PL3 PL2

( B)2 = CC ( B )2 = CC
3EI 2EI
then the deflection and slope due to combined loading are

qa3 PL3
B = ( B)1 + ( B)2 = CC (4L - a) + CC
24EI 3EI

qa3 PL2
B = ( B )1 + ( B)2 = CC + CC
6EI 2EI

Example 9-7
a cantilever beam AB with uniform
load q acting on the right-half
determine B and B

EI = constant

consider an element of load has magnitude

q dx and is located at distance x from the
support
from Appendix G, table G-1, case 5
by replacing P with q dx and a with x

(qdx)(x2)(3L-x) (qdx)(x2)
d B = CCCCCC d B = CCCC
6EI 2EI

by integrating over the loaded region

L qx2(3L-x) 41qL4
B = ∫ CCCC dx = CCC
L/2
6EI 384EI

19
 L qx2 7qL3
B = ∫ CC dx = CC
L/2
2EI 48EI

Example 9-8
a compound beam ABC supports a
concentrated load P and an uniform
load q as shown
determine B and A

EI = constant

we may consider the beam as composed

of two parts : (1) simple beam AB, and
(2) cantilever beam BC
the internal force F = 2P/3 is obtained
for the cantilever beam BC

qb4 Fb3 qb4 2Pb3

B = CC + CC = CC + CC
8EI 3EI 8EI 9EI

for the beam AB, A consists of two

parts : (1) angle BAB' produced by B, and

(2) the bending of beam AB by the load P

B qb4 2Pb3
( A )1 = C = CCC + CCC
a 8aEI 9aEI

the angle due to P is obtained from Case 5 of table G-2, Appendix

G with replacing a by 2a/3 and b by a/3

20
 P(2a/3)(a/3)(a + a/3) 4Pa2
( A )2 = CCCCCCCCC = CCC
6aEI 81EI

note that in this problem, B is continuous and B does not

continuous, i.e. ( B)L g ( B )R

Example 9-9
an overhanging beam ABC supports a uniform load q as shown
determine C

EI = constant

C may be obtained due to two parts

(1) rotation of angle B

(2) a cantilever beam subjected

to uniform load q
firstly, we want to find B

qL3 MBL
B = - CC + CC
24EI 3EI
qL3 qa2L qL(4a2 - L2)
= - CC + CC = CCCCC
24EI 6EI 24EI

qaL(4a2 - L2)
then 1 = a B = CCCCCC
24EI

bending of the overhang BC produces an additional deflection 2

qa4
2 = CC
8EI

21
 therefore, the total downward deflection of C is

qaL(4a2 - L2) qa4

C = 1 + 1 = CCCCCC + CC
24EI 8EI
qa
= CC (a + L) (3a2 + aL - L2)
24EI

for a large, C is downward; for a small, C is upward

for C = 0 3a2 + aL - L2 = 0

L( 13 - 1)
a = CCCCC = 0.4343 L
6

a > 0.4343 L, C is downward; a < 0.4343 L, C is upward

point D is the point of inflection, the curvature is zero because the
bending moment is zero at this point

at point D, d2y/dx2 = 0

9.6 Moment-Area Method

the method is especially suitable when the deflection or angle of rotation
at only one point of the beam is desired
consider a segment AB of the beam
denote B/A the difference between
B and A

B/A = B - A

consider points m1 and m2

22
 ds Mdx
d = C = CC
EI

Mdx / EI is the area of the shaded

strip of the Mdx / EI diagram
integrating both side between A and B

B B M
∫ d = ∫ C dx
A A EI

B/A = B - A = area of the M/EI diagram between A and B

this is the First moment-area theorem

next, let us consider the vertical offset

tB/A between points B and B1 (on
the tangent of A)

Mdx
∵ dt = x1 d = x1 CC
EI

integrating between A and B

B B Mdx
∫ dt = ∫ x1 CC
A A EI
i.e. tB/A = 1st moment of the area of the M/EI diagram between
A and B, evaluated w. r. t. B
this if the Second moment-area theorem

Example 9-10
determine B and B of a
cantilever beam AB supporting a

23
concentrated load P at B

sketch the M/EI diagram first

1 PL PL2
A1 = -CLC = - CC
2 EI 2EI

PL2
B/A = B - A = B = - CC ( )
2EI

2L PL3
Q1 = A1 x = A1 C = - CC
3 6EI

PL3
B = - Q1 = CC (↓)
6EI

Example 9-11
determine B and B of a
cantilever beam AB supporting a
uniform load of intensity q acting
over the right-half

sketch the M/EI diagram first

1 L qL2 qL3
A1 = C C (CC) = CC
3 2 8EI 48EI
L qL2 qL3
A2 = C (CC) = CC
2 8EI 16EI
1 L qL2 qL3
A3 = C C (CC) = CC
2 2 4EI 16EI

24
 7qL3
B/A = B = A1 + A2 + A3 = CC ( )
16EI
B = tB/A
= A 1 x1 + A 2 x2 + A 3 x3
qL3 1 3L 1 3L 1 5L 41qL4
= CC (C C + C C + C C) = CCC (↓)
EI 48 8 16 4 16 6 384EI

Example 9-12
a simple beam ADB supports a
concentrated load P as shown
determine A and D

L Pab Pab
A1 = C (CC) = CC
2 LEI 2EI

L+b Pab (L + b)
tB/A = A1 CCC = CCCCC
3 6EI

BB1 Pab (L + b)
A = CC = CCCCC
L 6EIL

to find the deflection D at D

D = DD1 - D 2D 1

Pa2b (L + b)
DD1 = a A = CCCCCC
6EIL

D 2D 1 = tD/A = A2 x2
A Pab a Pa3b
= C CC C = CCC
2 EIL 3 6EIL

25
 Pa2b2
D = CCC
3EIL

to find the maximum deflection max at E, we set E = 0

x1 Pbx1 Pbx12
A3 = C CC = CCC
2 EIL 2EIL

E/A = E - A = - A3 = - Pbx12 / 2EIL

Pab (L + b) Pbx12
A = CCCCC = CCC
6EIL 2EIL

then x1 = [(L2 - b2) / 3]2

x1 Pb 3/2
and max = x1 A - A3 C = CCCC (L2 - b2)
3 9 3 EIL

or max = offset of point A from tangent at E

2 x1 Pb 3/2
max = A3 CC = CCCC (L2 - b2)
3 9 3 EIL

Conjugate Beam Method

EIv" = EI d /dx = M

Integrating
M
= ∫C dx
EI
M
v = ∫∫ C dx dx
EI

26
 beam theory

dM / dx = V dV / dx = -q
V = -∫q dx M = -∫∫ q dx dx

suppose we have a beam, called conjugate beam, whose length equal to

the actual beam, let this beam subjected to so-called "elastic load" of
intensity M/EI, then the shear force and bending moment over a portion
of the conjugate beam, denoted by V and M, can be obtained

M M
V = -∫C dx M = - ∫∫ C dx dx
EI EI

then
(1) the slope at the given section of the beam equals the minus shear
force in the corresponding section of the conjugate beam
(2) the deflection at the given section of the beam equals the minus
bending moment in the corresponding section of the conjugate beam

i.e. = -V
= -M

the support conditions between the actual beam and conjugate beam can
be found

Actual Beam Conjugate Beam

fixed end = 0, v = 0 V = 0, M=0 free end
free end g 0, vg0 V g 0, M g 0 fixed end
simple end g 0, v=0 V g 0, M = 0 simple end
interior support g 0, v=0 V g 0, M = 0 interior hinge
interior hinge g 0, vg0 V g 0, M g 0 interior support

27
Example 1

1 PL PL2
B = - VB = - C CC L = - CC ( )
2 EI 2EI

PL2 2L PL3
B = - MB = - CC C = - CC (↓)
2EI 3 3EI

Example 2

1 2L wL2 wL3
A = - VA = - C C CC = - CC ( )
2 3 8EI 24EI

wL3 L wL2 L L
C = - MC = - CC C - CC C C
24EI 2 8EI 2 4
1 wL2 L 3L 1 1 1 wL4
+ C CC C C = - (C - C + CC) CC
3 8EI 2 8 48 64 128 EI
5 wL4
= CCC (↓)
384EI

28
Example 3
1 M 2L ML
A = - VA = -RA = - C C C = - CC ( )
2 EI 3 3EI

1 M L ML
B = - VB = RB = C C C = CC ( )
2 EI 3 6EI

ML L 1 L M L
C = - MC = - (CC C - C C CC C)
6EI 2 2 2 2EI 6
1 1 ML2 ML2
= - (C - C) CC = - CC (↓)
12 48 EI 16EI

Example 4

ML
B = - VB = CC ( )
EI

ML L ML2
B = - MB = CC C = CC (↑)
EI 2 2EI

Example 5

L qL2 qL3
B = - VB = - C CC = - CC ( )
3 2EI 6EI

qL3 3L qL4
B = - MB = - CC C = - CC (↓)
6EI 4 8EI

29
Example 6

1 L PL PL2
A = - VA = - C C CC = - CC ( )
2 2 4EI 16EI

PL2 L 1 L PL L
C = - MC = - (CC C - C C CC C)
16EI 2 2 2 4EI 6

PL3 1 1 PL3
= - CC (C - C) = - CC (↓)
EI 32 96 48EI

9.7 Nonprismatic Beam

EI g constant

Example 9-13
a beam ABCDE is supported a
concentrated load P at midspan as
shown

IBD = 2 IAB = 2 IDE = 2I

determine the deflection curve, A and C

Px L
M = C (0 ≦ x ≦ C)
2 2

then EIv" = Px / 2 (0 ≦ x ≦ L/4)

E(2I)v" = Px / 2 (L/4 ≦ x ≦ L/2)

30
 Px2
thus v' = CC + C1 (0 ≦ x ≦ L/4)
4EI

Px2
v' = CC + C2 (L/4 ≦ x ≦ L/2)
8EI

∵ v' = 0 at x = L/2 (symmetric)

PL2
∴ C2 = - CC
32EI

continuity condition v'(L/4)- = v'(L/4)+

5PL2
C1 = - CCC
128EI

P
therefore v' = - CCC (5L2 - 32x2) (0 ≦ x ≦ L/4)
128EI

P
v' = - CC (L2 - 4x2) (L/4 ≦ x ≦ L/2)
32EI

the angle of rotation A is

5PL2
A = v'(0) = - CCC ( )
128EI

integrating the slope equation and obtained

P 32x3
v = - CCC (5L2x - CC) + C3 (0 ≦ x ≦ L/4)
128EI 3

P 4x3
v = - CC (L2x - CC) + C4 (L/4 ≦ x ≦ L/2)
32EI 3

31
 boundary condition v(0) = 0

we get C3 = 0

continuity condition v(L/4)- = v(L/4)+

PL3
we get C4 = - CCC
768EI

therefore the deflection equations are

Px
v = - CCC (15L2 - 32x2) (0 ≦ x ≦ L/4)
384EI

P
v = - CCC (L3 + 24L2x - 32x3) (L/4 ≦ x ≦ L/2)
768EI

the midpoint deflection is obtained

3PL3
C = - v(L/2) = CCC (↓)
256EI

moment-area method and conjugate beam methods can also be used

Example 9-14
a cantilever beam ABC supports a
concentrated load P at the free end
IBC = 2 IAB = 2I
determine A

denote 1 the deflection of A due to C fixed

P(L/2)3 PL3
1 = CCC = CCC
3EI 24EI

32
 P(L/2)3 (PL/2)(L/2)2 5PL3
and C = CCC + CCCCC = CC
3E(2I) 2E(2I) 96EI

P(L/2)2 (PL/2)(L/2) PL2

C = CCC + CCCCC = CC
2E(2I) E(2I) 16EI

addition deflection at A due to C and C

L 5PL3
2 = C + CC = CC
2 48EI

5PL3
A = 1 + 2 = CC
16EI

moment-area method and conjugate beam

methods can also be used

9.8 Strain Energy of Bending

consider a simple beam AB subjected
to pure bending under the action of two
couples M
the angle is

L ML
= C = L = CC
EI

if the material is linear elastic, M and

has linear relation, then

M M 2L EI 2
W = U = CC = CC = CC
2 2EI 2L

33
 for an element of the beam

d 2y
d = dx = CC dx
dx2

Md M 2dx EI(d )2
dU = dW = CC = CCC = CCC
2 2EI 2dx

by integrating throughout the length of the beam

L M 2dx EI d 2y 2
L
U = ∫ CCC = ∫ C (CC) dx
0 0
2EI 2 dx2

shear force in beam may produce energy, but for the beam with L/d > 8,
the strain energy due to shear is relatively small and may be disregarded
deflection caused by a single load

P M0
U = W = C U = W = CC
2 2

2U 2U
= CC or = CC
P M0

Example 9-15
a simple beam AB of length L
supports a uniform load of intensity q
evaluate the strain energy

qLx qx2 q
M = CC - C = C (Lx - x2)
2 2 2

34
 M2dx
L 1 L q 2
U = ∫ CC = CC ∫ [C(Lx - x2)] dx
0
2EI 2EI 0 2
q2 L
= CC∫ (L2x2 - 2Lx3 + x4)dx = q2L5 / 240EI
8EI 0

Example 9-16
a cantilever beam AB is subjected to
three different loading conditions
(a) a concentrated load P at its free end
(b) a moment M0 at its free end
(c) both P and M0 acting simultaneously
determine A due to loading (a)
determine A due to loading (b)

(a) M = - Px

LM2dx 2
L (-Px) dx P 2 L3
U = ∫ CC = ∫ CCC = CC
0 0
2EI 2EI 6EI

P A P2L3 PL3
W=U CC = CC A = CC
2 6EI 3EI

(b) M = - M0

LM2dx L(-M0)2dx M 02L

U = ∫ CC = ∫ CCCC = CC
0 0
2EI 2EI 2EI

M0 A M 02L M0L
W=U CC = CC A = CC
2 2EI EI

35
 (c) M = - Px - M0

M2dxL (-Px - M0)2dx

L P 2 L3 PM0L2 M02L
U = ∫ CC =∫ CCCCC = CC + CCC + CC
0 0
2EI 2EI 6EI 2EI 2EI

P A M0 A P2L3 PM0L2 M02L

W=U CC + CC = CC + CCC + CC
2 2 6EI 2EI 2EI

1 equation for two unknowns A and A

9.9 Castigliano's Theorem (Energy Method)

dU
dU = Pd CC = P
d

dC
dC = dP CC =
dP

where C is complementary strain energy

for linear elastic materials C = U

dU
then we have CC =
dP

dU
similarly CC =
dM

for both P and M acting simultaneously, U = U(P, M)

∂U ∂U
CC = CC =
∂P ∂M

in example 9-16 (c)

36
 P 2 L3 PM0L2 M 02L
U = CC + CCC + CC
6EI 2EI 2EI

∂U PL3 M 0 L2
= CC = CC + CC
∂P 6EI 2EI

∂U PL2 M 0L
= CC = CC + CC
∂M 2EI EI

in general relationship
∂U
i = CC Castigliano's Theorem
∂P i

∂U ∂ M2dx M ∂M
i = CC = CC∫CC = ∫(C)(CC)dx
∂P i ∂P i 2EI EI ∂P i

this is the modified Castigliano's Theorem

in example 9-16 (c)

M = - Px - M0

∂M ∂U
CC = -x CC = -1
∂P ∂M 0

1 PL3 M 0 L2
= C∫(-Px - M0)(-x)dx = CC + CC
EI 6EI 2EI

1 PL2 M 0L
= C ∫(-Px - M0)(-1)dx = CC + CC
EI 2EI EI

37
Example 9-17
a simple beam AB supports a
uniform load q = 20 kN/m, and a
concentrated load P = 25 kN
L = 2.5 m E = 210 GPa
I = 31.2 x 102 cm4
determine C

Px qLx qx2
M = CC + CC - CC
2 2 2
method (1)

M2dx L/21 Px qLx qx2 2

U = ∫CC = 2∫ CC(CC + CC - CC) dx
0
2EI 2EI 2 2 2
P2L3 5PqL4 q 2 L5
= CC + CCC + CCC
96EI 384EI 240EI

∂U PL3 5qL4
C = CC = CC + CCC
∂P 48EI 384EI
method (2)

∂M / ∂P = x/2

M ∂M 1 Px qLx
L/2 qx2 x
C = ∫(C)(CC)dx = 2∫ C(C + CC - CC)(C) dx
0
EI ∂P EI 2 2 2 2
PL3 5qL4
= CC + CCC
48EI 384EI
= 1.24 mm + 1.55 mm = 2.79 mm

38
Example 9-18
a overhanging beam ABC supports a
uniform load and a concentrated load as
shown
determine C and C

the reaction at A due to the loading is

qL P
RA = C - C
2 2
qx12
MAB = RA x1 - CC
2
qLx1 Px1 qx12
= CC - CC - CC (0 ≦ x1 ≦ L)
2 2 2
MBC = - Px2 (0 ≦ x1 ≦ L/2)

then the partial derivatives are

∂ MAB / ∂ P = - x1/2 (0 ≦ x1 ≦ L)
∂ MBC / ∂ P = - x2 (0 ≦ x2 ≦ L/2)

C = ∫(M/EI)( ∂ M / ∂ P)dx
L L/2
= ∫ (MAB /EI)( ∂ MAB / ∂ P)dx + ∫ (MBC/EI)( ∂ MBC / ∂ P)dx
0 0

1 L qLx1 Px1 qx12 x1 1 L/2

= C∫ (CC - CC - CC)(- C)dx1 + C∫ (-Px2)(-x2)dx2
EI 0 2 2 2 2 EI 0

PL3 qL4
= CC - CC
8EI 48EI

39
 to determine the angle C, we place a couple of moment MC at C

qL P MC
RA = C - C - CC
2 2 L
qx12
MAB = RA x1 - CC
2
qLx1 Px1 MC x 1 qx12
= CC - CC - CC - CC (0 ≦ x1 ≦ L)
2 2 L 2

MBC = - Px2 - MC (0 ≦ x1 ≦ L/2)

then the partial derivatives are

∂ MAB / ∂ MC = - x1/L (0 ≦ x1 ≦ L)
∂ MBC / ∂ MC = -1 (0 ≦ x2 ≦ L/2)

C = ∫(M/EI)(M/ MC)dx
L L/2
= ∫ (MAB /EI)(MAB / MC)dx + ∫ (MBC /EI)(MBC / MC)dx
0 0

1 L qLx1 Px1 MC x1 qx12 x1

= C∫ (CC - CC - CC - CC)(- C)dx1
EI 0 2 2 L 2 L
1 L/2
+ C∫ (-Px2 - MC)(-1)dx2
EI 0

since MC is a virtual load, set MC = 0, after integrating C is

obtained

7PL2 qL4
C = CC - CC
24EI 24EI

40
9.10 Deflections Produced by Impact

9.11 Temperature Effects

41