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GAS TORBINES AND

CHAPTER| JET PROPULSION
INTRODUCTION
A wind-mill was the first turbine to
produce useful
work, wherein there is no pre-compression and no
combustion.As think the characteristics features of the gas turbine
we
process and à heat addition process. The thermal today includcs the compression
efficiency of the gas turbine alone is about 20%
to 30%
as
compared to steam turbine plant whose efficiency varies as 38% to 40%. It is
combined plant whose efficiencies are of 45% or more. possible to construct
In this chapter, we discuss about different types of gas turbines and jet propulsion
systems.
7.1 GAS TURBINE
The gas turbine is the most
satisfactory way of producing very large quantities of power in a self
contained and compact unit. In this type of the
turbine, the air is compressed in the compressor and then
compressed air is use to rotate the turbine shaft. For smaller gas turbine units, the inefficiencies in
compression (in compressor) and explansion (at turbine blades) processes becomes
the thermal efficiency, it is necessarý to use a heat greater and to improve
exchanger.
7.2 CLASSIFICATION OF GAS TURBINES
On the basis of air
combustion, the gas turbines are divided into two main
groups.
(A)Constant pressure combustion gas turbine
L Open cycle constant pressure combustion
gas turbine.
ILClosed cycle constant pressure combustion gas turbine
(B) Constant Volume Combustion gas turbine.
(A)Constant Pressure Combustion Gas Turbine
LOpen cycle gas turbines: In this type of turbine, the rotary compressor and a
on a common shaft.The air is drawn from atmosphere into the turbine are mounteu
compressor and after compression passes
through a combustion chamber. In the combustion chamber, the energy is
supplied to the air stream b
spraying fuel into the air stream.After passing through the combustion chamber,the expand
through the turbine to the atmosphere. The line diagram of this types of turbine is shownhotingases7.1.
fig.
184
 GAS TURBINES AND JET PPOPULSION 195
erder to achi
order chicve nct work output from the unít. The turbinc must develop morc work output than is
d 1o drive the compressor and to ovcrcomc mechanical lonses in the drive.The products of thc
ioncoming out from the turbine arc exhausted to the atmospherc and they can not be rcused.Thc
e fluid
sorkinguid (air & fucl) mu:t be rcplaccd continuously in casc of opcn cycle gas turbine
Fuel (Heat)

Combustion
chamber
Oore6&or Tutine
Shat

Air in
Eshaust

Fig. 7.1 Open cyce ges turbine

PV and TS
Ifthere is no loss of pressure in the combustion chamber, then the cycle may be drawn on a
diagram.

Volume (V)-
Entropy (8)
(b) Preesure- Volume dagram
a) Temperature-Entropy dlagram
Flg.7.2
The drawn while etficiencies of the compressor turbine are
t e d lines in T-S diagram are the
to
alkentOBCCOunt. The following processes are
takes place:

(0) 1-2 ldeal isentropic npression.

Gi) 1-2 versible adiabatic compression.
at constant pressure.
3 Heat suppliced in combustion chamber
ivw)34ldeal isentropio expansion
() 3" : Iroversiblo adiabatic expansion
186 GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION

SupposcT. T2.T,T4,T2'T are the temperaturc corresponding to point 1,2,3,4, 2'and 4' respoctiv
on T-S diagram and C, is the specific hcat at constant prossure then, clively
Work input to compressor =
We C»(T-T)
Heat supplicd = C,(T1-T2)

Work output (Turbine) = WT C, (T3-T4)

Nct work done = work output -Work Input

Wr-We
Cp(Ta-4)-Cp(T7-Ti)
Net work donc
Thermal efliciency (Mthenmal,
Hcat supplicd

Nthemal
C,(T-T)-C,(T-T)
C,(7-T)
-(-T)-(T-T)
T-T
Work input required in isentropic
Compressor isentropic efficiency (Mcomp) comprcssion
Actual work requircd

C,T-T)
lcompressor
c,(7'-7)T'-
Turbine isentropic efficiency (MTurbine) Actual work output
Isentropic work output

Nturbine C,CT-T-I
C,CT-T) T-T
7.3 METHODS OF IMPROVING THERMAL
GAS TURBINE EFFICIENCY OF OPEN CYCLE
The following methods are enployed in order to improve the thermal
() Intcrcooling (11) Reheating (IIT) efficiency.
Regeneration.
1.Intercooling: As a compressor in a gas turbine plant consumes a
devcloped by the gas turbine, the work required large amount of the pow
by the compressor can be reduced by
in two stagcs i.e. in two
compressors and incorporating a intercooler between compressing the a
in the figure 7.3. these compressors as show
This cyclc consists the following main parts
() Low pressure
compressor
(m) Intcrcooler
 GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION 187
ii) High pressure compressor
(iv)Combustion chamber

(Turbine
Intercooler Fuel (Heal)

ww.
Combustion
chamber

Work

1Airin 6
Exhaust

Turbine plant with intercooler

Fig. 7.3
this arrangement is 1-2-3-4+5-6.The compression process
without intercooling is
Theidea cycle for
shown as 1-L

V-
stnop (b) P-V diagram
()T-8 diegram Flg.7.4
Nowthe work input (withoutintercooler) - Cp CTL-T)
- C CT-T)+C(TL'-T
The work input (withIntercoole - Co CT-T)+Cp(T-T)
2)
compa
e nng equation (1) and (2)
eguation can be observed
(2) itit can
that (Ta'-T3) <(TL-T) .e. the work
requircd with
ng is less than the work ithout intercooling
required without intorcooling to rotate
rotate the
the comprossor
comprcssor.
Temperature

Compressor

High Pressure
Compressor

Pressure

Low Pressure
Turbine
 189
GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION
that the pressure lines right so it
w it is seenthat
it
Now
seen the T-S diagram
on divergo
are from left
as imove
d e that T4-TLis alvays less that [T^-T6]. So reheating increase the nct work output.
i sconcludethat
to ,

tkhough netthework is increased

Ath
by rehcating, the heat be supplicd is also increased and net cilect
to
thermalcfficiene
be reduccd
. Regeneration: The exhau gases from a gas turbino carries a largce amount ofhcat with themn
be used to heat
d the temperature of this heat is much more than the ambient temperature.This heat can
andthe tempera

coming from the compressor and thus roduce the mass of fucl used in the combustion chamber.
thea i r
6 Exhaust
Heat exchanger
wwww.-
wwww.
2 Combustion,
chamber

H Work

Air in

Flg.7.7 Gas turbine wlth regenerator

Entropy (S) Volume (V

(a)T-S diagram (b) P-V dlagram

Fig.7.8
In the T-S diacram 2/_3 represents the heat flows into the compressed air during its passage through
at exchanger and 3-4 represents the heat taken in from the combustion of fuel.Point 6 indicates tho
temperature
ature ofof exhaust
exh gases at discharge from the heat exchanger.
190 GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION

Ifthe spccific heat of air and gas at constani pressure is assume to be same [i.e. Cpa =Cnol
elfoctivcncss (E) of the hcat exchanger is given as then
Increase in enthalpy per Kg of air
Available increase in enthalpy pcr Kg of air

A hcat exchangcr is
usually used in large gas turbine units for marine propulsion or industrial power
L Closed cyele constant pressure gas turbine :In this type ofturbine,the air behaving as an ideal
and use again and again and is not exhaustcd to atmosphere as in case of open cycle gas Turbine
It consist the following main
parts
1. Compressor
Heater
2. Combustion chamber
3. Turbine
4. Cooling mediam
5. Ideal gas

Work

wwwt
Cooling
medium
Flg 7.9 Closed cycle gas turbine.

Entropy Volume (V)-

()T-8 dlegram mn)hen (b) P-V dlegram
Flg.7.10
 GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION 191
working of closcd cycle gas turbine following processcs takes place.
In the
hcat flows.
1-2
()
The aircompressed isentropically from prcssure P to pressure P2 and no

1-2 Actual compression of airfrom P to P2.

Heat flows into the sysiem increase volume from Vz to V, and temperature from T2 to l3
(ii) 2-3
and pressure remains constant.
Hcat received =
m Cp(T-T2).
hear
The air isexpand isentropically from P2 to P & temperature falling. No
Giv) 3-4- pressure
flows during this process.

(v) 3-4' Actual expansion of the air.

(vi)4-1 Heat isrejected from the system and volume decreases from V4 to Vj and temperature
from T4 to T1. The pressure remains constant.
Heat rejected =
m
Cp(T4-T)
Now Air standard efficiency is given by
Work done
lair-standard
Heat received/ cycle

Heat received/cycle - Heat rejected/cycle

Heat received/cycle

mCp (T-T,) -mC,(T,-T)

mCp(T-T)
(-T)-(T-T2
T-Ta
=1-T
..(1)
T-T

From isentropic expansion

Where y- adiabiatic Index

if P pPressure ratio thenm

Ta T ,) .(2)
1
Similarly Ts-Ta,) (3
 GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION
192
Putting the valuc of T2 and Ty in cquations (1)
air standard1- (T-T)
T (,)-T(G,)
Y-

It conclude that the cfliciency of the cycle increases with the pressure ratio.
Now shall prove that the pressure ratio for maximum work is a function of the limiting temperature
ratio
Work done during cycle =
mCp(T3-T2)- mCp(T4-T)
mCp[T3-T2-T4+Til
mCp[T3-Ta)- (T2-T
mCp 4)

In case of a given turbine, T /is minimum temperature and is

equal to atmospheric temperature and T
is the maximum temperature which the metals of the turbine would withstand.
Now suppose Cp is the specific heat of air at constant pressure then from equation (2) and (3)

Put z we get from equation...4)

work done/cycle mC
Differentiate equation (5) w.r.t. r, and equate it equal to zero we get
dw
dr,) T T2,-
)=T1 Zr-)

Y/2(y-1)

Thus the pressure ratio for maximum work is a function of limiting temperature ratio.
 GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION 193

7 4CO
NSTANT OLUME COMBUSTION TURBINE
the
ehthis
thisinçreases.1he
type ofturbine,
type turof
the combustiou takes place constant volumo and during combustion,
following aro the main parts of the turbino-
at

preessuro

1 . Compressor Valve A
Spark plug
2.Combustion chamber

3. Fuol punp Combustion

hamber Fuel pumnp
4. Spark Plug
Valvo B
S. Turbine

6. Valves Turbine
Compresso

Exhaust
Air in (To atmosphere)
(Prom atmosphere)
turbine.
Flg. 7.11 Constant volume combustion ges
chamber
is admitted into the combustion
In this turbine the compressed air from antheair compressor
fucl is admitted into the combustion chamber by
means
A. When the valve A is closed,
through valve combustion takes place at
fuel pump. Then the mixture is ignited by means of a spark plug. The
of a then the valve B opens and hot gases flow to
the turbine and
constant volume with increase of pressure mechanical
to atmosphere. The energy of the
hot gases is thereby converted into
fihally they discharge
encrgy fluctuates due to pressure
turbine is that the turbine sped
The main disadvantage of this type of
difference and variable velocities of the hot gases
RECIPROCATING ENGINES
7.5 COMPARISON OF GAS TURBINES WITH
Merits over IC Engine
IC Engine
Gas Turbine
(95% 1. Mechanical efficiency is low as compare to
. Mechanical efficicncy is quite high gas turbine (85%)
2. Larger No. of sliding parts.
2. Lesser No. of sliding parts. 3. Flywheel is required
on
3. Flywheel is not required as the torque
the shaft is continuous 4. The exhaust gases are more polluting as
.The exhaust gases are less polluting. compare to gas turbine

aro 5. The ignition and lubrication system are

3. The ignition and the lubrication systems complicated as compare G.T.
simple. 6. The used in it
ery
6. Sincethepressures used in the G.T. are very pressures are quite high
low bar) so the components can be made (60bar)
lighter. Contd
194 GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPUL 8ION
Gas Turbine
7. Because of low specifio weights, those aro
Englne
7. Thewe havo high apocifio
particularly suitable for use in airoralt. woight
8. The work dono per kg of tho air is more. 8. The work dono
por kg of air is small as
comparo to G.T.
9. Tho weight of G.T. per H.P. dovelopod is 9. Tho woight of I.C
lesser than I.C ongine. ongino por H.P
dovelopod is moro.
10. It can bo driven at a
very high spocd 10, It can't be
(40000 rpm) driven ata very high spood
11. The gascs in the G.T. are
cxpanded upto 11. It is not
possiblo in this, which
theatmosphcric pressure. roduco the work.
causcs
12. The choaper fuols such asparallin
residue oils can be uscd. type, 12./The costlier fuels of spocial grado are
usod.
Demerits of Gas Turbine
Gas Turbine
IC Engine
1. The thermal eflicicncy is low
(15%-20%). 1. Tho
therumal officiency is high 25%-30%as
compare to G.T.
2. The starting of the Gas
Turbine is difficult. 2. The starting of IC engine is
3. A special
cooling required for cooling the
is simplo.
3. No a
turbines blades. special cooling
is required.
4. Owing to the use of the Nickel-chromium
4. The
alloys, the manufacturing of the blados is manufacturing of IC engine is simple
difficult and costly. and less costly as to Gas
compare Turbine.
5. For same output, it
produces five times more 5. It produces less exhaust
exhaust gases as
compare to I C engine. gases as compare
to Gas turbine.
7.6 COMPARISON OF GAS
TURBINE AND STEAM TURBINE
Gas Turbine
Steam Turbine
1. Capital and running cost is less. 1. Capital and
2. It can be installed running cost is more.
any where. 2. It can't be installed
3. Weight per horse any where
power is less. 3. Weight per horse
4. It can be control power is more.
easily. 4. It can't be control
5. Boiler is not required easily
5. Boiler is required
6. Starting is easy and
quick. 6. Starting is dificult and takes timc
7. It requires less space for
installation. . For same output,it
requires more space
installation,
 GAS TUREINES AND JET PPOPULSION 195
1.7 APPLICATION
OF GAS TURBINE
Thefollowing are the major ficlds of applícation of yas turbine:
(1)Aviation and marinc field
(2) Power generation
(3)Oil and Gas industries
(4) Marine propulsion.
The gas turbine are, duc to self contained light weight, not required cooling and generally fit into
overall shape, used in the aviation and marine ficld. These are due to quíck instalation, quick starting.thc
simplicity, Iack of, cooling water, used in power generatíon. Due to cheaper supply of fuel and low
instalation, these are used in oil andgas industries.
1.8LIMITATION OF GAS TURBINES
(1) They are not self starting.
(2) Low cllicicncy at part load.
(3) Higher-rotor speed.
(4) Non-reversibility.
6) Ovcrall cíliciency of the plant is low.
79TTn