Earthwork and mass haul diagram

Zeleke D.
[email protected]
May , 2019
what do you inspect?
 Earth work
 Earth work: is the phase during a highways
construction when the right of way is
converted from its natural condition and
configuration to the section and the grades
prescribed in the plans.
 Earth Work Activities
• Clearing : removing all trees, brush, buildings, and other
objectionable material and obstructions that may interfere with
the construction of the roadway from area marked on the plan.
• Grubbing: provides for additional preparation of the work area
by removal of remaining stumps, roots, and other obstructions
which exist on or in the ground in all areas designated for
grubbing.
• Removal of Structures and Obstructions:
Buildings, foundations, structures, fences, and other
obstructions which are on the right of way and are not selected
to remain, shall be removed and disposed of in accordance with
the Standard Specifications.
• Roadway and drainage excavation:
• Excavating roadway and ditches, Formation of
embankment
• Grading operation: road bed, shoulder, slopes, ditches
• Excavation for structures:
• Pipe or Concrete box culverts, foundation for bridge, retaining
walls
• Borrow excavation:
• Excavation of quality material from borrow pits
• Loading, Hauling, Placing, Compacting, Grading, Finishing
 Earth work equipment
• The basic equipment that will be used:

– Dump trucks, Scrapers, Front

loaders, Bulldozers, Excavators, Back
hoes, Rollers, Graders, etc.
Dump trucks:
- are vehicles used to transport materials, including soil, over
longer distances.
- Dump trucks do not load the soil, they only transport the soil.
 Scraper
• A scraper is a machine used on site for the purpose of moving
earth across shorter distances and across relatively smooth
terrain.

• These are ideal on a site where the soil is suitable to be reused

on site and merely needs to be relocated to another area on
site, but not across steep grades. These are used extensively in
highway construction.
 Front Loaders
• A front loader is a ―tractor type‖ piece of equipment that
is used to move relatively small amounts of soil short
distances without having to push it along the ground.
 Bulldozers
• A bulldozer or Dozers are ideally used to move soil
relatively shorter distances by pushing it along the
ground. Dozers are also good for rough grading.
 Excavators
• An excavator is a large machine used for
digging, demolition, grading, and heavy lifting site work.
 Backhoes
• A backhoe also called rear actor or back actor — is a type

of excavating equipment, or digger, consisting of a

digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. It

is typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front

loader, the latter forming a 'backhoe loader‗.

 Rollers
• There are many variations of rollers used in site work
construction.
• The purpose of rollers is to compact soil that has been
placed or otherwise achieve the required additional
compaction.
 Graders
• A grader is a commonly used piece of construction equipment
used to create flat fine graded surfaces.

• A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader or a

motor grader, is a construction machine with a long blade used
to create a flat surface during the grading process.
 Other Machines
1) Water Trucks – Typically a site or road project does not have

utility water available, but water is needed in order to achieve

moisture content during the fill placement / compaction

process. As a result water truck is needed. Water trucks are

merely a tanker filled with water.

• The water can be used as needed for achieving the required

moisture properties of the soil being placed, but they are also

useful for dust control as construction sites often become dry

and dusty which fosters wind erosion.

 Cont‘d
2) Cranes – Although cranes are usually more commonly
associated with the building portion of construction (and not

earthwork), there are occasions where a crane is used

associated with the earthwork portion of the project.

 Cont‘d
Excavation of drainage
channels & trenches

Borrows Grading
 Earthwork Quantity
• Quantity and Cost are calculated in m3 either in its
original form or by allowing for shrinkage and swell.
• The rate of payment generally includes full compensation for

– excavation,
– formation of embankment,

– preparing of side slopes,

– disposal or borrowing with in the free-haul distance, and

– the preparation and completion of the sub grade and the

shoulders.
– borrowing or disposal involving more than the free haul
distance.
 Classification of Excavated Material
1. Solid Rock: material that cannot be excavated without blasting or the
use of rippers and comprises hard rock in place and all boulders or
other detached stones.
– hard rock and boulders; Volume > 1m3; best removed by blasting
2. Loose Rock: usually refers to rock which can be removed with pick
and bar, although the use of power shovels or blasting may be
advantageous. detached masses or rock – 0.025 < V < 1m3 ; could
easily be removed.
3. Common/Ordinary Excavation: all others
– Common excavation: excavation and disposal of all materials of
whatever character encountered in the work, which are not
classified as rock, borrow.
– Borrow excavation: excavation of approved material required for
construction of embankments.
– Unsuitable excavation: the removal and disposal of deposits of
saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soil and organic matter not
suitable for embankment material.
 Earthwork Quantities
We have to consider both bulking and shrinkage of soils while

computing quantity of earth work.

Bulking: An increase in volume of earthwork after excavation.

Shrinkage: A decrease in volume earthwork after deposition and

compaction.

Depth of cut or fill

Volume (m3) = length * depth * width

Estimation of Earthwork Quantities
 Shrinkage & Swell Factors
• The process of excavation breaks up earth and makes it take up more
space afterwards – Swelling

– (e.g. excavated rock occupies a larger volume in fill)

• After placing the excavated earth in a fill and compacting, volume will
become less than the original. Difference b/n original volume in cut and
final volume in fill – Shrinkage

• Shrinkage depends on:

– the material‘s characteristics and moisture content; climatic

conditions; and method of placing.

• Shrinkage & Swell must be taken into consideration

• Excavation of material causes it to loosen, and thus its excavated volume

will be greater than its insitu volume. However, when filled and
compacted, it may occupy a less volume than when originally in situ.

– For example, ordinary earth is less by about 10% after filling, whilst
rock bulks by some 20% to 30%. To allow for this, a correction factor
is generally applied to the cut or fill volumes.
 Cont‘d

Focus

Example:
if you are given shrinkage of 10%. then the shrinkage factor will be 1 – 0.1 = 0.9
adjusted volume = compacted volume at any station * 0.9
If you are given swell of 20%. Then your load (swelling ) factor is 1/(1+ 0.2) = 1/(1.2).
Adjusted volume = fill volume at any station * 1/(1.2)
 Road Bed Sections
• A highway sub-grade is usually formed with
shoulders and a trench section upon which the
pavement will be constructed, the finished surface
being crowned to facilitate drainage.

• Ditches are provided on embankment sections to

transfer water down the fill slops into pipes or paved
gutters to protect the embankment against erosion.

• On curves of 5o or sharper sub grade is banked and

widened.

• Width of road bed in cut is wider than on fills to

allow for side-ditches.
Typical Sections
 Side slopes of X-sections

Material Ht. of Side Slope(V:H) Back

Slope Cut Fill Slope
Soil 0–1 1:4 1:4
1–2 1:3 1:3
Over 2 1:2 1:2
Rock Any ht. See standard details
Black 0–2 - 1:6
Cotton Over 2 1:4
Soil
 Areas of Cross-sections
• For the purpose of calculating the quantity of
earth work, the areas of cross-sections and
the distance between them must be known.

Methods

a. For regular/level ground  simple geometry

b. For irregular ground, two methods

i. Graphical or planimeter method

a. Trapezoidal rule

b. Simpson rule

ii. Coordinate or other approximate method

 Area for Regular Ground

Area for trapezoidal sections

A= cross sectional area of cutting and banking/fill.

b= width of the road
d= depth of banking or cutting at the center line
  S:1= ratio of side slope as horizontal:verical

H:V or, s:1

 

a c S=(a+b+c)/2

Formation level: is the level/elevation of the

A=[s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)]1/2
final shape of the roadway at it‘s centerline. b
 Quiz 1
• Calculate the area of cross section that
has width of formation as 10 m, center
height as 3.2 m and side slope as 1
vertical to 2 horizontal.
 Quiz 2
• In a longitudinal section drawing of a certain
roadway the ground and formation levels at
chain age 2 + 200 are shown as 2001.75m and
2003.35m respectively. It is known the ground
is horizontal in the transverse direction at
that section, determine the x-sectional area
of the section if the proposed roadway width
is 7m and the side slopes are 1.5 : 1 in fill and
1:1 in cut throughout the straight portion of
the roadway.
 Area for irregular ground
1. Coordinate methods of area computation
• The point of intersection of the center of formation
with the centerline of the road is used as the origin.

• The cut above the origin are written as plus, and

those below are minus.

• The distance to the right of the origin are written as

positive and those to the left as negative.

• Arrange the coordinates in the clockwise order in

the form of fractions with initial fraction being
repeated to give a close boundary.
 Cont‘d

Thus, we have
 Cont‘d
• First, multiply along (downward) the diagonals and
add the products (all positive),

• Multiply along (upward) another diagonal and add the

product (all positive).

• The difference gives the double area.

2A = [(Y1*X2) +(Y2*X3) + (Y3*X4) + (Y4*X5) + (Y5*X6) +(Y6*X7) + (Y7*X8) +

(Y8*X1)] – [(X1*Y2) +(X2*Y3) + (X3*Y4) + (X4*Y5) + (X5*Y6) +(X6*Y7) +

(X7*Y8) + (X8*Y1)]

where,

A= area of earth work quantity which is either cut or fill sections.

 Cont‘d

stations x y Product 1 Product 2

1 X1 Y1 - X2Y1

2 X2 Y2 X1 Y2 X3Y2

3 X3 Y3 X2Y3 X4Y3

4 X4 Y4 X3Y4 X1Y4

1 X1 Y1 X4Y1 -

Sum 1 Sum 2

Area = ½ Sum 1 - Sum 2

 Examples 1
• The dimensions of two sections of the road embankment
are shown below. The distance between the two station is
100m and the formation width increase from 20m at the
first section to 30m at the second section. Calculate the
volume of the earth work included between the two
sections.
(13.8, 0) (33.8, 0)

100m

(0, 6.9) (23.8, 7.8) (54.8, 10.5)

(14.4, 0) (44.4, 0)

(0, 7.2)
(29.4, 11.5) (69.8, 12.7)
 Solutions

Area of first sections Area of second sections

pts x y Product 1 Product 2 x y Product 1 Product 2

1 13.8 0 - 0 14.4 0 - 0
2 0 6.9 95.22 164.22 0 7.2 103.68 211.68
3 23.8 7.8 0 427.44 29.4 11.5 0 802.7
4 54.8 10.5 249.9 354.9 69.8 12.7 373.38 563.88
5 33.8 0 0 0 44.4 0 0 0
1 13.8 0 0 - 14.4 0 0 -

Sum 345.12 946.56 Sum 477.06 1578.261

Area1 = ½ Sum 1 - Sum 2 Area2 = ½ Sum 1 - Sum 2

Area1 = ½ Sum 1 - Sum 2 Area2 = ½ Sum 1 - Sum 2

= ½ 345.12- 946.56 = ½ 477.06- 1578.261
= 300.72 sq. m = 550.60 sq. m
 Cont‘d
Applying trapezoidal formula

A1  A2 100m
V12  l
2
300.72  550.6
V12  *100
2
= 42,566 m3

This indicates that 42,566 m3 soil for 100m distance of fill

sections are needed.
 Computation of Volumes

Two methods will be discussed here:

1. Average End Area

2. Prismodal Formula
 Average End Area/ trapezoidal/ Method
•Volume of a right prism equals the average area multiplied by the
length. i.e. the mean of the two end areas multiplied by the length
between them.

>>the trapezoidal rule for volumes.

 Prismodal Formula (Simpson's rule for volume)
• A prismoid is a solid whose ends are parallel and whose sides are
plane or warped surfaces.

• The Volume of a prismoid is:

Vab  L 6(A1  4A m  A 2 )
• This equation is correct only
when the mid-area of the prismoid
is the mean of the two end areas.

V13  l 3 (A1  4A 2  A 3 )
V35  l 3(A 3  4A 4  A 5 )
 V15  l 3(A1  A 5  2A 3  4(A 2  A 4 ))
 V  l 3(A1  A N  2(remaining odd areas)  4(even areas))
A1 & A2 = parallel end areas a distance l apart and
M= the area at the mid-length, found out by interpolating the linear dimensions.
L = distance between cross sections,
n = an odd number
 Examples
1. Determine the quantity of earth work for the portion of a road
between chain age 50 and 60 from the following data. Length
being measured with a standard 20m chain. The formation level
of chain age 50 is 130m and the road is in rising gradient of
1:200. the width of formation level is 10m and the side slope of
3/2:1(H:V) in embankment and cutting. The lateral slope of the
ground may be assumed as level. Apply the trapezoidal formula
for the computation.

chain age 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ground level 131.1 131.2 130.9 131.2 130.8 130.7 130.6 130.4 129.1 129.5 129.7
formation
level 130
 Solutions
ground level
131.4
131.3
131.2
131.1
131
130.9
130.8
130.7
Elevations (m)

130.6
130.5
130.4
130.3 1m
130.2
130.1
130
129.9 200m
129.8
129.7
129.6
129.5
129.4
129.3
129.2
129.1
129
128.9
50.5 51 51.5 52 52.5 53 53.5 54 54.5 55 55.5 56 56.5 57 57.5 58 58.5 59 59.5 60 60.5 61
chainages

Figure: longitudinal profiles

FL-GL= + (Fill) FL= formation level GL-FL= - (Fill)

FL-GL= - (Cut) GL= natural ground level GL-FL= + (Cut)
 Cont‘d
Calculate the depth of earth:
h/20 = 1/200

h = 0.1 m/station

chain age 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ground
level 131.1 131.2 130.9 131.2 130.8 130.7 130.6 130.4 129.1 129.5 129.7
Formation
level 130 130.1 130.2 130.3 130.4 130.5 130.6 130.7 130.8 130.9 131
Depth of
cut/fill -1.1 -1.1 -0.7 -0.9 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.3 1.7 1.4 1.3
5*20=100
 Solutions
• Quantity of earth work
B = 10 m, s:1 = 1.5:1
Chain L Earth work quantity
Depth B*d S*d2 A Am=[A1+A2]/2
age (m) Cut (m3) Fill (m3)
50 -1.1 11 1.82 12.82 -
51 -1.1 11 1.82 12.82 12.82 20 256.4
52 -0.7 7 0.735 7.735 10.28 20 205.4
53 -0.9 9 1.215 10.215 8.98 20 179.6
54 -0.4 4 0.24 4.24 7.23 20 144.6
55 -0.2 2 0.06 2.06 3.15 20 63.0
56 0.0 0 0.00 0.00 1.03 20 20.6
57 0.3 3 0.14 3.14 1.57 20 31.4
58 1.7 17 4.34 21.34 12.24 20 244.8
59 1.4 14 2.94 16.96 19.14 20 382.8
60 1.3 13 2.54 15.54 16.20 20 324.8
Total volume 836.20 983.8
 Exercise 1
• A 100-m length of earthwork volume for a
proposed road has a constant cross section of
cut and fill, in which the cut area equals the fill
area. The level formation is 30 m
wide, transverse ground slope is 20° and the
side slopes in cut-and-fill are 1/2 horizontal to 1
vertical and 1 horizontal to 1
vertical, respectively. Calculate the volume of
excavation in the 100-m length.
 Exercise 2
• A length of existing road of formation width 20 m lies in a cutting
having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal. The centre-line of the
road forms part of a circular curve having a radius of 750 m. For any
cross-section along this part of the road the ground surface and
formation are horizontal. At chain age 5+400 m the depth to
formation at the centre-line is 10 m, and at chain age 5+500 m the
corresponding depth is 18 m. The formation width is to be increased
by 20 m to allow for widening the carriageway and for constructing a
parking area. The whole of the widening is to take place on the side
of the cross section remote from the centre of the arc, the new side
slope being 1 vertical to 2 horizontal. Using the prismoidal
rule, calculate the volume of excavation between the chainages
5+400 m and 5+500 m.

• Assume that the depth to formation changes uniformly with distance

along the road.
 Mass haul Diagram
• Mass haul diagram is a continuous curve showing the
accumulated algebraic sum of the cuts (+ve) and fills (-ve)
from some initial station to any succeeding station.

– It is convenient to tabulate the cumulative sum of cuts

and fills at a station before drawing a Mass diagram.

• On Mass haul diagram

– x-axis represents the distance in stations or Horizontal

stationing is plotted along the X-axis, while

– the y-axis represents the cumulative volume (the

algebraic sum of excavations and embankment
between any selected points) after correction due to
soil condition or Net earthwork values are plotted
along the Y-axis.
 Cont‘d
• Ordinates of the mass curve are plotted with reference to
a horizontal scale of distances.

• An Earthwork Profile is a plot of the net earthwork along

a roadway.
– Net cut values are plotted above the X-axis (positive Y value)

– Net fill values are plotted below the X-axis (negative Y value)

• The cumulated volume of earthwork at the horizontal axis

(Y=0) is 0.

• A negative value at the end of the curve indicates that

borrow is required to complete the fill.

• A positive value at the end of the curve indicates that a

waste operation will be the net result.
 Mass-Haul Diagram - Characteristics
i. The Ordinate at any point represents the cumulative material
to that point on the profile.

ii. Rising sections of the mass curve indicates areas where

excavating exceeds fill i.e. Upward sloping curves indicate (rising
left to right) indicate a cut, whereas

Falling sections indicate where fill exceeds excavation i.e.

Downward sloping (falling left to right) curves occur in a fill
section.

iii. The highest or the lowest points of the mass haul diagram
represents the crossing points between the grade line
(roadway level) and natural ground level. OR Points of zero
slope represent points where roadway goes from cut to fill or
from fill to cut. i.e. Peaks indicate a change from cut to fill and
valleys occur when the earthwork changes from fill to cut.
 Cont‘d
v. Any horizontal line cutting a loop of a mass curve, intersects the
curve at two points between which the cut is equal to the fill
(adjusted for shrinkage); such a line is called a balance line.

vi. The loop convex upward indicates that the haul from cut to fill is
to be in one direction.

vii. Steep slopes reflect heavy cuts & Fills, while flat slopes
indicate areas fro small amount of earthwork.
Mass-haul Diagram - Example
cumulative volume or
mass ordinate ,or
 Drawing a mass-haul diagram Procedures
1. Calculate areas at cross-sections

2. Calculate the volume of fill and cut; cut is + ve and fill –ve.

3. Correct the volume calculated by shrinkage and swell factors

– Net cuts have a positive value, net fills have a negative value
4. Tabulate the corrected aggregate (cumulative) volume
– The value at the 1st station (origin) = 0 (assumed to be balanced:
i.e. cut = fill)
Sta Individual Bulking/ Corr. Indiv. volumes Aggregate
volume Shrinkage Vol.
factors
Cut Fill Cut Fill

5. Plot the mass haul diagram i.e. Aggregate volume Vs. stations

6. Join points by a straight line or curves

Cont‘d
Cont‘d
 Cont‘d
Cumulative
Example 1 distance (m) volume (m3) volume(m3)
cut + fill -
0 0
490
100 490
927
200 1417
982
300 2399
279
380 2648
31
400 2 647
226
500 2421
654
600 1767
1160
700 607
933
800 -326
92
831 -418
220
900 -198
428
1000 230
Example of Volumes Table
 Cont‘d
Cumulative volume(m3)
3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

-500

-1000
 Example 2
• Calculate the cumulative volume with Shrinkage Factor 10%.

Chainage Volume of Volume of

(m) cutting (m3) fill (m3)
0
100 22275
200 13902
300 2268
400 17744
500 14256
600 900
 Solution
Chain Volume of Volume of Shrinkage Shrinkage Corrected Cumulative
age (m) cutting (m3) fill (m3) volume volume volume volume (m3)
(10%) corrected

+ cut
1 2 3 4 5=3+4 - fill

0 0 0

100 22275 22275 22275

200 13902 13902 36177

300 2268 226.8 2494.8 -2494.8 33682.2

400 17744 1774.4 19518.4 -19518.4 14163.8

500 14256 1425.6 15684.6 -15684.6 -1517.8

600 900 90 990 -990 -2057.8

 Cont‘d

40000

35000

30000
Cumulative volume (m3)

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
-5000

Chain age (m)

 What does a Mass Diagram tell us?
 The mass haul diagram can be used to determine:
– Proper distribution of excavated material i.e. tell the
contractors and inspectors the quantity of material moved
and how far it can be economically moved.

– Amount and location of waste & borrow. i.e. Areas where

earth may have to be borrowed or wasted and the amounts
involved.

– Amount of overhaul in kilometer-m3 i.e. determine the

average haul, free haul, and overhaul on a given segment of
roadway.

– The distances over which ‗cut and fill‘ will balance.

– Quantities of materials to be moved and the direction of

movement.
 Distribution Analysis of Earthwork Terminologies
• Haul:
– is the sum of the product of each volume of material and the distance
through which it is moved. i.e., Haul = total volume of earthwork *
distance moved.

– expressed in ‗station meters‘. Station meter (stn m) is 1 m3 of

material moved 100m. Thus, 20m3 moved 1500m is a haul of
20*1500/100 = 300 stn m.

– This is also know as authorized haul.

– On the mass-haul diagram, it is the area contained b/n the curve and
the balance line.

• Haul Distance (d):

– distance from point of excavation to point where the material is to be

tipped.

– Average hauling distance: is the distance from the centre of gravity of

the cutting/excavation to the centre of gravity of the tip/ filling.
 Cont‘d
• Free haul
• is part of the haul which is contained within the free haul

distance.

• It is the distance up to which the hauling is done by the

contractor free of charge.

• For this distance the cost of transportation of the excavated

material is included in the excavation cost.

• Free haul Distance

– is the distance (usually specified in the contract or given in

the Bill of Quantities) over which a charge is paid only for the

volume of earth excavated and not for its movement (usually

300 – 500 m, but ranges 150 – 900 m).

 Cont‘d
• Overhaul
– the authorized hauling of excavation beyond the specified
free-haul distance.

– It is the extra distance where excavated material from a

cutting moved to a greater distance than the free-haul.

– The product of volumes by their respective overhaul

distance.

– Excess payment will depend upon overhaul.

• Overhaul Distance

– The extra distance of transport of earthwork volumes beyond

the free haul distance.

– An extra charge will be paid for transport.

• OHD = HD ‐ FHD.
 Cont‘d
• For example a contractor may offer to haul

material a distance of say 200m at x-birr/m3 but

thereafter for any distance hauled beyond 200m

the contractor may require an extra y-birr/m3

moved per 100m or y-birr/(stn m).

• Free haul distance may range from 300m for

bulldozers to 3000m for self propelled scrapers.

• Here, The distance of 200m is the free haul

distance whereas beyond this distance which is

overhaul distance.
 Cont‘d
• Economical Overhaul Distance:
Let Ce = cost of excavation per unit volume (including free haul)
Cb = cost to excavate borrow pit (including free haul)
Coh = cost of overhaul per m3m
EOH (Le) = Economical Length of over-haul

1. Cost to excavate 1m3 of material from cut and move to fill

= Ce+CohLe .....................................(1)
2. Cost of excavate from cut, waste, borrow and place 1m3 material in fill
= Cb+ Ce ................................(2)
 Equating (1) & (2):

Ce+ CohLe= Cb+ Ce

Le = Cb /Coh = cost to excavate borrow pit (including free haul)

cost of overhaul per m3 m

Le is the Maximum economical length of overhauling.

 Cont‘d
• Limit of Economic haul (L.E.H.) (Limit of Profitable Haul):
– For long haul distances, it may be economical to waste and
borrow materials rather than pay for cost of overhauling.

– is the distance beyond which it is uneconomic (unprofitable)

to overhaul plus the free haul distance. i.e.

Limit of Economic Haul (L.E.H.) = Free haul Distance (F.H.D.) +

Economic Overhaul Distance (Limit) (O.H.D.)

E.L.H. = Free Haul distance + Unit Price of Borrow

Unit Price of Overhaul
• Where:

– E.L.H= Economic limit of haul/ Total economic haul distance

 Cont‘d
• Waste
– is the volume surplus or unsuitable material which must be
exported from a section of the site.
• Borrow
– is the volume of material which must be imported in to a
section of the site due to deficiency of suitable material.

Calculation of total cost of earthworks:

1- Cost of free haul = cost of free haul per m3 * Volume of free haul.

2- Cost of borrow = cost of borrow per m3 * Volume of borrow.

3- Cost of waste = cost of waste per m3 * Volume of waste.

4- Cost of overhaul = [cost of free haul per m3 * volume of overhaul] +

[cost of free haul per m3.station * volume of overhaul * {average

hauling distance - free haul distance}].

 Example 1
For the tabulated volume of cut and fill data given
below slide:
1. draw the mass-haul diagram, and

2. estimate the total cost of excavating and moving

earth.

if, the cost of excavation is 6 birr/m3,

cost of borrow is 6 birr/m3,

cost of overhaul is 12 birr/station-m3, and

the free haul distance is 1.1km.

Use a shrinkage factor of 0.9.

 Indiv. volume Bulking/ Corr. Indiv. Volumes Agg. Vol.
Sta 103 m3 Shrinkage 103 m3
km+m factors
Cut Fill Cut Fill
0+000 2/(1.1) 0r 2*0.9
2.00 - 0.9 =1.80 1.80
0+100
1.2 - 0.9 1.08 2.88
0+200
0.8 - 0.9 0.72 3.60
0+300
0.15 - 0.9 0.14 3.74
0+400
- 0.65 0.65 3.09
0+500
- 1.50 1.50 1.59
0+600
- 2.00 2.00 - 0.41
0+700
- 1.80 1.80 - 2.21
0+800
- 1.60 1.60 - 3.81
0+900
2.00 - 0.9 1.80 - 2.01
1+000
1.80 - 0.9 1.62 0.39
1+100
1.60 - 0.9 1.44 1.05
1+200
- 1.00 1.00 0.05
1+300
- 1.00 1.00 - 0.95
1+400
3.00 - 0.9 2.70 1.75
1+500
1.00 - 0.9 0.90 2.65
1+600
 5

4
3.6 3.74
Cumulative/aggregate/ Volume,m3

3 3.09
2.88
2.65

2
1.8 1.75
1.59
1 1.05

0.39
0 0 0.05
-0.41
0+000 0+100 0+200 0+300 0+400 0+500 0+600 0+700 0+800 0+900 1+000 1+100 1+200 1+300 1+400 1+500 1+600 1+700

-1 -0.95

-2 -2.01
-2.21

-3

-3.81
-4

-5

Chainage
 Exercise 1
1. Given the following end areas for cut & fill, complete the earthwork
calculation using a shrinkage of 10%. Then draw the M.H.D. and the
longitudinal profile of the earthworks & find the following:

a) Limit of Economic Haul (L.E.H.).

b) Free haul volume (F.H.V.).

c) Overhaul volume (O.H.V.).

d) Waste volume.

e) Borrow volume.

f) Total cost of the earthworks.

Given that:
- Cost of overhaul = 30 birr/m3.station.

- Cost of borrow = 120 birr/m3.

- Cost of free haul = 70 birr/m3.

- Free haul Distance (F.H.D.) = 200m = 2 stations.

 Exercise 2

If rate of the
– cost of roadway excavation, Ce, is 800 cents/m3,

– cost of borrow, Cb, is 700 cents/m3, and

– cost of overhaul, Coh, is 12 birr/m3-station,

what is the economical length of overhaul?

The free haul distance is 1.5km and a station is

100m long.
Exercise 3
1. The tabulated data given below is
the volume of cut and fill for a
given road bed preparation.
Thank you !!!