SQL

Assignment –1

Creating sample tables and inserting values.

Create the following tables with the given structures and insert sample data as
specified: -

A) SALESPEOPLE

Snum number(4)
Sname varchar2(10)
city varchar2(10)
Comm number(3,2)

Answer:
CREATE TABLE salespeople ( snum number(4), sname varchar2(10), city varchar2(10),
comm number(3,2) );

B) CUSTOMERS

Cnum number(4)
Cname varchar2(10)
City varchar2(10)
Rating number(4)
Snum number(4)

Answer:
CREATE TABLE customers ( cnum number(4), cname varchar2(10), city varchar2(10),
rating number(4), snum number(4) );

C) ORDERS

Onum number(4)
Amt number(7,2)
Odate date
Cnum number(4)
Snum number(4)

Answer:
CREATE TABLE orders ( onum number(4), amt number(7,2), odate date, cnum number(4),
snum number(4) );

SALES PEOPLE

SNUM SNAME CITY COMM

1001 Peel London .12

1002 Serres San Jose .13
1004 Motika London .11
1007 Rifkin Barcelona .15
1003 Axelrod New York .10

INSERT INTO salespeople

VALUES(&snum,’&name’,’&city’,&comm);
CUSTOMERS

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2001 Hoffman London 100 1001

2002 Giovanni Rome 200 1003
2003 Liu San Jose 200 1002
2004 Grass Berlin 300 1002
2006 Clemens London 100 1001
2008 Cisneros San Jose 300 1007
2007 Pereira Rome 100 1004

ORDERS
INSERT INTO customers
VALUES(&cnum,’&cname’,’&city’,&rating,&snum);

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3001 18.69 03- OCT -1990 2008 1007

3003 767.19 03- OCT -1990 2001 1001
3002 1900.10 03- OCT -1990 2007 1004
3005 5160.45 03- OCT -1990 2003 1002
3006 1098.16 03- OCT -1990 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04- OCT -1990 2002 1003
3007 75.75 04- OCT -1990 2004 1002
3008 4723.00 05- OCT -1990 2006 1001
3010 1309.95 06- OCT -1990 2004 1002
3011 9891.88 06- OCT -1990 2006 1001

INSERT INTO orders

VALUES(&onum,&amt,’&odate’,&cnum,&snum);

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

INSERT INTO ORDERS
VALUES(3001,18.69,'03-OCT-1990',
2008,
1007);

INSERT INTO ORDERS

VALUES(3003,767.19,'03- OCT -1990',
2001,
1001);

INSERT INTO ORDERS

VALUES(3002,1900.10,'03- OCT -1990',
2007,
1004);

INSERT INTO ORDERS

VALUES(3005,5160.45,'03- OCT -1990',
2003,
1002);

INSERT INTO ORDERS

VALUES(3006,1098.16,'03- OCT -1990',
2008,
1007);

INSERT INTO ORDERS

VALUES(3009,1713.23,’04- OCT -1990’,2002,
1003);

INSERT INTO ORDERS

VALUES(3007,75.75,’04- OCT -1990’,2004,
1002);

INSERT INTO ORDERS

VALUES(3008,4723.00,’05- OCT -1990’,2006,
1001);

INSERT INTO ORDERS

VALUES(3010,309.95,’06-OCT -1990’,2004,
1002);

INSERT INTO ORDERS

VALUES(3011,9891.88,’06- OCT -1990’,2006,
1001);

Assignment –2

##Introducing Relational Databases.

1) Which field of the Customers table is the primary key?

Ans :- customer number

2) What is the 4th column of the Customers table?

Ans:- Rating

3) What is another word for row? For column?

Ans:- duple or record

4) Why isn’t it possible to see the first five rows of a table?

Ans :- Because tuples don’t have orders.

Assignment –3

##Overview of SQL.

1) Does ANSI recognize the data type DATE?

Ans :- Yes.

2) Which subdivision of SQL is used to put values in tables?

Ans :- insert into values

ASSIGNMENT-4
#Retrieving Information from Tables.

1)Write a select command that produces the order number, amount, and date for all
rows in the Orders table.

SELECT onum,
amt,
odate
FROM orders;

UM AMT ODATE

3001 18.69 03-OCT-90

3003 767.19 03-OCT-90
3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90
3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90
3007 75.75 04-OCT-90
3008 4723 05-OCT-90
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90
3011 9891.88 06-OCT-90

10 rows selected.

2) Write a query that produces all rows from the Customers table for which the
salesperson’s number is 1001.
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE snum=1001;

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2001 hoffman london 100 1001

2006 clemens london 100 1001

3) Write a query that displays the Salespeople table with the columns in the
following order: city, sname, snum, comm.
SELECT city,
sname,
snum,
comm.
FROM salespeople;

CITY SNAME SNUM COMM

london peel 1001 .12

san jose serres 1002 .13
newyork axelrod 1003 .1
london Motika 1004 .11
barcelona rifkin 1007 .15

4) Write a select command that produces the rating followed by the name of each
customer in San Jose.
SELECT rating||' '||cname "employee rating"
FROM customers
WHERE city='sanjose';

employee rating

300 cisneros

5) Write a query that will produce the snum values of all salespeople (suppress the
duplicates) with orders in the Orders table.
SELECT DISTINCT snum,
onum
FROM salespeople
ORDER BY snum;

SNUM ONUM

1002 3007
1002 3010
1001 3011
1004 3002
1002 3005
1007 3006
1003 3009
1001 3008
1007 3001
1001 3003

10 rows selected.

Assignment –5

##Relational and Logical Operators.

1) Write a query that will give you all orders for more than Rs. 1,000.
SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE amt>1000;

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90 2007 1004

3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3008 4723 05-OCT-90 2006 1001
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90 2004 1002
3011 9891.88 06-OCT-90 2006 1001

7 rows selected.

2) Write a query that will give you the names and cities of all salespeople in
London
with a commission above .10.
SELECT sname,
city
FROM salespeople
WHERE city='London'
AND comm >.10;
SNAME CITY

peel London
Motika London

3) Write a query on the Customers table whose output will exclude all customers
with a rating <= 100, unless they are located in Rome.
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE rating>100
OR city='rome';

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2002 Giovanni Rome 200 1003
2003 Liu San Jose 200 1002
2004 Grass Berlin 300 1002
2008 Cisneros San Jose 300 1007
2007 Pereira Rome 100 1004

4) What will be the output from the following query?

SELECT *
FROM Orders
WHERE (amt < 1000
OR NOT (odate = ‘03-OCT-1990’
AND cnum > 2003));

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3001 18.69 03-OCT-90 2008 1007

3003 767.19 03-OCT-90 2001 1001
3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3007 75.75 04-OCT-90 2004 1002
3008 4723 05-OCT-90 2006 1001
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90 2004 1002
3011 9891.88 06-OCT-90 2006 1001

Display all tauple from order except date is 03-oct 1990 with cnum >2003 or orders
where amt is less then 1000 or

Display all order having amount less then 1000 or having order except on 03-oct-
1990
with cnum>2003.

5) What will be the output of the following query?

SELECT *
FROM Orders
WHERE NOT ((odate = ‘03-OCT-1990’
OR snum>1006)
AND amt >= 1500);

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3001 18.69 03-OCT-90 2008 1007

3003 767.19 03-OCT-90 2001 1001
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3007 75.75 04-OCT-90 2004 1002
3008 4723 05-OCT-90 2006 1001
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90 2004 1002
3011 9891.88 06-OCT-90 2006 1001

6) What is a simpler way to write this query?

SELECT snum,
sname,
city,
comm
FROM Salespeople
WHERE (comm > .12
OR comm <.14);
SELECT snum,
sname,
city,
comm
FROM Salespeople
WHERE (comm > .
SELECT snum,
sname,
city,
comm
FROM salespeople WHERE comm =.13;

12
OR comm <.14);

SNUM SNAME CITY COMM

1002 Serres San Jose .13

Assignment –6

##Using Special Operators in Conditions.

1) Write two different queries that would produce all orders taken on October 3rd
or
4th, 1990.
SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE odate='03-oct-1990'
OR odate='04-oct-1990';

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3001 18.69 03-OCT-90 2008 1007

3003 767.19 03-OCT-90 2001 1001
3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90 2007 1004
3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3007 75.75 04-OCT-90 2004 1002

7 rows selected.
SET feedback OFF; --feed back disable

SET feedback ON; --for feed back enable

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE odate BETWEEN '03-oct-1990' AND '04-oct-1990';

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3001 18.69 03-OCT-90 2008 1007

3003 767.19 03-OCT-90 2001 1001
3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90 2007 1004
3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3007 75.75 04-OCT-90 2004 1002

2) Write a query that selects all of the customers serviced by Peel or Motika.
(Hint: the snum field relates the two tables to one another).
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE snum IN
(SELECT snum
FROM salespeople
WHERE sname='Peel'
OR sname='Motika');

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2006 Clemense London 100 1001

2001 Hoffman London 100 1001
2008 Cisneros San Jose 300 1007

3) Write a query that will produce all the customers whose names begin with a
letter
from ‘A’ to ‘G’.
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE cname LIKE 'a%'
OR cname LIKE 'b%'
OR cname LIKE 'C%'
OR cname LIKE 'D%'
OR cname LIKE 'E%'
OR cname LIKE 'F%'
OR cname LIKE 'G%' ;

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2002 Giovanni Rome 200 1003

2004 Grass Berlin 300 1002
2006 Clemense London 100 1001
2008 Cisneros San Jose 300 1007

4 rows selected.
Second approach
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE substr(cname,1,1) BETWEEN 'A' AND 'G';

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2002 Giovanni Rome 200 1003

2004 Grass Berlin 300 1002
2006 Clemense London 100 1001
2008 Cisneros San Jose 300 1007

4) Write a query that selects all customers whose names begin with the letter ‘C’.
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE cname LIKE 'C%';

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2006 Clemense London 100 1001

2008 Cisneros San Jose 300 1007

2 rows selected.

5) Write a query that selects all orders except those with zeroes or NULLs in the
amt
field.
SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE amt IS NOT NULL;

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3001 18.69 03-OCT-90 2008 1007

3003 767.19 03-OCT-90 2001 1001
3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90 2007 1004
3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3007 75.75 04-OCT-90 2004 1002
3008 4723 05-OCT-90 2006 1001
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90 2004 1002
3011 9891.88 06-OCT-90 2006 1001

10 rows selected.

Assignment –7

##Summarizing Data with Aggregate Functions.

1) Write a query that counts all orders for October 3.

SELECT count(onum) total_order
FROM orders
WHERE odate LIKE '03-OCT-%';

TOTAL_ORDER
5

1 row selected.

2) Write a query that counts the number of different non-NULL city values in the
Customers table.

SELECT count(cname) empty_city

FROM customers
WHERE cname IS NOT NULL;

EMPTY_CITY

3) Write a query that selects each customer’s smallest order.

SELECT min(amt) ) "smallest order",
cnum
FROM orders
GROUP BY cnum;

MIN(AMT) CNUM

767.19 2001
4723 2006
1900.1 2007
5160.45 2003
75.75 2004
18.69 2008
1713.23 2002

7 rows selected.

4) Write a query that selects the first customer, in alphabetical order, whose name
begins with G.
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE cname LIKE 'G%'
ORDER BY cname;

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING

2002 Giovanni Rome 200 1003

2004 Grass Berlin 300 1002

2 rows selected.

5) Write a query that selects the highest rating in each city.

SELECT max(rating) "highest rating"
FROM customers;

highest rating

300
1 row selected.

6) Write a query that counts the number of salespeople registering orders for each
day. (If a salesperson has more than one order on a given day, he or she should be
counted only once.).
SELECT count(odate)||' SALES PERSON REGISTREDDON' "TOTAL",
odate
FROM orders
GROUP BY odate;

TOTAL ODATE

2 SALES PERSON REGISTREDD ON 04-OCT-90

1 SALES PERSON REGISTREDD ON 05-OCT-90
5 SALES PERSON REGISTREDD ON 03-OCT-90
2 SALES PERSON REGISTREDD ON 06-OCT-90

Assignment –8

##Formatting Query output.

1) Assume each salesperson has a 12% commission. Write a query on the orders
table that will produce the order number, the salesperson number, and the amount
of the salesperson’s commission for that order.
SELECT onum,
snum,
amt,
(amt*12)/100 commision
FROM orders;

ONUM SNUM AMT COMMISION

3001 1007 18.69 2.2428

3003 1001 767.19 92.0628
3002 1004 1900.1 228.012
3005 1002 5160.45 619.254
3006 1007 1098.16 131.7792
3009 1003 1713.23 205.5876
3007 1002 75.75 9.09
3008 1001 4723 566.76
3010 1002 1309.95 157.194
3011 1001 9891.88 1187.0256

10 rows selected.

2) Write a query on the Customers table that will find the highest rating in each
city.
Put the output in this form:

For the city (city), the highest rating is : (rating).

SELECT onum,
snum,
amt,
(amt*12)/100 commision
FROM orders;
ONUM SNUM AMT COMMISION

3001 1007 18.69 2.2428

3003 1001 767.19 92.0628
3002 1004 1900.1 228.012
3005 1002 5160.45 619.254
3006 1007 1098.16 131.7792
3009 1003 1713.23 205.5876
3007 1002 75.75 9.09
3008 1001 4723 566.76
3010 1002 1309.95 157.194
3011 1001 9891.88 1187.0256

10 rows selected.

3) Write a query that lists customers in descending order of rating. Output the
rating
field first, followed by the customer’s name and number.
SELECT rating,
cname,
snum
FROM customers
ORDER BY rating DESC;

RATING CNAME SNUM

300 grass 1002

300 cisneros 1007
200 giovanni 1003
100 pereira 1004
100 clemens 1001
100 hoffman 1001

4) Write a query that totals the orders for each day and places the results in
descending order.
SELECT count(odate) "TOTAL ORDERS",
odate
FROM orders
GROUP BY odate
ORDER BY "TOTAL ORDERS";

TOTAL ORDERS ODATE

1 05-OCT-90
2 06-OCT-90
2 04-OCT-90
5 03-OCT-90

Assignment – 9

##Querying Multiple Tables at Once.

1) Write a query that lists each order number followed by the name of the customer
who made the order.
SELECT onum,
cname
FROM orders o,
customers c
WHERE c.cnum=o.cnum ;

ONUM CNAME

3001 cisneros
3003 hoffman
3002 pereira
3006 cisneros
3009 giovanni
3007 grass
3008 clemens
3010 grass
3011 clemens

9 rows selected.

2) Write a query that gives the names of both the salesperson and the customer for
each order along with the order number.
SELECT sname,
cname,
onum
FROM orders o,
customers c,
salespeople s
WHERE o.snum=c.snum
AND o.snum=s.snum;

SNAME CNAME ONUM

peel hoffman 3011

peel hoffman 3008
peel hoffman 3003
axelrod giovanni 3009
serres grass 3010
serres grass 3007
serres grass 3005
peel clemens 3011
peel clemens 3008
peel clemens 3003
rifkin cisneros 3006

SNAME CNAME ONUM

rifkin cisneros 3001

Motika pereira 3002

13 rows selected.

3) Write a query that produces all customers serviced by salespeople with a

commission above 12%. Output the customer’s name, the salesperson’s name,
and the salesperson’s rate of commission.

OLD STYLE:
SELECT cname,
s.snum,
 comm*100 "RATE OF COMM."
FROM customers c,
salespeople s
WHERE c.snum=s.snum
AND comm>.12 ;

CNAME SNUM RATE OF COMM.

grass 1002 13
cisneros 1007 15
liu 1002 13

NEW STYLE:
SELECT cname,
snum,
comm*100 "RATE OF COMM."
FROM customers
JOIN salespeople USING (snum)
WHERE comm>.12;
CNAME SNUM RATE OF COMM.

grass 1002 13
cisneros 1007 15
liu 1002 13

4) Write a query that calculates the amount of the salesperson’s commission on each
order by a customer with a rating above 100.
SELECT amt,
comm
FROM salespeople
JOIN customers using(snum)
JOIN orders using(snum)
WHERE rating>100;

AMT COMM

18.69 .15
5160.45 .13
5160.45 .13
1098.16 .15
1713.23 .1
75.75 .13
75.75 .13
1309.95 .13
1309.95 .13

9 rows selected.

Assignment – 10

##Joining a Table to Itself.

1) Write a query that produces all pairs of salespeople who are living in the same
city.
Exclude combinations of salespeople with themselves as well as duplicate rows with
the order reversed.
SELECT m.sname,
n.sname,
 m.city
FROM salespeople m,
salespeople n
WHERE m.city=n.city
AND m.sname<n.sname;

SNAME SNAME CITY

Motika peel london

2) Write a query that produces the names and cities of all customers with the same
rating
as Hoffman.
SELECT cname,
city
FROM customers
WHERE rating =
(SELECT rating
FROM customers
WHERE cname='hoffman');

CNAME CITY

hoffman london
clemens london
pereira rome

Assignment – 11

##SubQueries.

1) Write a query that uses a subquery to obtain all orders for the customer named
Cisneros. Assume you do not know his customer number (cnum).
SELECT onum "ALL ORDERS",
cnum
FROM orders
WHERE cnum=
(SELECT cnum
FROM customers
WHERE cname='cisneros');

ALLORDERS CNUM

3001 2008
3006 2008

2) Write a query that produces the names and ratings of all customers who have
above-average orders.
SELECT cname,
rating
FROM customers
WHERE cnum IN
(SELECT cnum
FROM orders
WHERE amt >
(SELECT avg(amt)
 FROM orders));

CNAME RATING

liu 200
clemens 100

3) Write a query that selects the total amount in orders for each salesperson for
whom this total is greater than the amount of the largest order in the table.
SELECT sum(amt)
FROM orders
GROUP BY snum
HAVING sum(amt)>
(SELECT max(amt)
FROM orders);

SUM(AMT) 15382.07

Assignment – 12

##Using the operators ANY, ALL and SOME.

1) Write a query that selects all customers whose ratings are equal to or greater
than
ANY of Serres’.
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE rating >=ANY
( SELECT rating
FROM customers
WHERE snum IN
( SELECT snum
FROM salespeople
WHERE sname='serres' ) );

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2008 cisneros san jose 300 1007

2004 grass berliln 300 1002
2002 giovanni rome 200 1003
2003 liu san jose 200 1002

2) Write a query using ANY or ALL that will find all salespeople who have no
customers located in their city.
SELECT snum
FROM salespeople
WHERE (snum,
city) NOT IN
(SELECT snum,
city
FROM customers);

SNUM

1007
1004
1003

3) Write a query that selects all orders for amounts greater than any for the
customers in London.
SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE amt> ANY
( SELECT amt
FROM orders
WHERE cnum IN
( SELECT cnum
FROM customers
WHERE city='london' ) );

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3011 9891.88 06-OCT-90 2006 1001

3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3008 4723 05-OCT-90 2006 1001
3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90 2007 1004
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90 2004 1002
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007

7 rows selected.

4) Write the above query using MIN or MAX.

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE amt>
(SELECT min(amt)
FROM customers
NATURAL JOIN orders
WHERE city='london');

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90 2007 1004

3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3008 4723 05-OCT-90 2006 1001
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90 2004 1002
3011 9891.88 06-OCT-90 2006 1001

7 rows selected.

Assignment – 13

##Using the UNION clause.

1) Create a union of two queries that shows the names, cities, and ratings of all
customers. Those with rating of 200 or greater will also have the words “High
Rating”, while the others will have the words “Low Rating”.
SELECT cname,
city,
'HIGH RATING' RATING
FROM customers
WHERE rating>200
UNION
SELECT cname,
city,
'LOW RATING' RATING
FROM customers
WHERE rating <=200;

CNAME CITY RATING

cisneros san jose HIGH RATING

clemens london LOW RATING
giovanni rome LOW RATING
grass berliln HIGH RATING
hoffman london LOW RATING
liu san jose LOW RATING
pereira rome LOW RATING

7 rows selected.

2) Write a command that produces the name and number of each salesperson and
each customer with more than one current order. Put the results in alphabetical
order.
SELECT sname,
snum,
cname
FROM salespeople
JOIN customers using(snum)
WHERE snum IN
(SELECT snum
FROM customers
GROUP BY snum
HAVING count(snum)>1)
ORDER BY sname,
cname;

SNAME SNUM CNAME

Seel 1001 Clemens

Seel 1001 Hoffman
Serres 1002 G
Serres 1002 Liu

3) Form a union of three queries. Have the first select the snums of all
salespeople in
San Jose; the second, the cnums of all customers in San Jose; and the third the
onums of all orders on October 3. Retain duplicates between the last two queries
but eliminate any redundancies between either of them and the first.

(Note: in the sample tables as given, there would be no such redundancy. This is
besides the point.)
SELECT snum
FROM salespeople
WHERE city='san jose'
UNION
SELECT DISTINCT snum
FROM orders
WHERE snum IN
(SELECT snum
FROM orders
WHERE odate LIKE '03-OCT-%');

SNUM

1001
1002
1004
1007

Assignment – 14

##Inserting, Deleting, and Changing Field Values.

1) Write a command that puts the following values, in their given order, into the
salespeople table: city – San Jose, name – Blanco, comm – NULL, snum – 1100.
INSERT INTO salespeople (city,sname,comm,snum)
VALUES('San Jose',
'Blanco',
NULL,
1100);

--1 row created.

2) Write a command that removes all orders from customer Clemens from the
Orders table.
SELECT *
FROM orders;

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3001 18.69 03-OCT-90 2008 1007

3003 767.19 03-OCT-90 2001 1001
3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90 2007 1004
3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3007 75.75 04-OCT-90 2004 1002
3008 4723 05-OCT-90 2006 1001
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90 2004 1002
3011 9891.88 06-OCT-90 2006 1001

10 rows selected.
DELETE
FROM orders
WHERE cnum IN
(SELECT cnum
FROM customers
WHERE cname='Clemens');

--2 rows deleted.

SELECT *
FROM orders;
ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3001 18.69 03-OCT-90 2008 1007

3003 767.19 03-OCT-90 2001 1001
3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90 2007 1004
3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3007 75.75 04-OCT-90 2004 1002
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90 2004 1002

8 rows selected.

ROLLBACK TO savepoint a;

--Rollback complete.
SELECT *
FROM orders;

ONUM AMT ODATE CNUM SNUM

3001 18.69 03-OCT-90 2008 1007

3003 767.19 03-OCT-90 2001 1001
3002 1900.1 03-OCT-90 2007 1004
3005 5160.45 03-OCT-90 2003 1002
3006 1098.16 03-OCT-90 2008 1007
3009 1713.23 04-OCT-90 2002 1003
3007 75.75 04-OCT-90 2004 1002
3008 4723 05-OCT-90 2006 1001
3010 1309.95 06-OCT-90 2004 1002
3011 9891.88 06-OCT-90 2006 1001

10 rows selected.

3) Write a command that increases the rating of all customers in Rome by 100.\
SELECT *
FROM customers;

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2001 Hoffman London 100 1001

2002 Giovanni Rome 200 1003
2004 Grass Berliln 300 1002
2006 Clemens London 100 1001
2008 Cisneros San Jose 300 1007
2007 Pereira Rome 100 1004
2003 Liu San Jose 200 1002

7 rows selected.

savepoint a;

--Savepoint created.

UPDATE customers
SET rating=rating+100;
 --7 rows updated.

SELECT *
FROM Customers;

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2001 Hoffman London 200 1001

2002 Giovanni Rome 300 1003
2004 Grass Berliln 400 1002
2006 Clemens London 200 1001
2008 Cisneros San Jose 400 1007
2007 Pereira Rome 200 1004
2003 Liu San Jose 300 1002

7 rows selected.

ROLLBACK TO savepoint a;

--Rollback complete.

SELECT *
FROM customers;

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2001 Hoffman London 100 1001

2002 Giovanni Rome 200 1003
2004 Grass Berliln 300 1002
2006 Clemens London 100 1001
2008 Cisneros San Jose 300 1007
2007 Pereira Rome 100 1004
2003 Liu San Jose 200 1002

7 rows selected.

4) Salesperson Serres has left the company. Assign her customers to Motika.
UPDATE customers
SET snum=
(SELECT snum
FROM salespeople
WHERE sname='serres')
WHERE snum =
(SELECT snum
FROM salespeople
WHERE sname='Motika');

--1 row updated.

Assignment – 15

##Using Subqueries with DML Commands.

1) Assume there is a table called Multicust, with all of the same column
definitions
as Salespeople. Write a command that inserts all salespeople with more than one
customer into this table.
CREATE TABLE Multicast AS
SELECT *
FROM salespeople
WHERE snum IN
(SELECT snum
FROM customers
GROUP BY snum
HAVING count(snum)>1);

--2 rows created.

SELECT *
FROM multicust;
SNUM SNAME CITY COMM

1001 Peel London .12

1002 Serres San Jose .13

2) Write a command that deletes all customers with no current orders.

INSERT INTO customers
VALUES(2012,
'rakesh',
'bikaner',
500,
1005);

--1 row created.

DELETE customers
WHERE cnum=ANY
(SELECT cnum
FROM orders
WHERE cnum NOT IN
(SELECT cnum
FROM customers));

--1 rows deleted.

3) Write a command that increases by twenty percent the commissions of all

salespeople with total current orders above Rs. 3,000.
SELECT *
FROM salespeople;

SNUM SNAME CITY COMM

1001 Peel London .12

1002 Serres San Jose .13
1004 Motika London .11
1007 Rifkin Barcelona .15
1003 Axelrod Newyork .1

UPDATE salespeople
SET comm=comm*1.20
WHERE snum IN
(SELECT snum
FROM orders
WHERE amt>300);
 --5 rows updated.

SELECT *
FROM salespeople;

SNUM SNAME CITY COMM

1001 Peel London .14

1002 Serres San Jose .16
1004 Motika London .13
1007 Rifkin Barcelona .18
1003 Axelrod Newyork .12

Assignment – 16

##Creating Tables and Indexes.

1) Write a command that will enable a user to pull orders grouped by date out of
the
Orders table quickly.
SQL>
CREATE INDEX d_order ON orders(odate);

--Index created.

2) If the Orders table has already been created, how can you force the onum field
to
be unique (assume all current values are unique)?
DESCRIBE orders;

Name Null? Type

ONUM NUMBER(4)
AMT NUMBER(7,2)
ODATE DATE
CNUM NUMBER(4)
SNUM NUMBER(4)

ALTER TABLE orders MODIFY onum CONSTRAINT o_pk PRIMARY KEY;

--Table altered.
DESCRIBE orders;

Name Null? Type

ONUM NOT NULL NUMBER(4)

AMT NUMBER(7,2)
ODATE DATE
CNUM NUMBER(4)
SNUM NUMBER(4)

3) Create an index that would permit each salesperson to retrieve his or her orders
grouped by date quickly.'
CREATE INDEX I_DATE ON orders(odate);
4) Let us suppose that each salesperson is to have only one customer of a given
rating, and that this is currently the case. Enter a command that enforces it.
ALTER TABLE customers MODIFY rating PRIMARY KEY;

Assignment – 17

##Constraining the Values of your data.

1) Create the Orders table so that all onum values as well as all combinations of
cnum and snum are different from one another, and so that NULL values are
excluded from the date field.

composit key:
CREATE TABLE orders1 ( onum number(4), cnum number(4), sname number(4), odate date
NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT p_k_1 PRIMARY key(onum,cnum,sname) );

--Table created.

2) Create the Salespeople table so that the default commission is 10% with no
NULLS permitted, snum is the primary key, and all names fall alphabetically
between A and M, inclusive (assume all names will be uppercase).
CREATE TABLE salespeople1 ( comm number(3) DEFAULT 10, snum number(4) PRIMARY KEY,
sname varchar2(10) check(substr(upper(sname),1,1) BETWEEN 'A' AND 'B') );

--Table created.

INSERT INTO salespeople1

VALUES (20,
1212,
'www');

INSERT INTO salespeople1

VALUES (20,
1212,
'www')

3) Create the Orders table, making sure that the onum is greater than the cnum, and
the cnum is greater that the snum. Allow no NULLS in any of these three fields.
CREATE TABLE orders12 ( onum number(4), amt number(7,2), odate date, cnum
number(4), snum number(4), CONSTRAINT on_cn_sn check(cnum>cnum

AND cnum>snum) );

--Table created.

INSERT INTO orders12

VALUES(10,
10,
'12-jan-1990',
10,
10);

INSERT INTO orders12

VALUES(10,
10,
'12-jan-1990',
10,
 10) --*
--ERROR at line 1:
--ORA-02290: check constraint (ORAD178.ON_CN_SN) violated

Assignment – 18

##Maintaining the Integrity of your Data.

1) Create a table called Cityorders. This will contain the same onum, amt and snum
fields as the Orders table, and the same cnum and city fields as the Customers
table, so that each customer’s order will be entered into this table along with his
or her city. Onum will be the primary key of Cityorders. All of the fields in
Cityorders will be constrained to match the Customers and Orders tables. Assume
the parent keys in these tables already have the proper constraints.
CREATE TABLE cityorders
SELECT onum,
amt,
snum,
cunu,
city
FROM orders
NATURAL JOIN customers;

ALTER TABLE cityorders ADD CONSTRAINT onum_fk

FOREIGN key(onum) REFERENCES orders(onum);

DESC cityorders;

Name Null? Type

ONUM NOT NULL NUMBER(4)

AMT NUMBER(7,2)
SNUM NUMBER(4)
CNUM NUMBER(4)
CITY VARCHAR2(10)

2) Redefine the Orders table as follows:- add a new column called prev,

which will identify, for each order, the onum of the previous order for that
current
customer.

Implement this with a foreign key referring to the Orders table itself.

The foreign key should refer as well to the cnum of the customer,

providing a definite enforced link between the current order and the one
referenced.
ALTER TABLE cityorders ADD
FOREIGN key(cnum) REFERENCES customers(cnum);

-- Table altered.

ALTER TABLE copy_orders ADD

FOREIGN key(prev) REFERENCES copy_orders(onum);
 -- Table altered.

Remember :

use add constraint instead of modify

To rename a table name: Rename <old_table> to <new_table_name>

To rename a column name: alter table cityorders rename column onum to nonum;

When join two table using natural join you can’t use alias in the where condithon.

Aggregate function generally allowed in where clause it can be used with having in.

To find out how many constraints are available you can check the user_constraint
dictionary by following query
SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME
FROM user_constraints;

To delete a constraint you cannot delete from the user_dictionary you have to write
ALTER TABLE <TABLE_NAME>
DROP CONSTRAINT <CONSTRAINT_NAME>

Assignment – 19

##Views.

1) Create a view that shows all of the customers who have the highest ratings.
CREATE VIEW h_rated_cust AS
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE rating=
(SELECT max(rating)
FROM customers);

--View created.

SELECT *
FROM h_rated_cust;

CNUM CNAME CITY RATING SNUM

2004 Grass Berliln 300 1002

2008 Cisneros San Jose 300 1007

2) Create a view that shows the number of salespeople in each city.

SELECT *
FROM h_rated_cust;

CREATE VIEW tns_city AS

SELECT city,
count(city) "NO. OF SALES PEOPLE"
FROM salespeople
GROUP BY city;

--View created.
SELECT *
FROM tns_city;

CITY NO. OF SALES PEOPLE

LONDON 2
BARCELONA 1
SAN JOSE 1
SAN JOSE 1
NEWYORK 1

3) Create a view that shows the average and total orders for each salesperson after
his or her name. Assume all names are unique.
CREATE VIEW AV_TOT_SAL AS
SELECT sname,
avg(onum) AVERAGE,
count(onum) "TOTAL ORDERS"
FROM salespeople
JOIN orders using(snum)
GROUP BY sname;

--View created.
SELECT *
FROM AV_TOT_SAL;

SNAME AVERAGETOTAL ORDERS

Motika 3002 1
Axelrod 3009 1
Peel 3007.33333 3
Serres 3007.33333 3
Rifkin 3003.5 2

4) Create a view that shows each salesperson with multiple customers.

CREATE VIEW m_c AS
SELECT sname,
cname
FROM salespeople
JOIN customers USING (snum);

--View created.

SELECT *
FROM M_C;

SNAME CNAME

Peel Hoffman
Axelrod Giovanni
Serres Grass
Peel Clemens
Rifkin Cisneros
Serres Pereira
Serres Liu

7 rows selected.
HIERARCHICAL QUERY SOLUTION:-
SELECT deptno,
LTRIM(MAX(SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH (ename, ',')),',') EMP_STRING
FROM
(SELECT empno,
ename,
deptno,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY deptno
ORDER BY rownum) rn
FROM EMP) CONNECT BY deptno =
PRIOR deptno
AND rn =
PRIOR rn+1
START WITH rn =1
GROUP BY deptno
ORDER BY deptno;

DEPTNO EMP_STRING

10 CLARK,KING,MILLER
20 SMITH,JONES,SCOTT,ADAMS,FORD
30 ALLEN,WARD,MARTIN,BLAKE,TURNER,JAMES

Assignment – 20

##Changing Values through Views.

1) Which of these views are updateable (will allow DML operations)?

1
CREATE VIEW Dailyorders AS
SELECT DISTINCT cnum,
snum,
onum,
odate
FROM Orders;
ans: yes

2
CREATE VIEW Custotals AS
SELECT cname,
SUM (amt) Sum_Amt
FROM Orders,
Customers
WHERE Orders.cnum=Customers.cnum
GROUP BY cname;
Ans:

Views are note updatable which consists of join.

3
CREATE VIEW Thirdorders AS
SELECT *
FROM Dailyorders
WHERE odate=’03-OCT-1990’;
Ans:
 not updatable due to distinct keyword in dailyorders;

4
CREATE VIEW Nullcities AS
SELECT snum,
sname,
city
FROM Salespeople
WHERE city IS NULL
OR sname BETWEEN ‘A’ AND ‘M’;
ans: yes

2) Create a view of the Salespeople table called Commissions. This view will
include only the snum and comm fields. Through this view, someone could enter
or change commissions, but only to values between .10 and .20.
CREATE VIEW commission AS
SELECT snum,
comm
FROM salespeople
WHERE comm BETWEEN .10 AND .20;

SELECT *
FROM commission;

SNUM COMM

1001 .12
1002 .13
1004 .11
1007 .15
1003 .1

INSERT INTO commission

VALUES(3000,.4);

--1 row created.

SELECT *
FROM commission;

SNUM COMM

1001 .12
1002 .13
1004 .11
1007 .15
1003 .1

SELECT *
FROM salespeople;

SNUM SNAME CITY COMM

3000 .4
1001 peel london .12
1002 serres san jose .13
1004 Motika london .11
1007 rifkin barcelona .15
1003 axelrod newyork .1

3) Some SQL implementations have a built-in constant representing the current date,
sometimes called “CURDATE” or “SYSDATE”. The word CURDATE can
therefore be used in a SQL statement, and be replaced by the current date when
the value is accessed by commands such as Select or Insert. We will use a view of
the Orders table called Entryorders to insert rows into the Orders table. Create
the
Orders table, so that CURDATE is automatically inserted for odate if no value is
given. Then create the Entryorders view so that no values can be given.

Note:
Suppose if you have a view named view1 on table t
And if you apply another view on this view named view2
And now if you make update on view 2 then it will be made on the table t;

But remember if you have used distinct keyword in base view then the identifier in
view2
will be virtual view and they will not allow to update.

Assignment - 21

##Grant and Revoke.

1) Give Amit the right to change the ratings of the customers.

GRANT
UPDATE ON customers TO Amit ;

--Grant succeeded
REVOKE
UPDATE ON customers
FROM Amit ;

--Revoke succeeded.

2) Give Manoj the right to give other users the right to query the Orders table.
GRANT
SELECT ON orders TO Manoj WITH GRANT OPTION;

--Grant succeeded.
GRANT
SELECT ON Manoj.orders TO Seema;

--Grant succeeded.
GRANT
UPDATE ON Manoj.orders TO Seema;

--insufficient privileges

3) Take the INSERT privilege on Salespeople away from Ajita.

REVOKE
INSERT ON salespeople
FROM Ajita;

4) Grant Abhijeet the right to insert or update the Customers table while keeping
her
possible rating values in the range of 100 to 500.
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW range100 AS
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE rating BETWEEN 100 AND 500 WITH CHECK OPTION;

--View created.
GRANT
UPDATE ON range100 TO Ajita;

INSERT INTO range100

VALUES(3000,
'rakesh',
'bikaner',
700,
7888);

INSERT INTO range100

VALUES(3000,
'rakesh',
'bikaner',
700,
7888) -- *
--ERROR at line 1:
--ORA-01402: view WITH CHECK OPTION where-clause violation

5) Allow Vikram to query the Customers table, but restrict his access to those
customers whose rating is the lowest.
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW restrictmin AS
SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE rating NOT IN
(SELECT min(rating)
FROM customers);

--View created.
GRANT
SELECT ON restrictmin TO Vikaram;

Assignment –22

##Global Aspects of SQL.

1) Create a database space (tablespace) called “Myspace” and make it the default
tablespace for Parag’s tables.
CREATE tablespace Myspace datafile 'd:mytablespace' autoextend OFF;

CREATE USER Parag idntied BY pass DEFAULT tablespace Myspace;

2) You have been granted SELECT on Ajita’s Orders table. Enter a command so that
you will be able to refer to this table as “Orders” without using the name “Ajita”
as a prefix.
CREATE DATABASE link eu_db CONNECT TO Ajita Identified BY rksuthar USING 'orcl';

3) If there is a power failure, what will happen to all changes contained in the
current
transaction?
If transaction is not commited or completed it will be rollbacked to previous
savepoint.

Assignment –23

##Keeping your Database in order.

1) Query the catalog to produce, for each table with more than 4 columns, the
table’s
name, the owner, and the names and datatypes of the columns.

2) Query the catalog to find out how many synonyms exist for each table in the
database. Remember that the same synonym owned by 2 different users are in
effect 2 different synonyms.

3) Find out how many tables have indexes on more than 50% of their columns.

Assignment -24
## some extra queries

1) Query to alter column's nullable property in sql

DECLARE l_nullable varchar2(1);

BEGIN
SELECT NULLABLE INTO l_nullable
FROM user_tab_columns
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'PV_REPORT_DETAILS'
AND COLUMN_NAME = 'FEED_ID';

IF l_nullable = 'Y' THEN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'alter table PV_REPORT_DETAILS modify

(Feed_ID not null)';

END IF;

SELECT NULLABLE INTO l_nullable

FROM user_tab_columns
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'PV_REPORT_DETAILS'
AND COLUMN_NAME = 'CURRENT_RUN_ID';

IF l_nullable = 'Y' THEN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'alter table PV_REPORT_DETAILS modify

(Current_Run_ID not null)';

END IF;

SELECT NULLABLE INTO l_nullable

FROM user_tab_columns
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'PV_REPORT_DETAILS'
AND COLUMN_NAME = 'PREVIOUS_RUN_ID';

IF l_nullable = 'Y' THEN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'alter table PV_REPORT_DETAILS modify

(Previous_Run_ID not null)';
END IF;

END;