EXPERIMENT

Passive Filters (LF, HF & BPF)

CIRCUIT AND ELECTRONICS

LABORATORY MANUAL

BINUS-ASO SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING

Passive Filters (LF, HF & BPF)

I. OBJECTIVES

a. Student will be able to know the principle of HPF and LPF by using passive component.
b. Student will be able to design a simple passive filter using resistors and capacitors.

II. SCOPE

A. Theory a. RC Filter

Capacitor (passive component) can conduct AC current and isolate DC current. This is
caused by the reactance of the capacitor, this reactance show up because the input the
capacitor is given is AC signal. The capacitor reactance is inversely with the frequency.
This capacitive reactance will effect the capacitor resistance and effect the voltage it can
take. We can use this system to make a filter.
C
R

vin
C vout vin R vout

Figure 1 LPF Circuit Figure 2 HPF Circuit

XC XC
vout  vin  vin
R  XC R (X C )2
2

R R
For HPF : vout  v in  vin
R  XC R 2
( X ) 2
For LPF :  C


where XC  1  j jC C
The transfer function curve for LPF and HPF is as follow:
A
A
1
1
0,707 0,707

f f
cut off
fcut off f
 Figure 3 LPF Transfer Function Figure 4 HPF Transfer Function

Phase Angle

When the RF filter is given an input, it will cause a signal shape difference between
the input and the output. To make it easier for measurement, the oscilloscope time/div is
set to x-y mode. This mode will compare Vout and Vin in horizontal and vertical line. To
calculate the phase value:
tout  tin
Phase angle = x360°
T

b. Serial RLC

A circuit with complex impedance is said as resonance if voltage V that is connected,

has a zero phase difference with the current it produce. Thus the complex impedance is
only the R.
Z2 = R² + (XL-XC)²

V SG
L

Figure 5

The voltage is propotional to the impedance: v L : vR

: vC = XL : XR : XC
The resonance is occured in the serial RLC if : XL = XC. In that situation, Z will become
minimum:
Z = R (minimum)
By the impedance become minimum, it is valid for the voltage to be like this: vSG2
= vR2 + (vL - vC)2
vSG2 = vR (maximum, due to vL = vC)
The general usage of RLC circuit is in filter application. Band Pass Filter takes the
output on R in serial RLC and Band Stop Filter takes the output on LC.
 A A
1 1
0,707 0,707

L 0 H f L 0 H f

BW BW

Figure 6 Band Pass Figure 7 Band Stop

1
fRES 
Resonance Frequency : 2.. L.C
Bandwidth (BW) : the frequency interval where the output is >= 70, 7% (BPF) and <=
70, 7% (BSF) from the resonance output or the upper cut-off frequency subtract the lower
cut-off frequency (frequency -3dB)
BW = H  L [Hz]
Band Pass selectivity is measured by quality factor (Q) [6], the bigger the quality
factor the better the frequency response for a filter (approching an ideal)

1L
QR C

i. Parallel R-LC

Parallel RLC circuit consists of a resistor, and an inductor also a capacitor which are
connected parallelly.

R
L C
VSG

Figure 8
Total impedance of RLC circuit is:
Z2 = R2 + (BC  BL)2
where : BC = 1/XC
BL = 1/XL
 In the resonance condition, which is when XL = XC, the iC and iL is the same but they
have a different phase 180˚. Because of that, the current for each of it mutually exclusive
so that the total current for both of them is zero.
Parallel RLC circuit is also used as filter. Band Pass Filter takes the output from LC and
Band Stop Filter takes it output from R.
Cut-off frequency and serial RLC BW is also valid for parallel RLC.
Quality factor is as follow:

C
QR
L

B. References

1. Floyd, 2009. “Principles of Electric Circuits: Conventional Current Version”. Prentice Hall. US.
2. Meade, 2007. “Foundations Of Electronics 4”. Thomson. US.
3. Tony R K. 2006. “Lessons In Electric Circuit Volume I DC and Volume II AC 5”. Design Science
License. US
4. About RC filterhttp://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Electronics_AS/Electronics_Mod2/
Topic_2_8/rc_fi lters.htm

III. DEVICES

• Signal Generator
• Oscilloscope
• Breadboard
• Digital Multimeter
• Connector Wire
• Components : R =560, 4k7
C = 100nF

IV. INSTRUCTION OF LABORATORY

A. Procedure

a. RC-LPF
 R

ACV
SG 100nF

Figure 9

1. Design the components in Figure 9 above into a breadboard!

2. Connect the SG to the circuit and adjust the SG voltage to 1 Vpp and frequency 10 Hz!
3. Write down the capacitor voltage to table 1 using an oscilloscope!
4. By using two channel, measure the tout and tin in 1time axis. The input is SG and the
output is the capacitor.
5. For every change of the frequency, recheck the SG input. Make sure that it is really 1
Vpp.
6. Repeat the measurement with frequency according to table 1

Table 1
Hz 10 330 770 1k2 1k6 2k8 3k2 10k 100k 500k

560 353.4 351.193 341.25 325.69 308.02 251.54 234.33 95.50 9.92 1.984mV
6 mV mV mV mV mV mV mV mV mV
(tout - tin) 2.5s 82.5s 192.5s 300s 400s 700s 800s 2500s 25ks 125ks

4K7 353.3 253.2 142.30 95.98 73.15 42.34 37.08 11.81 1.182 236.35uV
1 mV mV mV mV mV mV mV mV mV
(tout - tin) 2.5s 82.5s 192.5s 300s 400s 700s 800s 2500s 25ks 125ks
b. RC-HPF

100nF

ACV
SG R

Figure 10

1. Design the components in Figure 10 above into a breadboard!

2. Connect the SG to the circuit and adjust the SG voltage to 1 Vpp and frequency
10 Hz!
3. Write down the capacitor voltage to table 2 using an oscilloscope!
4. By using two channel, measure the tout and tin in 1time axis. The input is SG and the
output is the capacitor.
5. For every change of the frequency, recheck the SG input. Make sure that it is really 1
Vpp.
6. Repeat the measurement with frequency according to table 2
 Table 2
10 330 770 1k2 1k6 2k8 3k2 10k 100k 500k

560 35 35 34 32 30 25 23 9 9 1.
 3. 1. 1. 5. 8. 1. 4. 5 . 98
46 19 25 69 02 53 33 . 9 m
m m m m m m m 5 2 V
V V V V V V V m
V m
V
(tou 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t-
tin)
4K7 35 25 14 95 73 42 37 1 1 23
 3. 3. 3. .9 .1 .3 .0 1 . 6.
31 2 31 8 5 4 8 . 1 38
m m m m m m m 8 8 u
V V V V V V V 1 V
m m
V V
(tou 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t-
tin)

b. Serial RLC
 Figure 11

1. Design the circuit in Figure 11 above into a breadboard!

2. Connect the SG to the circuit and adjust the voltage to 1 Vpp and frequency 100 Hz!
3. Measure the voltage of L and C (voltage in point XY) and write down the value to table
3!
4. Repeat step 3 with frequency and resistance according to table 8.1! (the SG voltage
must always 1 Vpp)

Table 3
Hz 100 1K 5K 8K 10K 13K 18K 20K 50K
18 35 35 28 12 3 15 26 28 34
0 3.5 1.2 1.3 6.6 . 2.4 2.2 2.7 4.1
 3 7 3 7 9 4 8 1 3
 m m m m 8 m m m m
V V V V m V V V V
V
56 35 33 13 43. 1 53. 11 13 28
0 3.3 3.1 7.5 28 . 68 8.4 9.1 5.1
 3 3 5 m 2 m 6 3 8
m m m V 8 V m m m
V V V m V V V
V

5. Reuse the R = 180Ω

6. Adjust the frequency plate slowly until the pointer point to minimum value. Write
down the frequency on table 4!
7. Measure the voltage VC and VL on table 4 Draw the input and output signal in 1 axis
(only 180 Ω) in Figure 12 in your LPS.
8. Repeat step 6 and 7 for resistance value according to table 3!

Table 4
R () vC vL Res Freq
180 70.69 V 0 10 Hz

560 70.69 V 0 10 Hz
 Figure 12

c. Parallel R-LC
 Figure 13

1. Design the circuit in Figure 13 into a breadboard!

2. Connect the SG to the circuit and adjust the voltage to 1 Vpp and frequency 100 Hz!
3. Measure the output voltage and write it down on table 5!
4. Repeat step 3 with frequency and resistance value according to table 5! (the SG
voltage must always 1 Vpp)

Table 5
Hz 100 1K 5K 8K 10K 13K 18K 20K 50K
18 3.0 3 17 31 35 30 20 17 6
0 9 1. 9. 6.5 3. 0. 2.2 7.2 3.
 m 0 04 5 51 57 4 4 2
V 5 m m m m m m 2
m V V V V V V m
V V
56 99 1 65. 19 35 16 77. 64. 2
0 1. 0. 58 1.9 3. 2. 33 73 0.
 81 0 m m 18 85 m m 6
uV 2 V V m m V V 2
m V V m
V V

5. Reuse the R = 180 Ω!

6. Adjust the frequency plate slowly until the pointer point to a maximum value. Write
down the frequency on table 6. Draw the input and output voltage in 1 axis (only 180
Ω) in Figure 14 in your LPS.
7. Measure VC and VL on table 6!
8. Repeat step 6 and 7 for R according to table 6!
Table 6
R () vC vL Frek res iC iL
180 31.05 31.05 10000 Hz 4.32 mA 4.32 mA
mV mV

560 10.01 10.01 10000 Hz 4.41 mA 2.2 mA

mV fV

Figure 14
 B. Final Reports Requirement for Minimum Grade (LPF-HPF)

Draw the graphic of your entire experiment (Table 1, Table 2) into a semilog. Analyze
each experiment that you have done. In the analysis, give the explanation about: 
 Passive filter and active filter
Passive filter is a category of wave filter that is a combination of resistors, inductors
and capacitors. It is tuned to only allow a single frequency to pass through
or through a band of frequency. It is typically used in high frequency applications and
doesn’t have frequency limit. However, it cannot filter lower frequency effectively
compared to the active filter. It is simple compared to active filter.

Active filter is a category of wave filter that is a combination of op-amps, transistors,

resistors and capacitors. It is usually used in low frequency wave and filters very low
frequency wave down to 0Hz. It cannot handle high frequency wave due to its active
component which are op-amp and transistors. It is complex compared to passive filter.
 RC filter
RC filter is a wave filter which it’s component only consists of capacitors and a
resistors. The 3 types of RC filters are HPF, LPF and BPF. Depending on how it is
arranged, it filters low frequency wave, high frequency wave or both. It is typically used in
radios and microphones.
• Filter orde
The order of the filter shows the most reactive to the least reactive of the filters. The
most reactive filter is first one in order and the least reactive filter is last in order.
• HPF and LPF
High pass filter is a wave filter that only allows waves with higher than the cutoff
frequency. The resistor is parallel but the capacitor Is serial to the Voltage. One of its
function is to reduce rumble noises in radio.
High pass filter is a wave filter that only allows waves with higher than the cutoff
frequency. The resistor is serial but the capacitor is parallel to the
Voltage. One of its function is to make a clearer voice from a circuit.
• Frequency Response
 describes the steady-state response of a system to sinusoidal inputs of varying
frequencies and lets control engineers analyze and design control systems in the
frequency domain.
• Phase angle
the characteristic of a periodic wave.
• Cut-off Frequency
a boundary in a system's frequency response at which energy flowing through the
system begins to be reduced (attenuated or reflected) rather than passing through.
• Bandwidth
The maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet connection in a given
amount of time.
• Output Shape
(number of elements in each dimension of output data) of each layer.
• Voltage gain Draw the output of each experiment into a semilog

LPF Semilog

HPF Semilog
• Compare the result that you get from the practicum with the simulation and the theory.

B. Final Reports Requirement for Minimum Grade (BPF-BSF)

Draw the graphic for the output voltage respect to the frequency in a semilog according
to your experiment (3, 4, 5 dan 6)! Analyze each experiment that you have done. In the
analysis, give the explanation about :
• Impedance, admittance
admittance is a measure of how easily a circuit or device will allow a current to flow. It
is defined as the reciprocal of impedance, analogous to how
conductance & resistance are defined.

a measure of the opposition to electrical flow. It is measured in ohms. For DC systems,

impedance and resistance are the same, defined as the voltage across an element
divided by the current (R = V/I).
• Serial and parallel RLC
In series RLC circuit, the current flowing through all the three components i.e the
resistor, inductor and capacitor remains the same, but in parallel circuit, the
voltage across each element remains the same and the current gets divided in each
component depending upon the impedance of each component.
• BPF and BSF
 A BPF permits signals within specific frequency bands to pass through. All the signal
frequencies below and above the passband are attenuated or blocked.

The BSF suppress specific frequency range and permits all other frequencies which are
in lower and higher range.
• Make BPF and BSF using HPF and LPF
The short form of Low Pass Filter is LPF. This filter passes the lower range of
frequencies and stops or filter out higher range of frequencies. As shown LPF passes
frequencies from 0 to Fc and stops all the frequencies above Fc.

The short form of High Pass Filter is HPF. This filter passes the higher frequencies and
stops or filter out lower frequencies. As shown HPF passes frequencies from Fc
and above and stops frequencies from 0 to Fc.
• Resonance
Resonance describes the phenomenon of increased amplitude that occurs when the
frequency of a periodically applied force (or a Fourier component of it) is equal or close to a
natural frequency of the system on which it acts.
• Cut-off Frequency and resonance frequency
A cut-off frequency refers to the frequency at which the impulse response of a filter
starts to fall off. A resonant frequency refers to a frequency at which
there's a strong peak in the impulse response so that tone stands out from its neighbors.
• Bandwidth
The maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet connection in a given
amount of time.
• Quality factor
The quality factor refers to the tendency of high-quality stocks with typically more
stable earnings, stronger balance sheets and higher margins to
outperform low-quality stocks, over a long time horizon.
• Compare the result that you get from the practicum with the simulation and the theory.

Make the theory, simulation result and your experiment data as the reference in making
analysis and give the conclusion about the experiment!

Statement of Contribution

Scotley : Saya telah membuat jadwal untuk pertemuan dengan anggota grup untuk mengerjakan tugas
ini dengan waktu yang nyaman tanpa terburu-buru. Saya juga sudah mengambil data dari sirkuit untuk
mengerjakan. Saya juga mengerjakan analisis tentang filter. Saya juga telah membantu teman dalam
mengerjakan analisis.

Leislly : Saya telah mengerjakan beberapa bagian analys dan conclusion lalu menggabungkan hasil
data yang telah didapatkan oleh teman saya dan jawaban teman teman sayang yang lain ke dalam
modul ini untuk dikumpulkan .
Conclusion
In this laboratory exercise, we studied the effects of passive filters. Being able to use a
device that allows us
to filter certain frequencies out of our circuitry has incredibly useful purposes. For instance, in
radio
communications filters are used to allow radio receivers to only take the signal requested while
leaving the rest of
the signals behind, in audio electronics, filters are made into networks called crossover
networks. Which is used to
channel low frequency audio to to woofers, mid-range frequencies to midrange speakers ,and
high-frequency
sounds to tweeters. Essentially organizing how the sound is distributed across a sound system.