The Graph

Step 2 :

step 3 :

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SKETCHING THE GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 22

Sketch the graph of these functions and state their respective equation of axis of symmetry.
(a) f- ( n ) = -
2ns + Ion -
8 (b) gln ) = 3N
'
+ 7- set 12

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SKETCHING THE GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 22

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SKETCHING THE GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 23

Hence, draw the absolute value functions for each of the functions from example 22
(a) for ) =
I -2ns t lose -8 I (b) girl =
I 322 + 7-set 12 I

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SKETCHING THE GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 24

The graph of the quadratic function, f- (n ) = N2 + mn + 5 has a minimum point of (2,n)

(a) Find the of
value } n (b) Hence of foe)
sketch the
graph
m '

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SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 25
2- RHO
Determine the values of m if the straight line moose 2) is a tangent to ✗
y=
__ +

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SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 26

Find the range of values of k if the straight line y Kx I and the curve y
= -
= R2 -
7- a + 7k
(a) Intersects at two different (b) Do not intersect
points

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SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS www.inttuition.com

EXAMPLE 27

It is given that the function men ) = 16N't ( 5- E) set I is always positive. Find the range of
values of t.

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