Republic of the Philippines

Kalinga State University

College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Post-harvest Management of Coffee Growers in Western District of

Tabuk City, Kalinga

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL

AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Researchers:

Bundalon, Raiza Mae A.

Busiley, Annie Grace A.

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
APPROVAL SHEET

The undergraduate thesis entitled “Postharvest

Management of Coffee Growers in Western District of Tabuk
City, Kalinga”, prepared and submitted by Raiza Mae A.
Bundalon and Annie Grace A. Busiley in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Has been examined and is recommended for
acceptance and approval for ORAL PRESENTATION.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
ENGR.GERLIE T. SORIANO
Adviser………………
APPROVED by the MEMBERS OF DEFENSE COMMITTEE:

Engr. SOLOMON P. LAO-ATEN

Chairman

ENGR. VENUS B. ELVEÑA ENGR. CHERIE

P. MALAGGAY
Member
Member

Oral Presentation: ____________ Rating:

________
Accepted and approved as partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

ENGR. RHONJHON R. GARMING, MECE

Dean, CEIT

EDUARDO T. BAGTANG, CPA, DBM

KSU President
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT OF COFFEE

GROWERS IN WESTERN DISTRICT OF TABUK CITY, KALINGA

(Thesis Abstract)

By:

Raiza Mae A. Bundalon

Annie Grace A. Busiley

Adviser: Engr. Gerlie T. Soriano

The study aimed to evaluate the postharvest management of coffee

growers in Western District of Tabuk City, Kalinga. In terms of

postharvest operations, this study focuses only on the preference

of the coffee growers during harvesting, drying and depulping.

For this study, quantitative survey was the primary method of

data collection. The respondents of the study were composed of

people in Western District of Tabuk City, Kalinga. Respondents

were selected through total population sampling. This sampling

method was conducted where the whole population becomes of the

sample. The survey questionnaire was the main research instrument

used in gathering the data from the set respondents. The data
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
gathered was analyzed and tabulated through the use

of frequency and percentage distribution. According to the survey

result, majority of farmers use stripping method during

harvesting, which is the common cropping practiced by coffee

farmers in the study area, most farmers use manually operated

during depulping, and majority of the farmers use sun-dry method

of coffee processing. The result indicated that, coffee quality

is declining from time to time due to several improper

postharvest management practices. Therefore, coffee growers in

Western District of Tabuk City should attend seminars,

orientations and trainings that are related to postharvest

handling of coffee production to have more knowledge about it.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
The researchers wish to extend their profound

thanks, gratitude and deepest appreciation to all those who

extended their helps and assistance in the preparation and

completion of this work. Without them, this study would not have

been finished.

First, to our Almighty God for the gift of life and love He

gave us and the wisdom and knowledge he bestowed upon us.

To Engr. Gerlie T. Soriano, adviser; for her patience,

dedication in helping and contributing her knowledge that

benefited toward the success and completion of this study.

To Engr. Solomon B. Lao-aten, program chairman; Engr. Cherie

P. Malaggay, and Engr. Venus C. Elvena, panel members; for their

valuable comments and suggestions to improve their Thesis.

To Ma’am Erica Vane B. Buco, English Critic, for her

patience in editing this masterpiece.

To Ma’am Cecile B. Amon, Statistical Consultant, for sharing

her knowledge.

To the respondents who have patiently answered the survey

questionnaire given to them and for those who helped in

distributing the questionnaire.

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
To our beloved parents, families and loved ones

who had given their moral and financial support and who

encourages us to push through in our endeavor.

To our friends, classmates and other people who shared their

ideas and opinions, comments and suggestions in making this

project; and

Thank you so much. We appreciate every little help and words

of encouragement you gave us.

The Researchers

DEDICATION
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
We wholeheartedly dedicate this masterpiece to our

parents, who have been our motivation and support system whenever

problems cross our way.

To our brothers, sisters, relatives, teachers and friends

who shared their pieces of advice to finish this study.

Above all, to the Almighty God; who made all things

possible. Without him, this study would be in vain.

The Researchers

CHAPTER I
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Coffee, which is made from the Coffea plant, is one of

the most commercialized products in the Philippines. The

Philippines is one of the few countries producing economically

viable Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa coffee varietals.

Locally called as Barako/Baraco, Philippine Liberica is a coffee

bean that creates a very robust and potent cup.

In the Cordillera Region, the most common species introduced

are Robusta and Arabica. Robusta accounts for 86% of CAR’s coffee

production, while Arabica accounts for 95 and the remaining

percent is accounted for by other varieties. According to the

study of Baluyan (2015), a total production area of 6,695

hectares was occupied for coffee plantation in the region with

the largest coffee producing areas in 2013: Benguet, Mountain

Province, Kalinga, and Ifugao, resulting in a total production of

5,673 metric tons. Robusta coffee is the most widely grown

variety, with 5,845 hectares planted, followed by Arabica (215

hectares), and Liberica (16 hectares).

Kalinga cultivates and grows coffee varieties, Robusta and

Arabica. The province was previously a major coffee producer of

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
coffee across the country. According to an article

authored by (Domoguen, 2017), the province ranked seventh in

terms of production in 2012 and is still primary source of coffee

beans, contributing 69 percent of the Cordillera’s annual 6,000

average produce. Arabica grew well in the province’s highlands,

whereas Robusta thrived in the lowlands and warmer climates.

A total of 1,295.23 hectares of Robusta coffee plantation

was recorded by the City Agriculturist Office of Tabuk as of

2019. From this production area, a total of 539,911.50 metric

tons was produced from the same year. Out of the total 42

barangays from the city, only 23 barangays are active producers

of the said product. Barangay Bantay was the leading producer

with a total of 200 hectares; 90 farmers and a 90, 000 metric

tons annual production total. Next in line was Nambucayan with an

area of 150 hectares; 80 farmers and 67, 500 metric tons of

production. The third was barangay Dupag with a production area

of 152 hectares; 57 farmers with 60,800 annual produce. Barangay

Bagumbayan on the other hand which landed on the fifth spot

produces 42,000 metric tons of coffee and a total of 105 hectares

production area. The least producer was barangay Lanna with only

a hectare of production area; 6 numbers of farmers and 300 metric

tons of produced products.

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
However, reports show that coffee production in

Kalinga seemed to have dropped due to several factors. As a

result, farmers abandon their coffee plantations and focus more

on producing other cash crops such as rice and corn. They are

discouraged to maintain their coffee areas and develop potential

areas to increase coffee harvests. (E. Taquio, 2018)

Therefore, there is a need to revitalize and revive the

coffee industry. In which, coffee growers must learn best

practices in coffee farming to increase production and upgrade

coffee quality. They need also to understand its crop

recommendations like post-harvest handling and processing

management.

To improve the quality of their coffee (and subsequently

earn a higher price for their crop), producers may seek to change

practices on their farm. Unfortunately, some do not know where to

start. Quality is influenced by a nearly limitless number of

factors throughout production, including genetics, climate, and

soil health. However, one aspect of the production process that

can be controlled is what is known as “post-harvest”. These

compromise the practices that take place once the coffee has been

picked. (I. Petrich, 2021)

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
From the presentation of Karl Obispo (2016),

postharvest handling specifically involves the movement and the

operations that commodities undergo from harvest to the time

immediately before meal preparation. Its main concern is to keep

commodities in an acceptable state from harvest until it reaches

the consumer since most commodities are transported in their

perishable state.

Postharvest management is handling of produces from farm to

fork. The primary role is to ensure that the harvested product

reaches the consumer, while fulfilling market/consumer

expectations in terms of volume, quality, and other product and

transaction attributes, including nutrition, food security, and

product safety.

Moreover, postharvest loss is an important threat to food

security and loss in farmer income. Thus, post harvest handling

aims to minimize losses at the least possible cost. The existing

postharvest environment requires appropriate technologies to

maintain quality of commodities. Poor handling of agricultural

commodities can result in quality deterioration and losses.

Regarding the above, it is necessary to know the extent of

post-harvest management that has been carried out by farmers so

that appropriate corrective measures can be taken.

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
The researchers are aware that coffee is a number

one product of Kalinga province, so they come up with the thesis

title postharvest management of coffee growers’ in Western

District of Tabuk city. This study aims to validate if the coffee

growers/farmers are adapting good postharvest technologies or

practices.

Conceptual framework of the study

The concept used in this study is Input-Process-Output

model.

Input Process Output

-Structured Evaluation of
Coffee Growers
survey Post-harvest
questionnaire Management of
Coffee Growers
-Collection of
in Western
gathered data
District of
-Data analysis Tabuk City,
and Kalinga
interpretation

Objectives of the Study

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
The main objective of the study aimed to evaluate

the post-harvest management of coffee growers in Western District

of Tabuk City, Kalinga.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following:

1. Determine the demographic profile of coffee growers/farmers

2. Determine the preference of the farmers during harvesting.

3. Determine the preference of the farmers during depulping.

4. Determine the preference of the farmers during drying.

Significance of the Study

Postharvest management specifically the drying practices of

agricultural product is always crucial or at critical state

resulting to a large agricultural production losses. Therefore,

the study may be very useful to the following:

Coffee Growers/ Farmers

The result of this study can help the coffee growers/farmers

of Tabuk City, Kalinga to adopt appropriate

post-harvest facilities and practices to ensure the quality of

their coffee produce.

Students
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
The result of this study can serve as a reference

for student’s researches and studies related to post-harvest and

processing management of coffee growers.

Scope and delimitation of the Study

The scope of the study was limited on the evaluation of

postharvest management of Coffee Growers in Western District of

Tabuk City, Kalinga. In terms of postharvest operations, this

study focuses only on the preference of coffee growers during

harvesting, drying and depulping. For this study, quantitative

survey was the primary method of data collection.

Time and Place of the Study

The study place was conducted at Western District of Tabuk

City, and Kalinga from February to May 2022.

Definition of Terms

Postharvest Technology. It is inter-disciplinary “science and

technique” applied to horticultural/agricultural produce after

harvest for its protection, conservation, processing, packaging,

distribution, marketing, and utilization to meet the food and

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
nutritional requirements of the people in relation

to their needs.

Harvest. It is a specific and single deliberate action to

separate the food stuff with or without non edible portion from

its growth medium.

Postharvest. All the succeeding action after harvest is defined

as postharvest technique. From this period of time all action

enters the process of preparation for final consumption.

Postharvest Management. It is a system of handling, storing, and

transporting agricultural commodities after harvest.

Postharvest Losses. A measurable quantitative and qualitative

loss in a given product

Depulping. Operation in the wet processing of coffee which

removes the pulp (exocarp) and as much as possible the mucilage

(mesocarp) through mechanical means. A portion of the

mucilaginous mesocarp usually remains adhering to the parchment

(endocarp). This is also referred to as “pulping”.

Drying. Method of dehydration of food products which means

reducing the moisture content from the food to improve its shelf

life by preventing bacterial growth.

Processing. The application of techniques to prevent losses

through preservation, processing, packaging, storage, and

distribution.
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Perishable. Food crops whose food value is

maintained over a short period of time after harvest

Coffee. It is a tropical plant that grows between the latitudes

of 25◦N and 25◦S but requires very specific environmental

conditions for commercial cultivation. Temperature, rainfall

sunlight, wind, and soils are all important, but requirements

vary according to the varieties grown.

Grower. The person responsible for the management of the primary

production and primary processing of coffee.

Arabica. This is considered to be the best in other countries

because of its excellent flavor and aroma. It is known locally

“kapeng tagalong”. The shrub of this variety is smaller than

Liberica and Robusta, with lateral branches in opposite

arrangement, horizontal and in pairs. It leaves are fragrant,

with creamy in color. Beans are oblong-ellipsoid they are green

in color, and later turn in yellow when ripe. The size of seeds

range from 8.5 to 12.7cm long. This variety is early. Two years

after transplanting, it produces berries.

Robusta. Known for its umbrella-shaped growth. The Robusta plants

produces berries four years after transplanting. A well tended

one hectare field can yield about 1200kg per year of coffee green
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
beans. Leaves are thinner than Excelsa and the edge

is scalloped. Its flowers are also white with 5 to 6 petals. The

bearers are smaller than Arabica, closely clustered and blood

when ripe with thin pulp and parchment.

Liberica. This variety is locally known as kapeng barako. Trees

are upright straight trunks, weedy and grow to height of about

nine meters. This variety is tolerant to tolerant to drought and

can grow to wider soil types. It starts bearing four to five

years after transplanting. A one hectare farm planted can yield

about 1000 kg per year.

Excelsa. This has wide leaves that are thicker than Robusta, but

thinner, smoother and more rounded than Liberica. This variety is

resistant to drought. Bearing starts four to five years after

transplanting. It yields approximately 1000kg of clean dry coffee

beans per hectare.

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter deals with the literature, which serves as

guide and stepping stone to the researchers in the post-harvest

management of coffee growers in Western District of Tabuk City,

Kalinga.

Post-harvest management is one of the most important aspects

of maintaining crop quality, yet it is often neglected.

Post-harvest management is a set of post-production

practices that includes: cleaning, washing, selection, grading,

disinfection, drying, packing and storage. These eliminate

undesirable elements and improve product appearance, as well as

ensuring that the product complies with established quality

standards for fresh and processed products. Postharvest practices

include the management and control of variables such as

temperature and relative humidity, the selection and use of

packaging, and the application of such supplementary treatments

as fungicides (FAO, 2009).

The most important goals of postharvest handling are keeping

the product cool, to avoid moisture loss and slow down

undesirable chemical changes, and avoiding physical damage such

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
as bruising, to delay spoilage. Sanitation is also

an important factor, to reduce the possibility of pathogens that

could be carried by fresh produce, for example, as residue from

contaminated washing water. After the field, postharvest

processing is usually continued in packing house. This can be a

simple shed, providing shade and running water, or a large-scale,

sophisticated mechanized facility, with conveyer belts, automated

sorting and packing stations, walk-in coolers and the like. In

mechanized harvesting, processing may also begin as part of the

actual harvest process, with initial cleaning and sorting

performed by the harvesting machinery (Simson and Straus, 2010)

Moreover, post-harvest management allows the effective

planning of how to sustainably manage finite resources for the

future. In other words, through effective post-harvest

management, action can be done now so that the environment can

sustain future generations.

During the post-harvest period, handlers and producers focus

on preserving quality, quantity, and the safety of the

commodities. This means having to ensure that moisture,

contaminants, and insects will not affect the quality of the

commodities.
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Post-harvest practices are employed to attain a

stable and edible coffee product. The coffee cherries are

processed under two basic systems: a.) the dry processing system

which produces what is called natural coffee or dried coffee

cherry (the seed is enclosed in the whole fruit), and b.) the wet

processing system, which generates what, is called parchment

coffee, where the seed is enclosed in the inner integument or

endocarp.

The drying operation is one of the most important steps in

the coffee post-harvest processing that influences the final

quality of the coffee. Drying is a process which entails moisture

reduction (Mwangi, 2010)from about 20% wet basis (w.b) as the

desired moisture content at a recommended drying temperature

ranging from 30-40◦C to achieve a stable product. Depending on

the processing method employed, the whole or pulped fruit,

parchment (beans enclosed by the inner integument), or naked

beans may be dried. The process of drying is a key stage that

influences coffee quality.

According to (Cirovelasquez, Abudcano and Perezelagrias

(2009), drying is one of the part of the post-harvest process

that is responsible for the removal of excess moisture to a level

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
that is safe for long time storage without any

impact to aroma or taste of the final beverage.

On the other hand, Depulping is one also of the post-harvest

operations of coffee which the main difference between the dry

and the wet method and is usually done through the aid of a

machine which squeezes the cherries between surfaces. Depulping

operation should also be carried out immediately after harvesting

to avoid any deterioration of the cherries which later on might

affect the quality of the beans. Because the depulping is done by

mechanical means, it normally leaves some residual flesh as well

as sticky mucilage that adhere to the parchment surrounding the

beans. This has to be completely removed to avoid contamination

of the coffee beans by products resulting from the degradation of

the mucilage.

Similarly, as stated by R.O. Morawicki, T. Hager, in

encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems (2014), Post-harvest

processing of coffee berries have two phases of processing, the

coffee cherries undergo a dry or wet process (Gonzales-Rios et

al., 2007; Mussato et al., 2011). Arabica (Coffea Arabica) beans

are processed via both the wet and dry method, depending on the

harvesting region, whereas robusta (Coffea canephora) beans are

primarily processed by the dry method (ICO, 2013). The dry

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
milling method is the simplest and typically

involves solar drying the whole cherry to the desired moisture

content (11-12%), although mechanical dryers can also be used to

facilitate the process (Viere and Schaltegger, 2007. For the wet

method, the exterior layers-skin and pulp- of the cherry are

mechanically removed with water and the remnant pulp, mucilage,

is via fermentation (Mussatto et al., 2011) or machine (Gonzales-

Rios et al., 2007). The beans are subsequently dried to obtain

the proper moisture content. This process may involve sun-drying,

the use of standard rotary drum dryers, or solar-powered dryers

(Turbey, 2004). The final step of wet and dry milling is

dehulling to remove the final layer-the parchment-and produce the

green bean that is ready for roasting (ICO, 2013).

In addition, the coffee quality is associated with pre-

harvest management activities. Each step starting from selecting

the best coffee variety for plantation until the final coffee

drink preparation determines the cupping quality. The overall

coffee quality is influenced by the factors which involve changes

in the physicochemical properties and sensorial attributes,

including the post-harvest operations. The post-harvest

processing activities contribute about 60% of the quality of

green coffee beans. The post-harvest operations include pulping,

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
processing, drying, hulling, cleaning, sorting,

grading, storage, roasting, grinding, and cupping. (M.Haile and

W.H. Kang, 2019)

There are other coffee processing alternatives, or even

experimental, but there are three common process. Coffee is

traditionally processed in three ways: washed, natural, and

honey. A natural or honey processed coffee requires a flavorful

coffee cherry. Washed coffees depend almost 100% on the bean

having absorbed enough natural sugars and nutrients during its

growing cycle. The varietal, soil, weather, ripeness,

fermentation, washing, and drying are key. Furthermore, producers

are now dedicating a lot of time and attention to post-harvest

processing. These techniques help develop intense flavors in the

coffee, if roasted properly. So, the next set of fundamental

knowledge should focus on the processing systems used for the

coffee. Coffee beans can go through natural (sun or solar-dry

method), washed (wet method), semi-washed (honey, pulped,

natural), and mixed processing. Knowing the actual information on

the processing is a bonus. The idea is to understand that even if

coffee beans are from one variety; their flavors will vary with

the use of different processes. Thus, the price of coffee will

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
also vary based on the post-harvest process used.

(R. Francisco, 2018)

Generally, post-harvest operation determines the quality of

green and/ or roasted coffee beans. However, each process of the

post-harvest operations can cause a significant quality loss and

lead to a lower market price (M. Haile and W.H. Kang, 2019)

Therefore, it is also essential to learn the ways to

implement better handling of post-harvest operations. Proper

management of post-harvest can serve as a major help in resolving

various agricultural, social and economic issues. That’s why; the

importance of post-harvest management of coffee in the world

economy is clear because it is one of the most valuable primary

products in world trade. Its cultivation, processing, trading,

transportation and marketing provide employment for millions of

people worldwide.
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter reveals the methods of research to be employed

by the researchers in conducting the study which includes the

research design, population of the study, research instrument and

its development establishing its validity and reliability, data

gathering procedures, and the appropriate statistical treatment

of data.

Research Design

In this study, descriptive survey method was employed in

collecting data. Best and Kahn (2017) defined descriptive survey

design that it is method of research which concern itself with

the present phenomena in terms of conditions, practices, beliefs

process, relationships, or trends.

According to Dr. Y.P. Aggarwal (2010) research design is

not simply tabulating data but includes proper analysis,

interpretation of statistical data by arriving at generalization

prediction.
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
The Respondents of the Study

The Respondents of the study was composed of people in

Western District of Tabuk City, Kalinga. One of the vital

processes is to keep this study successful. Respondents were

selected through total population sampling. This sampling method

was conducted where the whole population becomes of the sample.

The chosen respondents are containing the total enumeration

from selected barangay in Tabuk City. Western District was chosen

by the researchers because they are the leading producer of

coffee products.

Research Instrument

The survey questionnaire was the main research instrument

used in gathering the data from the set respondents. A four part

questionnaire shall be used. The first part is about demographic

profile of coffee growers/farmers. Second is the preference of

the farmers during harvesting. Another is the preference of the

farmers during depulping, and lastly is about preference of the

farmers during drying. Following the approval of the letter, the

researchers were personally distributing the questionnaire to the

respondents in order to ensure that all instructions are explain.

The questionnaire was revised and adapted from Teshome et. al.

(2019).Assessment of pre and post-harvest management practices on

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
coffee (Coffee Arabica L.) quality determining

factors in Gedeo zone, Southern Ethiopia.

Data Gathering Procedure

After establishing the validity and reliability on how

gather-data, formulating questions for the study and all doing

necessary modification to the chosen respondent. Copies of

questionnaires distributed were successfully completed and

returned. Thus the corresponding answer to the questions was kept

in accordance with the agreement of the respondents and the

researchers.

The data gathered was organized and tabulated according to

the result of the statistical treatment done. In this stage, the

service of statistical consultant is needed.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

Quantitative data collected from the field through structure

questionnaires. To analyze and interpret the data, the

researchers were employing the following treatment. The frequency

and percentage distribution were used to analyze the quantitative

data.

Percentage
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
The percentage and distribution were employed for

the preferences of the postharvest operations variables of coffee

growers: Demographic profile of coffee growers/ farmers,

Preference of farmers during harvesting, Preferences of farmers

during depulping, and preference of farmers during drying. As

explained by Brown (2014) like fractions, percents are a way to

represent parts of an entire. However, in percent one whole is

always considered to be 100%. According to Young (2019) frequency

distribution is the portrayal of the numbers of surveys within a

given interval. Frequency depends on the data being analyzed and

the objectives of the researchers.

F
Formula: % = ×100
N

% is the percentage

F is the Frequency

N is the total number of respondents

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the result and discussion of the

study.

Table 1: Demographic profile of coffee growers/farmers

Variable Frequency Percentage

1. Gender Female 129 41.88

Male 179 58.12

Total 308 100

2. Age 18-25 1 0.32

26-35 29 9.42

36-50 116 37.66

>50 162 52.60

Total 308 100

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
3. Family members 1-5 187 60.71

6-10 117 37.99

11-15 4 1.30

Total 308 100

4. Educational status Under graduate 74 24.03

Elementary graduate 87 28.25

Secondary graduate 94 30.52

College graduate 53 17.21

Total 308 100

Table 1 presents the demographic profile of coffee growers

in Western District of Tabuk City, Kalinga. Out of the total 15

barangays from Western District of Tabuk City, only 11 barangays

are active coffee growers. Barangay Guilayon has the most coffee

growers with 43, followed by Magnao with 41, and Nambucayan with

38 coffee growers based in the results of the data gathered

(Refer to Appendices A for the detailed results). These leading

Barangays were funded under the Philippine Rural Development

Program of the Department of Agriculture (DA) farm to market road

with fund counterpart from the local government of Tabuk City.

The road project will boost coffee production in the villages

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
where a 39-hectare coffee plantation is located (J.

Maguiya, 2020). Since it was a total enumeration, therefore, the

total sample size of coffee growers handled during survey was

308. Of the total sample respondents, 179 were male-headed

households and 129 were female-headed in Western District of

Tabuk City. Totally, 58.12% were males and 41.88% were females in

the survey areas. This means that majority of the male-headed

households have more access to coffee farming than female-headed

households because women are often excluded from decision-making

and leadership roles and less likely to have access to resources

such as training, income and land. Thus, it shows that male-

headed household have better than female-headed on improving and

maintaining coffee farming.

According to International Coffee Organization, women

contribute significantly to the global coffee sector. Between 20%

and 30% of coffee farms are female-operated and up to 70% of

labour in coffee production is provided by women. However, the

empirical evidence presented in this study shows that women have

lower access to coffee farming than men.

From the survey areas, majority of coffee farmers were found

in the age category of greater than 50 years. Probably, most

began coffee farming in their youth. The reason why younger

generations aren’t choosing coffee farming isn’t that they are

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
not interested but because as most of their coffee

plantations are located along the mountains and forest areas, it

will also be a lot harder for farmers to tend to their coffee

plantations due to lack of good access roads. As a result,

farmers in Western District particularly in Magnao, Guilayon and

Nambucayan convert their coffee plantations to other cash crops

such as rice and corn because it provides them faster and better

income, the lack of accessible roads from the mountains to the

market, and the decreased productivity of coffee trees due to old

age, and poor farming practices.

Additionally, most of the farmers from Magnao at the age

category of 18 up to 50 years old turn their coffee plantations

into corn production because it may have given them a better

income. Based on the article of Ace Alegre, Tabuk City

Administrator Laurence Bayongan singled out Magnao village which

used to be one of the leading coffee producers in the city. It

has since lost that distinction due to corn production. Also,

Bayongan warned as he urged farmers in the city to plant new

coffee trees because inroads of corn production is not only

killing the coffee industry but aggravating and inviting

environmental disasters, too. Magnao resident Peter Gonayon

which is at age category 36 to 50 years old said that the

economic returns of corn is much better than that of rice and

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
coffee, but it led to the clearing of even

mountaintops which used to be spared from kaingin practice in the

village composed of 99-percent kaingineros. The phenomenon of

coffeland and forestlands turning into cornlands is also true for

other villagers especially in Cudal and Calaccad, the main corn

producers of the city.

With regards to educational status, majority of respondents

were secondary graduate which is 30.52 %. Most gathered answers

from the farmers said that they only finished secondary level due

to lack of financial supports and low-income family.

However, the finding of several studies revealed that the

level of education is a strong and important determinant of

farmers’ adoption of improved agricultural technologies (Zemudu,

2004). Besides, as reported by Deressa et al. (2009), years of

schooling positively influenced farmers’ adoption decision on

improved agricultural techniques. Therefore, education is crucial

for the farmers to understand and interpret the information

coming from any direction to them.

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

Table 2: Preference of the farmers during harvesting

Variable Frequency Percentage

1. Harvesting Selective 75 24.35

practice
Strip 233 75.65

Others 0 0

Total 308 100

2. Harvesting stage Red berries 75 24.35

Green berries 0 0

Mixed (maturity 233 75.65

stage and red
berries)

Total 308 100

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
3. Conditions during Availability of time 268 87.01
harvesting
Availability of 1 0.32
laborers

Money to pay for 39 12.66

laborer

Others 0 0

Total 308 100

4. Who harvest Family members 268 87.01

Hired laborers 40 12.99

Total 308 100

One of the main factors affecting quality of coffee is

harvesting method. According to the survey, stripping (75.65%)

has the majority of the respondents similarly to harvesting

stage, which means that most of the respondents used stripping

method as a harvesting practices. This implies that the stripping

method is customary to the farmers who want to save time, can be

performed 24 hours a day, requires less workforce, faster and

economic harvesting but results in damage to the coffee trees and

different maturation stage of harvested cherries.

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Various activities practiced by Kalinga coffee

growers include pruning, irrigation, and pest and diseases

management. Coffee rejuvenation is also practiced to increase the

yield of century-old coffee trees. In Kalinga, the stripping

method or one-time harvesting is usually done but can result to

damages of coffee trees and the inclusion of unripe berries that

can affect the overall quality of the harvest (Department of

Agriculture)

Whereas, 24.35 percent has practice selective method

commonly used by coffee growers and at the same time a coffee

processors. To summarize the data gathered from the different

respondents from different barangay in Western District; Antuza

Refalda –manager of Kalinga Brew, Froilan Albert Pullan-coffee

grower and processor in Gawidan, Virginia Sacki- owner of

Shavcer’s farm in Bantay and Cooperative members of Guilayon said

that the advantage of selective harvesting is that to reach the

good quality of coffee, it is essential that the cherries are

perfectly mature when they are picked. This shows that harvesting

only the ripe fruit results in better coffee and higher process

for producers’.

The result of this study runs parallel to the study of

Ameyu et al. (2017), wherein selective method of harvesting was

better in producing superior quality beans in all parameters.

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Additionally, hand picking only red berries is one

means for accomplishing high quality of the produce.

However, not all the time, it’s beneficial. It has its own

downside also. In other cases, there are exemptions to this. In

other words, those who can afford are sometimes the ones that can

highly pay off to this. Selective picking is more expensive than

you think due to the intensive labor involved. One major

disadvantage is that it requires a lot of work, forcing people

that can only work for minimum wage. Thus, it takes quite some

time to do.

In terms of conditions during harvesting practice, it

revealed that this variable has a relationship with regard to

people who harvest as presented in Table 2. This denotes that

many farmers prefer to harvest their coffee with their own family

members during their availability of time in considering costs,

especially to those who have small coffee plantation. However,

other farmers hire laborers, particularly those up to 50 years

old who can no longer harvest and have a large coffee plantation.

Table 3: Preference of the farmers during depulping

Variable Frequency Percentage

1. Method of Washed process 19 6.17

coffee
Natural process 289 93.83
depulping
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Others(specify) 0 0

Total 308 100

2. Power source Manually operated 308 100

Mechanically operated 0 0

Total 308 100

As presented in Table 3, the majority (93.83%) of the

farmers in the study area during depulping is natural processing

method. For the most part of Western District of Tabuk City, they

commonly use pavement, raised beds and nylon netting. out of 11

active coffee growers, 4 barangay were still applying wet

processing method which is Naneng with 50%, Nambucayan with

23.68%, Bantay with 10.34%, Bagumbayan with 4.35%, Magnao with

2.44%; and the rest were majority of using a natural processing

or dry processing method (Refer to Appendices A for the detailed

results). This means that most likely coffee growers prefer the

common ways or more traditional method of processing since some

growers say that the natural process is better because it is more

natural, it simply means that there’s no water or machines used

to remove the fruit from the seed.

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
In agreement with this, Alemseged and Yeabsira

(2014) mentioned dry processing as the age-old method of

processing coffee, and are still used in many barangay in Kalinga

where water resources are limited. Furthermore, Kalinga coffee

grower’s usually sun-dry coffee berries on pavements and plastic

nets or canvass materials/ tarpaulins for an average of 14 days.

However, Sir Froilan Albert- a coffee grower at the same

time a coffee processor from Gawidan, Western District of Tabuk

City, choose the washed process such as flotation to remove the

leaves/stems and defective or not good berries/cherries. Since it

requires lots of water, he used their swimming pool as floatation

area. This indicates that wet processing is a good practice or

method for coffee depulping especially when you are a coffee

processor to maintain good quality of coffee and it generally

guarantees a cleaner and more consistent flavor of the bean as

well as the roasting outcome.

As stated by Musebe et al. (2007), wet processing method

resulted in high mean values for good cup quality (attributes

like acidity, body and flavor) and bean physical quality

(attributes like odor) as compared to the dry processing method.

It can be concluded that wet processing method is the best

approach to obtain fine and typical quality flavor in the cup

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
that attract consumers according to their preference

in the international market.

Regards to power source, all active coffee growers in

Western District of Tabuk City use manually operated (100%) than

mechanically operated depulper machine, even though some of them

fortunately received machines from the Department of Agriculture-

Province to maintain coffee quality in particular. This means

that the farmer’s apprehension in adopting modern technologies

was a challenge and lack of training/seminars, and lack of

mechanically operated machine is the reason why the improvement

of coffee commodity production has been slowed down.

According to the study of Erwin S. Embuscado (2010), the

manual coffee pulper is made of locally available materials. It

is portable because pulping operation is done at the farm. It is

easy to set up these systems. So, there is no intense training

required for coffee growers. It has a capacity of 40 to 50kg/hr

and can be operated by one person. “It is also gender-friendly,

because women can also operate the technology” said by Rodelio G.

Idalgo-PHilMech researcher. Furthermore, Sir Albert said “nu

usarem ngamin jay mechanically operated nga depulper ket

apektaran na jay aroma or jay quality ti kape tapos natrabaho

metlang ken maexpose jay kape napaspas pay nga aginvite ti

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
bacteria isunga haanko kayat idepulp (when a

mechanically operated depulper is used, the aroma of the coffee

is affected, and it is also time-consuming to use. The coffee can

be exposed and it will quickly invite bacteria” he added, that’s

why they prefer the manual over the mechanically operated

machine.

Table 4: Preference of the farmers drying

Variable Frequency Percentage

1. Types of Arabica 11 3.57

coffee grow
Robusta 297 96.43

Liberica 0 0

Excelsa 0 0

Total 308 100

2. Method of Sun drying 308 100

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
drying Coffee Mechanical drying 0 0

Others(specify) 0 0

Total 308 100

3. Time before 1 hour 0 0

processing
1-2 days 9 2.92
storage
3-5 days 41 13.31

For 1 week 76 24.68

It depends if needed 182 59.1

Total 308 100

Table 4 reveals the results of the preference of the farmers

during drying; it appears that the most common variety grown in

Western District of Tabuk City is Robusta, which accounted for

96.43 percent and 3.57 percent of Arabica, whereas; no one in

Western District planted Excelsa and Liberica coffee variety. It

implies that robusta is most likely the coffee variety that suits

the weather and soil conditions of Western District, particularly

in Bantay because of its humus-laden soils, and Guilayon,

Nambucayan, and Magnao due to their lower elevations in the

mountain range.
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
According to the article of Domoguen (2017),

Robusta are mostly grown in the region’s lowland and warmer

areas. Arabica flourished in the highland areas of the region

like Benguet which said to be the best Arabica grown in the

Philippines and at par with world’s known Arabica. Today, both

Robusta and Arabica coffees are planted and grown well in

Kalinga’s varied geographical terrain. Perhaps, this is the

reason why many of the best blends of both coffee beans are found

in Tabuk City, the capital town of Kalinga Province. While,

Excelsa coffee commonly grows in the mountains of Batangas,

Quezon, Sorsogon, and Bicol region. Liberica thrives in humid

climate such as Batangas and Cavite.

Moreover, the table indicates that the study was 100% of the

respondents prefer the sun drying method for drying coffee. It

shows that sun drying is a low-cost method used widely by

smallholder farmers than mechanical drying. However, weather

conditions can sharply limit the effectiveness and safety of open

sun drying. It is true that mechanical drying reduces the drying

time, allows improved moisture control, and avoids losses

associated with drying in open air, but many remote farm

producers lack access to mechanical drying technology (Institute

for the Prevention of Postharvest Loss; University of Illinois).

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
This Chapter presents the summary, conclusion, and

recommendation of the study.

Summary:

The study was conducted at Western District of Tabuk City,

Kalinga from February to May 2022.

The study aimed to determine and evaluate the postharvest

management of coffee growers in Western District of Tabuk City,

Kalinga specifically the preference of the farmers during

harvesting, preference of the farmers during depulping, and

preference of the farmers during drying.

The results of the study in terms of preference of farmers

during harvesting is stripping (75.65%), which has the majority

of the respondents similarly to harvesting stage, it means that

most of the respondents used stripping method as a harvesting

practices. This implies that the stripping method is customary to

the farmers who want to save time, requires less workforce,

faster and economic harvesting. Whereas, 24.35 percent has

practice selective method commonly used by coffee growers and at

the same time a coffee processors. This shows that harvesting

only the ripe fruit results in better coffee and higher process
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
for producers’. As regards of conditions during

harvesting practice, it revealed that this variable has a

relationship with regard to people who harvest. This denotes that

many farmers prefer to harvest their coffee with their own family

members during their availability of time in considering costs,

especially to those who have small coffee plantation.

As with preference of farmers during depulping, natural

processing method exhibited the highest frequency of coffee

growers with a percentage of 93.83. This means that most likely

coffee growers prefer the common ways or more traditional method

of processing since some growers say that the natural process is

better because it is more natural, it simply means that there’s

no water or machines used to remove the fruit from the seed. In

terms of power source, it was found out that all active coffee

growers in Tabuk city’s Western District use manually operated

depulper (100%). This means that the farmer’s apprehension in

adopting modern technologies was a challenge and lack of

training/seminars, and lack of mechanically operated machine from

the Department of Agriculture is the reason why the improvement

of coffee commodity production has been slowed down.

On the preference of farmers during drying, it appears that

the most common variety grown in Western District of Tabuk City

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
is Robusta, which accounted for 96.43 percent and

3.57 percent of Arabica, whereas; no one in Western District

planted Excelsa and Liberica coffee variety. It implies that

robusta is most likely the coffee variety that suits the weather,

soil conditions and due to lower elevations in the mountain range

of Western District of Tabuk City. On the other hand, it appears

that the result of the study was 100% of the respondents prefer

the sun drying method for drying coffee. It shows that sun drying

is a low-cost method used widely by coffee farmers than

mechanical drying. However, weather conditions can sharply limit

the effectiveness and safety of open sun drying. It is true that

mechanical drying reduces the drying time, allows improved

moisture control, and avoids losses associated with drying in

open air, but many remote farm producers lack access to

mechanical drying technology.

Conclusions:

Based from the result of the study, the following statements

were concluded:
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
1. Most coffee growers in Western District were male-

headed household which obtained of 58.12% while 41.88% were

females. Thus, it shows that male-headed household have better

than female-headed on improving and maintaining coffee farming.

However, some related studies reveal that 70% of labor in coffee

production is provided by women, and they contribute much of the

labor on farms, playing a central role in the cultivation and

processing of the coffee especially in achieving higher yields

and farm profits.

2. In terms of preference of farmers during harvesting, stripping

(75.65%) has the majority of the respondents similarly to

harvesting stage, which shows that most of the respondents in the

survey areas used stripping method as a harvesting practices. It

more likely that the advantage of strip harvesting is that it

requires less time, it will reduce the harvest cost and labor to

complete. Though, varying levels of maturation are produced and

as much unripe fruit is harvested, it goes to waste, reducing the

quality and quantity of the final product, often meaningless

profit for producers.

3. As regard to preference of farmers during depulping, most of the

coffee growers preferred natural processing which has 93.83%

which only signifies that this is the usual or as age-old method

of processing coffee. Whereas, none of them used mechanically

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
operated depulper, probably lack of extension

service from the Department of Agriculture or lack of trainings

and seminars about power source.

4. Finally, it reveals that the result of the preference of the

farmers during drying is 100% of the respondents prefer the sun

drying method for drying coffee since it is a low-cost method

used widely. However, risks of coffee drying in the sun include

uncontrolled fermentation, animal contamination, improper manual

drying, and bad weather conditions, all of which can have a major

impact on coffee quality.

These results may help the coffee growers in Western District

of Tabuk City, Kalinga for improving their practices on

postharvest and also empowering them with skills and resources to

improve their postharvest operations. These findings also

highlight the need to help farmers perceived the benefits of

engaging or attending a variety of coffee-related trainings and

seminars.

Recommendations:

Based on the conclusion, the following are recommended:

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
1. Female-headed household should also participate

and allow them advocate their ideas and decision-making

throughout the production of coffee.

2. Coffee growers should attend training programs or seminars on

coffee specifically when it comes to harvesting because the

training aims to educate them on the proper way of harvesting the

berries instead of the stripping method. Attending seminars also

help them to enhance their capability and skills, incomes and to

improve their coffee farm productivity.

3. They should educate themselves about the advantage and

disadvantage of washed and natural processing, as well as learn

about postharvest operations by attending seminars or

orientations on coffee depulping, so that they will understand

and appreciate the importance of using a depulping machine to

improve coffee quality, even though they usually use the manual

depulper. Visit also the Department of Agriculture’s good office

to inquire about the coffee-related issues and concerns,

technical know-how and lack of postharvest equipment and

facilities.

4. Coffee growers, especially those who also process coffee,

should learn about the benefits of machine drying. They should

 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
also apply/register to the DA’s High Value Crops

Development Program (HVCDP) which provides support technical

services, market development, extension support, education and

training, equipment and facilities support in coffee production.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
Mesfin Haile and Won Hee Kang (November 22nd 2019).
The Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Practices’ Impact on
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Chuck Patton (2021).former Green Coffee Buyer

Coffee processing is part artform, part science, part business

decision, and part passion
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

https://www.coffeecartel.com.au/coffee-processing-methods/

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production
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga
http://baguiomidlandcourier.com.ph/business.asp?
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management-for-food-security-a-review-116715.html

https://flightcoffeeco.com/blogs/news/9721256-
processing#:~:text=The%20dry%20method%20(also%20called,involves
%20drying%20the%20whole%20cherry.&text=Firstly%2C%20the
%20harvested%20cherries%20are,%2C%20soil%2C%20twigs%20and
%20leaves.

https://www.grainpro.com/better-post-harvest-
management#:~:text=Post%2Dharvest%20management%20is
%20a,transporting%20agricultural%20commodities%20after
%20harvest.&text=This%20means%20having%20to%20ensure,the
%20quality%20of%20the%20commodities.

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70151

https://www.baristainstitute.com/blog/jori-korhonen/january-
2020/coffee-processing-methods-drying-washing-or-honey#:~:text=In
%20the%20washed%20process%20all,remainder%20of%20the%20fruit
%20flesh.

http://kapeumali.weebly.com/coffee-beans.html

https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/405955/domoguen-coffee-the-
favorite-drink-in-kalinga-province

https://postharvestinstitute.illinois.edu/resources-drying/
 Republic of the Philippines
Kalinga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Purok 6, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga

https://www.bulatlat.com/2011/09/21/corn-blights-coffee-forest-
lands-in-kalinga/

https://www.rappler.com/business/industries/70967-waking-up-
kalinga-coffee/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
337759325_Traditional_Agricultural_Practices_on_Kalinga's_Signifi
cant_Crops

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1117184