UNIT 3 DEVELOPING INTERNET OF THINGS

UNIT 3
Developing Internet of Things
IoT Design Methodology
• IoT Design Methodology that includes:

• Purpose & Requirements Specification

• Process Specification

• Domain Model Specification

• Information Model Specification

• Service Specifications

• IoT Level Specification

• Functional View Specification

• Operational View Specification

• Device & Component Integration

• Application Development

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IoT Design Methodology - Steps

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Step 1: Purpose & Requirements Specification

The first step in IoT system design methodology is to define the purpose and requirements of
the system. In this step, the system purpose, behavior and requirements (such as data collection
requirements, data analysis requirements, system management requirements, data privacy and
security requirements, user interface requirements, ...) are captured.

Step 2: Process Specification

The second step in the IoT design methodology is to define the process specification. In this
step, the use cases of the IoT system are formally described based on and derived from the purpose
and requirement specifications.

Step 3: Domain Model Specification

The third step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Domain Model. The domain
model describes the main concepts, entities and objects in the domain of IoT system to be
designed. Domain model defines the attributes of the objects and relationships between objects.
Domain model provides an abstract representation of the concepts, objects and entities in the IoT
domain, independent of any specific technology or platform. With the domain model, the IoT
system designers can get an understanding of the IoT domain for which the system is to be
designed.

Step 4: Information Model Specification

The fourth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Information Model.
Information Model defines the structure of all the information in the IoT system, for example,
attributes of Virtual Entities, relations, etc. Information model does not describe the specifics of
how the information is represented or stored. To define the information model, we first list the
Virtual Entities defined in the Domain Model. Information model adds more details to the Virtual
Entities by defining their attributes and relations.

Step 5: Service Specifications

The fifth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the service specifications.
Service specifications define the services in the IoT system, service types, service inputs/output,
service endpoints, service schedules, service preconditions and service effects.

Step 6: IoT Level Specification

The sixth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the IoT level for the system. In Chapter-
1, we defined five IoT deployment levels

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Step 7: Functional View Specification

The seventh step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Functional View. The
Functional View (FV) defines the functions of the IoT systems grouped into various Functional
Groups (FGs). Each Functional Group either provides functionalities for interacting with instances
of concepts defined in the Domain Model or provides information related to these concepts.

Step 8: Operational View Specification

The eighth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Operational View
Specifications. In this step, various options pertaining to the IoT system deployment and operation
are defined, such as, service hosting options, storage options, device options, application hosting
options, etc

Step 9: Device & Component Integration

The ninth step in the IoT design methodology is the integration of the devices and
components.

Step 10: Application Development

The final step in the IoT design methodology is to develop the IoT application.

Home Automation Case Study

Step:1 - Purpose & Requirements

Applying this to our example of a smart home automation system, the purpose and requirements
for the system may be described as follows:

1.Purpose : A home automation system that allows controlling of the lights in a home remotely
using a web application.

2.Behavior : The home automation system should have auto and manual modes. In auto mode, the
system measures the light level in the room and switches on the light when it gets dark. In manual
mode, the system provides the option of manually and remotely switching on/off the light.

3.System Management Requirement : The system should provide remote monitoring and control
functions.

4.Data Analysis Requirement : The system should perform local analysis of the data.

5.Application Deployment Requirement : The application should be deployed locally on the

device, but should be accessible remotely.

6.Security Requirement : The system should have basic user authentication capability.

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Step:2 - Process Specification

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Step 3: Domain Model Specification

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Step 4: Information Model Specification

Step 5: Service Specifications

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Step 6: IoT Level Specification

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Step 7: Functional View Specification

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Step 8: Operational View Specification

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Step 9: Device & Component Integration

Step 10: Application Development

• Auto: Controls the light appliance automatically based on the lighting conditions in the
room
• Light:
When Auto mode is off, it is used for manually controlling the light appliance
When Auto mode is on, it reflects the current state of the light appliance.

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Implementation: RESTful Web Service

REST services implemented with Django REST Framework

Map services to models. Model fields store the states (on/off, auto/manual)

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Screenshot of browsable State REST API

Screenshot of browsable Mode REST API

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Implementation: Controller Native Service

Native service deployed locally

code

Finally - Integrate the System

Setup the device

Deploy and run the REST and Native services

Deploy and run the Application

Setup the database

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Case study of weather monitering system
The system proposed in this paper is an advanced solution for monitoring the weather
conditions at a particular place and make the information visible anywhere in the world. The
technology behind this is Internet of Things (IoT), which is an advanced and efficient solution
for connecting the things to the internet and to connect the entire world of things in a network.
Here things might be whatever like electronic gadgets, sensors and automotive electronic
equipment. The system deals with monitoring and keeps track of temperature, humidity, wind
speed and direction, rainfall amount etc. The system displays these readings in real time on a
display. It also keeps track of historical information on an hourly and daily basis. This data can
be display on LCD and sends the information to the web page and then plot the sensor data as
graphical statistics. The data updated from the implemented system can be accessible in the
internet from anywhere in the world.

The system monitors the weather conditions and updates the information to the web page.
The reason behind sending the data to the web page is to maintain the weather conditions of a
particular place can be known anywhere in the world. The weather condition is also displayed on
the systems LCD. The system consist of Temperature and Humidity sensor combined which is
Hygroclip, wind direction sensor which is Potentiometric wind vane, wind speed sensor which is
Three Cup chopper Anemometer and rain quantity sensor which is Rain Gauge. This sensors are
standard sensors which are used in IMD (India Meteorological Department) for weather
forecasting. We get all this sensors from IMD, Pune. All this sensors can measure the
corresponding weather parameter. The system is intended to use in hill station large residential
buildings and manufacturing industries. The system is including with a microcontroller to
process all the operations of the sensors and other peripherals.

1. System Architecture
The implemented system consists of a microcontroller (LPC2138) as a main processing unit
for the entire system and all the sensor and devices can be connected with the microcontroller.

Fig-1: Block Diagram of IoT based

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The sensors can be operated by the microcontroller to retrieve the data from them and it
processes the analysis with the sensor data and updates it to the internet through GPRS module
connected to it. In the above block diagram, there it is showing the main elements in the proposed
system.
LPC2138
A 128-bit wide memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code
execution at maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb
mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty.
GPRS Module
SIM800L is a quad-band GSM/GPRS module, that works on frequencies GSM850MHz,
EGSM900MHz, DSC1800Mhz and PCS1900MHz. SIM800L features GPRS multi-slot class 12 /
class 10 ( optional ) and supports the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4. With a
tiny configuration of 15.8*17.8*2.4mm, SIM800L can meet almost all the space requirements in
user applications, such as smart phone, PDA and other mobile devices. SIM800L has 88pin pads
of LGA packaging, and provides all hardware interfaces between the module and customers’
boards.

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The system functionality includes the working process of the entire system after
integrating all the peripherals along with software. The system works in three phases, one is
reading the data from the sensors, and another one the data stored in EEPROM and finally one is
sending the data to the server (web page).
The output of sensors some of them are analog and some are directly gives the digital
output. The analog output of sensors through the ADC converted into digital form. This part of
process done by the data acquisition block of our system. Gathering all this data in EEPROM
through microcontroller. The obtained sensor values will be displayed on LCD and sent to the
server and a plot can be drawn in the channel by considering the given sensor values as Y axis and
time and date as X axis. The only limitation in updating the values is on wed page can be updated
once for 10 minutes.

The research and implementation of a system for monitoring the environmental

parameters using IoT scenario is accomplished. The system provides a low power solution for

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establishing a weather station.

Case studies illustration to IOT design

Nowadays many researchers are contributing their research in the field of Internet on
Things (IoT), since it is important and attractive technology. IoT means communication between
Human to Device or Device to Device, anywhere in real time. This communication takes place
with the help of different smart sensors which are connected via internet. In the IoT infrastructure
different devices can sense, analyse, transmit and store all the data on cloud. For short distance
communication medium can be RFID, ZigBee, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. Similarly, for long distance
communication GSM, 3G and LTE nothing but 4G can be used. In this paper we review on current
state of research on IoT, a concept of few IoT applications, challenges and future scope of IoT in
detail by surveying the literature.

We cannot imagine our life without internet because Internet has an impact on our day to
day personal and social life, including education, business, government sectors. Now a days
Internet of things is new and promising concept because internet itself is powerful and useful
creation. IoT enabled things will provide the current status of surrounding atmosphere or the
condition of “things” and notify to the users .

The first application of an IoT was developed in the early 1980s. Internet was connected to
the refrigeration device which contains Coca-Cola, placed at the Carnegie Melon University. Local
programmers were checked to find out if there was a cold drink available or not .

Generally we can say that the IoT consists of any device or machine which can be ON/OFF
using internet connection. This can be achieved by tagging the devices using RFID, digital
watermarking, quick response codes etc. Smart city, smart health, smart energy and smart mobility
are the examples of the IoT application areas.

Urban living already facing the challenges in their daily routine. Therefore, proper solution
is required for decent living and suitable city development. On the other hand, the continuos
development is going on in the field of information and communications technologies (ICT) and
the power of the Internet may help us to simplify our daily life [3]. The future of modern wireless
communication will overcome all the limitations of traditional communication. Many researchers
have been mentioned in their articles, more than 100 billion things will be connected electronically
with the internet by the year 2020

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Framework for IoT proposes direct Machine to Machine communication over the internet. In that
case, the main issue is the heterogeneous environment, means different kinds of sensors are
connected to the network are having different language is one of the main challenges in IoT
implementation . Similarly, researchers have to give more focus on the size of infrastructure, self-
organizing network, large data handling, privacy/security/authentication of data and power
consumption by devices. While Designing the IoT Standards designer should give more focus on
the parameters such as, the efficient use of energy and power consumption, network capacity.
Compared with internet which has realized the communication between computers and smart
devices, IoT mainly enables the “things” to communicate to each other. Those things work as the
antenna of the IoT system and form the foundation of various intelligent applications. How to
realize the unified access to the IoT for various

“things” is a main key issue .

The objective of this review paper is to highlight the significant research area of IoT in form of the
case study of the application of IoT and its challenges and recent developments.

Smart Home
New technological revolution comes in our lifestyle i.e. Smart Home. Home becomes a smart when
it consists of fully automation for a home appliance. Smart Home automation consists of the
control and automation of home appliances such as lights, fans, washer, dryers, refrigerators,
heaters, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and security systems using the internet . Wi-Fi,
Zigbee are often used for remote monitoring and control . To implement such kind of
infrastructure, we have to use smart sensors, switches central gateway, controller mobile phone

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tablet of a web interface, Which will collect the information, transmit the information over internet
and process the information using some intelligent processing algorithms

In Smart home various sensors are placed in different rooms like kitchen, bedroom, leaving
room and bathroom. Real-time data collected from these sensors will be uploaded on the cloud.
Once data will be available on to the cloud it can be accessed by different web browsers on
terminal devices like mobile or laptop

Wireless transmission purpose various protocols are available depending upon requirement
one can choose IEEE802.15, CAN, I2C or Ethernet Interface. The wireless medium controller is
responsible for entire data routing. In the work proposed by the current state of research of smart
home is to cover a wide range of with the help of Artificial Intelligence (AI). These systems must
be able to interface with more than hundred plus sensors.

In addition, they to be able to deal with big and rich data, which is very challenging for the
AI-based systems. These need to be able to learn activities from user’s beha- viour i.e. when the
user moves around and perform actions within a smart home. The smart homes are building blocks
for future smart cities. The individual smart home is equipped with advanced AI system, which
controls and processes home services. By combining AAI system using 5G to access the IoT is
future of Smart home perhaps smart cities.

Smart Cities
IOT and smart cities have attracted attention from academia and industry for decades. Actually,
there is no specific definition or standards for a smart city. In general, we can say that a smart city
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is comprised of innovation to improve quality of life efficiency of urban operations and services
which we improve present and future lifestyles with respect to economic, social and environmental
aspects.

Fig. 3. Smart city

To develop infrastructure for any smart city, systematic planning is required at every stage.
Another important thing which is require to implement the internet of things technology in smart
city are support from public and administration of city. Cities can be improved in many levels by
improving infrastructure of public trans- portation reducing traffic congestion and keeping citizens
safe healthy and more engaged in the community .

Smart infrastructure consists of smart people, the smart living which comprises of

1. Smart Water Supply 2. Smart Waste Management 3. Smart Health 4. Smart Energy

5. Smart Governance 6. Smart Environment 7. Smart Transport etc.

There are various stages of developing smart cities. In the first stage, the important
requirement of designing future smart cities are Sensors, Network Gateways, Com- munication
Infrastructure and Servers or Clouds .

The very first element of design of future smart cities is the sensors. Sensors continuously
monitor the condition of utilities and capture real-time data for different smart city pillars like
Smart water supply management, Waste management, Smart Grid, Smart transport etc.

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The second element is Network Gateways; which will combine real-time data from various
sensors and perform local analysis based on the result also take localized action to prevent possible
faults from further propagating into the network .

Third and fourth elements are Communication Infrastructure to connect different gateways to
server or cloud for transmitting, analysing and storing real time. Also it will remove unwanted data
and provide useful information through various channels .

Smart Agriculture
In last decade precision agriculture using wireless sensor network was the popular
concept but now when the entire world is moving toward IoT infrastructure, agriculture field
is also switches to modern technology (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Smart agriculture

Only Monitoring the environmental parameters are not the complete solution to increase
the production of crops. Attacks on insects and pets, attacks of wild animal and birds that
decrease the productivity to a greater extent. So in order to solve all such problems, it is
necessary to develop smart system which will take care of all factors affecting the
productivity in every stage .
The current scenario of water sources is a serious problem such as drying up of rivers
and de-creasing quantity water from tanks, unpredictable environment condition is an urgent
need to take action on proper utilization of water .
To cope up with this water problem is required to design a system which uses
temperature and moisture sensor at suitable locations for monitoring of crops. The system
can be powered by solar panels. Data transmission takes place. This system monitored data,
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analyzed and irrigation scheduled to be programmed through a web page .
The Smart agriculture System consists of microcontroller based gateway to control water
quantity by defining threshold values of temperature and soil moisture in the program .
The proposed system will become more well-organized and useful for the society.
Accurate weather forecast can help better decision making in supplying water and reducing
water wastage .
Fultilizer can be supplied to the land precisely if soil nutrition measuring device can be installed.
Using this system, one can save several resources such as manpower, fertilizer, water to improve
production and ultimately increase profit. The IoT based irrigation system is feasible and cost-
effective for optimizing water resources for agricultural production. The suggested system would
provide feedback control system which will take the proper action on all the activities of plant
growth and irrigation system efficiently

Smart Health
Now a day IoT based Smart health system is very popular concept. In this system,
patients can communicate with Doctor using devices having Internet facility. This health
care system consists of software and devices to detect and analyse the health problem.
Also proposed system will store all the medical records of patients .
Various sensors are attached to the human body to monitor and control the physical
parameters like BP Monitor, Glucose Monitor, ECG Monitor etc. . In IoT based health
care system Physiological parameters of patients will be captured and analyse the
patient’s health issue, then these information will be passed to Doctor using secure
wireless channel. So that Doctor can make appropriate smart health recommendations .

Services Under Smart Health

Smart Medicine: In case of emergency a primary care could be handled efficiently using
smart medicine. The Patient who is in the remote location treated by Doctor.
Smart Monitoring: A patient’s data collected and transmitted using health monitoring
system for remote testing and diagnosis using IoT. This is also called as e-monitoring
services, which consist of SMS alerts or emergency calling to patient’s relative, Doctors
and Caretakers (Fig. 5).

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Fig. 5. Smart healthcare

Smart Surgery: In this service, the surgeon can perform an operation on a patient from a
distant location using Robotics technology or video conferencing. This system can be
supported by IoT technology.
Remote Medical Education: The main cause of bad health issue is maximum people don’t have
access of good medical facilities and continuos monitoring in case of critical health situation.
Medical education is one of the solutions to such problems. In this healthcare service, Medical
education is provided to the community or targeted groups from a geographically different location
using the IoT system

Conclusion

Advanced techniques are introduced in electronics world such as sophistication in

sensing, actuation, communications, in creating knowledge. Controlling and monitor-
ing from large amounts of data IoT implementation becomes flexible and popular. As
every coin has two faces so does another side of IoT which will cause a little disruption in
matters such as over-dependence of us on technology and loss of jobs for humans. But
note that many exciting and challenging directions are still remaining for future rese

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IoT casestudy for cities
IoT-enabled smart city use cases span multiple areas: from contributing to a healthier
environment and improving traffic to enhancing public safety and optimizing street lighting.
Below, we provide an overview of the most popular use cases that are already implemented in
smart cities across the globe.

Here is a six-step implementation model to follow for creating an efficient and scalable
IoT architecture for a smart city.

Stage 1: basic IoT-based smart city platform

To be able to scale, smart city implementation should start with designing a basic architecture –
it will serve as a springboard for future enhancements and allow adding new services without
losing functional performance. A basic IoT solution for smart cities includes four components:

• The network of smart things

A smart city – as any IoT system – uses smart things equipped with sensors and actuators. The
immediate goal of sensors is to collect data and pass it to a central cloud management
platform. Actuators allow devices to act - alter the lights, restrict the flow of water to the pipe
with leakage, etc.

• Gateways

Any IoT system comprises two parts – a “tangible” part of IoT devices and network nodes and a
cloud part. The data cannot simply pass from one part to the other. There must be doors – field
gateways. Field gateways facilitate data gathering and compression by preprocessing and
filtering data before moving it to the cloud. The cloud gateway ensures secure data transmission
between field gateways and the cloud part of a smart city solution.

• Data lake

The main purpose of a data lake is to store data. Data lakes preserve data in its raw state. When
the data is needed for meaningful insights, it’s extracted and passed over to the big data
warehouse.

• Big data warehouse

A big data warehouse is a single data repository. Unlike data lakes, it contains only structured
data. Once the value of data has been defined, it’s extracted, transformed and loaded into the big
data warehouse. Moreover, it stores contextual information about connected things, e.g., when
sensors were installed, as well as the commands sent to devices’ actuators by control
applications.

Stage 2: Monitoring and basic analytics

With data analytics, it is possible to monitor devices’ environment and set rules for control
applications (we cover them at stage 4) to carry out a particular task.

For example, analyzing the data from soil moisture sensors deployed across a smart park,
cities can set rules for the electronic valves to close or open based on the identified moisture
level. The data collected with sensors can be visualized on a single platform dashboard, allowing
users to know the current state of each park zone.

Stage 3: Deep analytics

Processing IoT-generated data, city administrations can go beyond monitoring & basic
analytics and identify patterns and hidden correlations in sensor data. Data analytics uses
advanced techniques like machine learning (ML) and statistical analysis. ML algorithms analyze
historical sensor data stored in the big data warehouse to identify trends and create predictive
models based on them. The models are used by control applications that send commands to IoT
devices’ actuators. Here is how it applies in practice.

Unlike a traditional traffic light that is programmed to display a particular signal for a
definite period, a smart traffic light can adapt signal timings to the traffic scenario. ML
algorithms are applied to historical sensor data to reveal traffic patterns and adjust signal timings,
helping to improve average vehicle speed and avoid congestions.

Stage 4: Smart control

Control applications ensure better automation of smart city objects by

sending commands to their actuators. Basically, they “tell” actuators what to do to solve a
particular task. There are rule-based and ML-based control applications. Rules for rule-based
control applications are defined manually, while ML-based control applications use models
created by ML algorithms. These models are identified based on data analysis; they are tested,
approved and regularly updated.

Stage 5: Instant interacting with citizens via user applications

Along with the possibility of automated control, there should always be an option for
users to influence the behavior of smart city applications (for example, in case of emergency).
This task is carried out by user applications.

User applications allow citizens to connect to the central smart city management platform
to monitor and control IoT devices, as well as receive notifications and alerts. For example, using
GPS data from drivers’ smartphones, a smart traffic management solution identifies a traffic jam.
To prevent even bigger congestion, the solution automatically sends a notification to the drivers
in the area, encouraging them to take a different route.

At the same time, employees at a traffic control center who use a desktop user app
receive a ‘congestion alert.’ To relieve the congestion and re-route part of the traffic, they send a
command to the traffic lights’ actuators to alter the signals.

Stage 6: Integrating several solutions

Achieving “smartness” is not a one-time action – it is a continuous process.

Implementing IoT-based smart city solutions today, municipalities should think of services they
might like to implement tomorrow. It implies not only increasing the number of sensors but,
more importantly, the number of functions. Let’s illustrate this functional scalability with the
example of a smart city solution for traffic monitoring.

A city deploys a traffic management solution to detect traffic jams in real time and
manage traffic lights to reduce traffic in the areas with intensive traffic. After some time, the city
decides to ensure city traffic doesn’t harm the environment and integrates the traffic management
solution with a smart air quality monitoring solution. Cross-solution integration allows
controlling both traffic and air quality in the city dynamically.

For that, traffic lights or street lights along the roads can be equipped with sensors that
monitor air quality. Sensors measure the amount of CO, NO, and NO2 in the air and pass data
records to a central air quality management platform for processing. If the amount of harmful
gases in the air is critical, control applications apply rules or use models to take an output action,
e.g., ‘alter traffic lights.’ Before that, there is a need to make sure that altering traffic lights won’t
cause accidents or blockages in other areas. It is possible due to the integration of the traffic
management solution to the air quality management solution. The traffic management platform
performs real-time analysis and identifies if it is possible to alter the traffic lights. If altering the
lights is acceptable, control applications send a command to the traffic lights’ actuators, which
execute the command.
Adapting IoT implementation strategy to the city size

Iterative approach can be leveraged in cities of different sizes. In larger ones, it helps to
deal with the scale and complexity of implementation; in smaller ones, it helps to reduce
investments in smart solutions and use constrained infrastructure resources more reasonably.
However, starting a smart project in a smaller city, municipalities have some more points to
consider.

On the way to smartness, midsized and small cities face many barriers, including
budgetary and procurement shortages, limited resources for public services, under-resourced IT
infrastructure, etc. However, it doesn’t mean a smaller city cannot be a smart city.

Starting a smart initiative in a city of medium or small size, it makes sense to begin with
the projects that do not require huge investments and deliver tangible return on investments, such
as smart parking or waste management, and use the established infrastructure to implement new
services.

For example, the town of Vail, CO has less than 6,000 inhabitants but boasts an extensive
smart infrastructure. The town started smart city development with connected streetlights. Later,
they used the established infrastructure to broaden the range of services and topped it with smart
parking and irrigation systems.

To determine which applications are a good fit for smaller cities, we’ve analyzed them by
the volume of investments, required infrastructure, pay-off period, the visibility of benefits for
citizens and came up with the following table:
 Another non-trivial way to enhance the affordability and accessibility of smart
applications is sharing a common platform with a larger city. The cloud nature of IoT-enabled
smart city solutions is suitable for that. This way, smart city solutions of both large and smaller
smart cities are connected to and managed via a single cloud platform. By sharing the platform
based on open data, several smart cities form a common urban ecosystem. One of the examples
of such sharing is the Iberian Smart Cities Network, which currently includes 111 cities in
Portugal and Spain. The network comprises cities of different sizes, which cooperate in multiple
areas including smart energy, mobility, environment, and transport.