POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF TABACO

100, PANAL TABACO CITY

AY 2020-2021

COURSE CODE: NSTP2

COURSE DESCRIPTION: CWTS 2
CREDIT/UNITS: 3
SEMESTER: 2nd Semester
INSTRUCTOR: Bermundo, Nelrose Mae B.
CONSULTATION TIME:
CONSULTATION VENUE:
Week 1 & 2: Community & Community Dynamics
Community and its Five Functions
A community is a group of people in the same geographic area, under common laws, that has a sense of
fellowship, belonging, and obligation to the group. Types of communities are a neighbourhood, church, a mom's
group, a town, girl scouts etc. The community has five functions: production-distribution-consumption,
socialization, social control, social participation, and mutual support.

1. Production, Distribution, Consumption

The community provides its members with the means to make a living. This may be agriculture, industry, or
services. No community can survive if it does not provide some way for its people to make a living and obtain
the material resources that they need for living. This involves, first of all, the industrial sector (broadly
understood). Someone has to take raw material and fashion it into some sort of useful product. It is also the
transportation/warehousing/retail sector, since somehow the goods that are produced have to be moved to and
through the market. Finally, production and distribution are useless if there is no one to buy or use it, if there is
no “market.” When Henry Ford was criticized for paying his laborers the princely sum of $5 a day (a lot of money
in 1920), he replied that all those cars he was making were no good if no one could afford to buy them.

2. Socialization
The community has means by which it instils its norms and values in its members. This may be tradition,
modelling, and/or formal education. No community can survive if it does not arrange for its continuation. A way
must be found for children to learn what they will need to know to be adults; for workers to develop the
knowledge, skills and abilities to do their jobs; for in-migrants (whether they are from the neighboring State or
from across the ocean) to learn “how we do things here.”

3. Social Control
The community has the means to enforce adherence to community values. This may be group pressure to to
conform and/or formal laws. Communities are incredibly complex systems. For all those players (whether
human or corporate) are to move around and “do their thing,” there have to be “traffic rules” to keep them from
crashing into each other. Only the smallest part of social control is “busting bad guys”; much of it is an issue of
forming and enforcing contracts (mutual agreements
about who will do what to whom how and with what) and supporting the “social contract” (those “rules” of what is
expected of one that were learned through socialization). This function is also often referred to as “boundary
maintenance.”

4. Social Participation
The community fulfils the need for companionship. This may occur in a neighbourhood, church, business, or
other group. In part, it is through participation that much of those functions is accomplished.

5. Mutual Support
The community enables its members to cooperate to accomplish tasks too large or too urgent to be handled by
a single person. Supporting a community hospital with tax dollars and donations is an example of people
cooperating to accomplish the task of health care. Finally, one of the purposes of community is to “share the
journey,” and to motivate and encourage each other along the way
Community Networks and Community Development
Communities comprises of individuals, families, groups, organizations and institutions, all of which, both
individually and collectively, contribute to and effect the development of the whole.

How Community
Involvement
Influences
Socialization?

Physical Factors: Population, noise, community design/arrangement and of housing, play settings.
Is it safe to go out and ride a bike? Was it only safe to play inside? Is the
subway or bus the main transportation or is a personal car? Where does playing take
place, on the streets? In an enrichment class? All of these can affect the child's
socialization. It affects what they do, who they do it with, and where they do it- the
community.
Social and Personal Factors: The neighborhood setting, patterns of community interaction.
How do people interact with one another and build relationships? Do they do it at all? Are the people loving
and caring, or mean and neglectful? Are neighbors close or far apart? Again, the people in the community and
how they interact with one another is a socializing agent
The Community as a Support System
The community can serve as a support system for families. It can provide informal support, when families watch
each other’s children. Or it can be formal support, like when it helps family through publicly or privately funded
community services.
Preventative Services (Parks, recreation, and Education): These attempt to lessen the stresses and strains of
life resulting from social and technological changes and to avert problems. For example, parks and recreations
programs set up in rapidly developing urban areas are meant to be used by children in their free time to keep
them from engaging in bad behavior.
Supportive Services (Child and Family): These include educational programs, counselling services, health
services, policies related to demographic changes, employment training, and community development projects.
These services maintain the health, education, and welfare of the community.
Rehabilitative Services (Correction, Mental Health, and Special Needs): These services enable or restore
people's ability to participate in the community effectively.

II. STRUCTURES OF COMMUNITY

The social structure pertains to the interrelations of behaviours, roles, and statuses which constitute a stable
network of social interactions and relations (Delos Santos, 2017). What does this mean? The social structure
refers to the shared relationships within the community. The choices and actions of people in a community can
either contribute to its development or destruction.
The political structure is defined not just a by the government, but also by groups, other institutions, pressure
groups, social movements, and people as parts of the political landscape (Delos Santos, 2017). In the
Philippines, the barangay is the first level where people directly tell their concerns. It is where people can be
gathered together and does various projects. The barangay and its leaders work hand in hand for the
betterment of the community
The economic structure is a term that describes the system of production, distribution and consumption in a
community. The products, goods and services that are available in a community can greatly help its people.
Aside from social, political and economic structures, one must take a look at the environmental structures.
The environment plays an important role in our life. How’s our environment now? One cannot forget the typhoon
“Sendong” last December 2011 that struck Northern Mindanao. There were people killed, missing family
members, and destroyed homes. Everyone was affected. We cannot pin point whom to blame. But one thing is
for sure, each of us has the responsibility to take care of our environment.
III. DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITY

Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time. Sometimes these
changes are induced by environmental disturbances such as volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, fires, and climate
change.
Communities with a stable structure are said to be at equilibrium. Following a disturbance, the community
may or may not return to the equilibrium state. Communities are dynamic systems constantly interacting with
another system, the environment, which is equally dynamic. The community charges are gradual and
imperceptible at any time but easily recognizable if observed at regular intervals over a long period of time.
Seasonal changes in plant communities always occur at every place, particularly in areas where temperature
variation is significant. However, in course of very long period of time at many places the communities have
reached a peak stage and attained a dynamic balance with the environmental changes. The process of change
in communities and their environment at one place in the course of time is called “ecological succession”.
V. PROCESSES OF COMMUNITY
Community is a process. The importance of this as the fundamental principle of sociology it is impossible to
over- estimate. Physical science based on the study of function is a study of process. The Freudian psychology,
based on the study of the 'wish,' is preeminently a study of process and points towards new definitions of
personality, purpose, will, freedom. If we study community as a process, we reach these new definitions. For
community is a creative process. It is creative because it is a process of integrating. The Freudian psychology,
as interpreted and expanded by Holt,' gives us a clear exposition of the process of integrating in the individual. It
shows us that personality is produced through the integrating of 'wishes,' that is, courses of action which the
organism sets itself to carry out. The essence of the Freudian psychology is that two courses of action are not
mutually exclusive, that one does not 'suppress' the other. It shows plainly that to integrate is not to absorb, melt,
fuse, or to reconcile in the so-called Hegelian sense. The creative power of the individual appears not when one
'wish' dominates others, but when all 'wishes' unite
in a working whole.

Community Organization
Community organization refers to organizing aimed at making desired improvements to a community's
social health, well-being, and overall functioning. Community organization occurs in geographically,
psychosocially, culturally, spiritually, and/or digitally bounded communities.
Community organization includes community work,
community projects, community development,
community empowerment, community building, and
community mobilization. It is a commonly used model for
organizing community within community projects,
neighborhoods, organizations, voluntary associations,
localities, and social networks, which may operate as
ways to mobilize around geography, shared space,
shared experience, interest, need, and/or
concern.Community organization is a process by which a
community identifies needs or objectives, takes action,
and through this process, develops cooperative and
collaborative attitudes and practices within a community
Community development is a process where community members come together to take collective action and
generate solutions to common problems. Community well being (economic, social, environmental and cultural)
often evolves from this type of collective action being taken at a grassroots level. Community development
ranges from small initiatives within a small group to large initiatives that involve the broader community.
Effective community development should be:
a long-term endeavour
well-planned
inclusive and equitable
holistic and integrated into the bigger picture
initiated and supported by community members
of benefit to the community
grounded in experience that leads to best practices

Community development is a grassroots process by which communities:

become more responsible
organize and plan together
develop healthy lifestyle options
empower themselves
reduce poverty and suffering
create employment and economic opportunities
achieve social, economic, cultural and environmental goals

Community development seeks to improve quality of life. Effective community development results in mutual
benefit and shared responsibility among community members. Such development recognizes:
 the connection between social, cultural, environmental and economic matters;
 the diversity of interests within a community; and
 its relationship to building capacity.
Community development helps to build community capacity in order to address issues and take advantage of
opportunities, find common ground and balance competing interests. It doesn’t just happen – capacity building
requires both a conscious and a conscientious effort to do something (or many things) to improve the
community

Development

The term development often carries an assumption of growth and expansion. During the industrial era,
development was strongly connected to increased speed, volume and size. However, many people are
currently questioning the concept of growth for numerous reasons – a realization that more isn’t always better,
or an increasing respect for reducing outside dependencies and lowering levels of consumerism. So while the
term “development” may not always mean growth, it
always imply change.
The community development process takes charge of the conditions and factors that influence a
community and changes the quality of life of its members.
Community development is a tool for managing change but it is not:
 a quick fix or a short-term response to a specific issue within a community;
a process that seeks to exclude community members from participating; or
an initiative that occurs in isolation from other related community activities.
Community development is about community building as such, where the process is as important as the results.
One of the primary challenges of community development is to balance the need for long-term solutions with the
day-to-day realities that require immediate decision-making and short-term action.

Community Power
Power in a community is the ability to affect the decision-making process and the use of resources, both public
and private, within a community
What are the sources of Community Power? The eight sources of community power namely
a. Connections refer to the ability to build helpful relationships with other influential individuals,
families and organizations within a community.
b. Power in number is the support of the people in a community.
c. Rewards refer to the ability to give money, recognition, or gifts.
d. Personal traits is an individual’s creativity, charm, leadership abilities or some combination of
these characteristics can foster the respect and loyalty of others
e. Legitimate power is the position (office, title) of the leader in an institution or community.
f.
Expertise is the mastery of knowledge, skill, and talent, combined with respect for the skill.
g. Information refers to the ability to keep or share information.
h. Coercion is the attempt to influence others using force or manipulation.
Leadership
Leadership is not one shot deal. It undergoes a process of influencing the people around you. It is when a
certain person gains the confidence, trust, and support of others in achieving a certain goal. A person who
becomes a leader is a unique person. The leadership style one leader practices may be different from the other
leaders. Hence, we will be discovering nine leadership styles namely – Transformational, Transactional,
Servant, Autocratic, Laissez-faire, Democratic, Bureaucratic, Charismatic and Situational. Let us take a closer
look of each of the leadership styles.
a. Transformational Leadership is typically a leader who inspires staff through effective communication. This
means that the leader has a great impact on the life of his followers. This leadership style may help his/her
followers to change their ways of thinking, feeling and doing.
b. Transactional Leadership is a leadership style when leaders offer an exchange; they reward good
performances, while punishing bad practice. The leader gives something to his members as a consequence of
their actions. If members do well, then a reward awaits them but if it is not, expect for a punishment.
c. Servant Leadership prefers power-sharing models of authority, prioritising the needs of their team and
encouraging collective decision-making. The leader chooses to be with the team and for the team. He/she
would not step one foot ahead of his/her member. There is a tendency that some of his/her members would
overpower him/her.
d. Autocratic Leadership has significant control over staff and rarely considers worker suggestions or share
power. This means that the leader most of the time dictates and will act as a boss to his/her members without
considering the opinions of people around him. This leadership entails mere obedience to the leader.
e. Laissez-faire leadership is characterized by their hands off approach, allowing employees to get on with
tasks as they see fit. This tells us that the leader will just let his/her members to do their tasks on their own with
less supervision
f. Democratic leadership is also known as participative leadership. This means that leaders often ask for input
from team members before making a final decision. The leader considers the opinion, ideas, and decision of the
majority before coming up with a final decision.
g. Bureaucratic leadership is often implemented in highly regulated or administrative environments, where
adherence to the rules and a defined hierarchy are important. The leader always makes sure that the members
strictly observe or follow the rules or prescriptions being implemented.
h. Charismatic leadership depends greatly on the charm and personality of the leader. The leader gets the
attention and trust of the member by his/her look, appeal and personality. Moreover, the leader creates an
impact right away by his/her presence.
i. Situational leadership makes use of different leadership styles depending on the situation he/she faces. The
leader is flexible in his leadership style as he/she encounters in an environment.
 ASSESSMENT

Instructions: Concisely explain the following:

1. List down the five (5) functions of community and describe each in your own words.

2. As a member of the community, what should be done to become part of its development? Five (5)
sentences only.

3. There are different leadership styles. Which type of leadership style do you think is effective in your
community? Why did you choose that leadership style?