THIỂU

Session 18
Instructor: Hồ Lê Vũ

1
Slide No 2
Slide No 3
OVERVIEW
• Linking scope & syntax tree (part 2)

3
Slide No 4
Previously on THIỂU…
• Phrases & their HEAD
NP VP AdjP AdvP PP

4
Slide No 5 Previously on THIỂU…
• NP = (D) (AdjP)+ N the big yellow box

• the big yellow box of crayons

– and the small one Substitution must cover
– and the small green one the HEAD

5
Slide No 6
Previously on THIỂU…
• NP = (D) (AdjP)+ N (PP)+ the big yellow box [of crayons]
[with a pink lid]

General rules: HEAD identification

RIGHT then LEFT
NEAR to FAR

6
Slide No 7
Previously on THIỂU…
• PP = (AdvP) P NP (PP+) always in true love with his wife
• AdvP = (AdvP) Adv very slightly
• AdjP = (AdvP) Adj (PP) very slightly scared of big boobs
• VP = (AdvP+) V (NP)(NP) (AdvP+) always give Kate a gift quickly
• VP = (AdvP+) V (NP)(PP) (AdvP+) always give a gift to Kate quickly

7
Slide No 8
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
• NP = (D) (AdjP)+ N (PP)+
– Almost [adv] everyone | Hardly [adv] anyone wanted to go home.
– People here [adv] are nice. | The road ahead [adv] was blocked.
– I like the upstairs [adj] window vs. I like the room upstairs [adv].

8
Slide No 9 CP
• CP = NP VP Her husband gave Kate a gift

9
Slide No 10 CP
• CP = NP VP Her husband gave Kate a gift
• coordinating clause Her husband gave Kate a gift
and she was happy.

10
Slide No 11 CP
• CP = NP VP Her husband gave Kate a gift
• coordinating clause Her husband gave Kate a gift
and she was happy.
• coordinating clause [factoring out]
• Her husband gave Kate a gift and her husband gave Kate a
kiss.
► Her husband gave Kate a gift and a kiss [factoring out].

11
Slide No 12
CP
• subordinating clause Her husband gave Kate a gift
[non-relative] because she was sad.

• subordinating clause Her husband said that Kate

[relative] was sad.

12
Slide No 13
CP
• subordinating clause Her husband gave Kate a gift
[reduction] while kissing her.

• subordinating clause Her husband gave Kate, who

[embedded] was sad, a gift.

13
Slide No 14
CP
• absolute clause Kate being sad, her husband
gave her a gift.

14
Slide No 15 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
The “that” clause may assume multiple roles
• Her husband said that Kate likes candies. [direct object]

• the fact about Kate that she likes candies [modifier to an NP]

• That Kate likes candies amuses her husband. [subject]

15
Slide No 16 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
coordinating vs. subordinating/embedded clause in terms of scope

parallel scope sub scope

scope ↔ dependency

16
Slide No 17 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

17
Slide No 18
PRACTICE
http://mshang.ca/syntree/
The boy saw a man with a telescope.

18
Slide No 19
PRACTICE
http://mshang.ca/syntree/
The boy saw a man with a telescope.

19
Slide No 20
PRACTICE
http://mshang.ca/syntree/
The boy saw a man with a telescope.

The boy saw a

man, who is with
a telescope.

The boy, with a

telescope, saw a
man.

20
Slide No 21 QUIZ
the girl the guy I cheated with cheated on → explain the linking?

21
Slide No 22 QUIZ SOLUTIONS
the girl the guy I cheated with cheated on
– CHEAT‘s scope: A cheats on B with C
A cheats with C on B

– the girl the guy I cheated with cheated on

22
Slide No 23 QUIZ
• Past solutions
– Cô gái bị lừa bởi thằng bị tôi lừa
– Ông ăn chả bà ăn nem (tôi và hắn ta lừa người yêu cũ của
hắn, nhưng cô ta cũng lừa hắn)

23
Slide No 24
TIPS

24
Slide No 25
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
English tense, aspect, voice & modality
TENSE: the relationship between the event time and the
assertion time
– He loved [past] vs. loves [present] vs. will love [future] me.
ASPECT: the relationship between the event time and a
reference point, typically other than the assertion time (perfect,
progressive)
– He had loved her before he loved me. [perfect]
– He was talking to her while we were eating [progressive]
VOICE
– He loves me. [active] vs. I was loved by him. [passive]
MODALITY: the speaker’s perspective on the event as a
possibility, a necessity, or an obligation.
– He should love me. [modal]
25
Slide No 26
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
TENSE: the relationship between the event time and the
assertion time
ASPECT: the relationship between the event time and a
reference point, typically other than the assertion time (perfect,
progressive)

X
26
Slide No 27 TP
• Tense: -present -past -future
• Aspect: -perfect -progressive
• Voice: -passive
• Negativity
• Modality: any modal verb
• non-finite tense marker: -to
• CP = NP VP Andy kissed Kate.
• TP = T VP → CP = NP TP Andy -past kiss Kate

27
Slide No 28 TP
• TP = T VP Andy kisses Kate

Andy kissed Kate

Andy will kiss Kate

28
Slide No 29 TP
• TP = T VP Andy is kissed by Kate

Andy was kissed by Kate

Andy will be kissed by Kate

29
Slide No 30 TP
• TP = T VP Andy does not kiss Kate

Andy was not kissed by Kate

Order:
→ tense
→ negation
→ voice
→ verb

30
Slide No 31 QUIZ
Andy had been kissing Kate

31
Slide No 32 TP
Andy had been kissing Kate tense + aspect + verb
Andy hadn’t been kissing Kate tense + neg + aspect
+ verb
Andy hadn’t been being kissed by Kate tense + neg + aspect
+ voice + verb

Order:
→ tense
→ negation
→ aspect
→ voice
→ verb
32
Slide No 33 TP
Andy should kiss Kate

33
Slide No 34 TP
Andy should kiss Kate modal tense + verb
Andy will should kiss Kate | Andy did should kiss Kate
Andy shouldn’t kiss Kate modal + neg + verb
Andy shouldn’t be kissed by Kate modal + neg + voice + verb

Order:
→ modal
→ negation
→ voice
→ verb 34
Slide No 35 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Andy should have kissed Kate modal + aspect + verb
Andy shouldn’t be being kissed by Kate modal + neg + aspect
+ voice + verb

Order:
→ modality/tense
→ negation
→ aspect
→ voice
→ verb
35
Slide No 36 QUIZ
Andy wants to kiss Kate

36
Slide No 37 TP
• TP = T VP Andy wants to kiss Kate
(= Andy wants that he kiss Kate)

37
Slide No 38
HOMEWORK COLLECTION
see the picture of a quite good-looking boy in my bed

38
Slide No 39
HOMEWORK COLLECTION
see the picture of a quite good-looking boy in my bed

39
Slide No 40
HOMEWORK COLLECTION
see the picture of a quite good-looking boy in my bed

40
Slide No 41
HOMEWORK COLLECTION
see the picture of a quite good-looking boy in my bed

41
Slide No 42

FUN ACTIVITY
A tense challenge...

42
Slide No 43 LINKING SCOPE
• A typical Vietnamese family diet in North Vietnam does not
have enough rice, let alone meat.

43
Slide No 44 LINKING SCOPE

X
?
• A typical Vietnamese family diet in North Vietnam does not
have enough rice, let alone meat. [linking ambiguity]
– a typical diet of Vietnamese families in North Vietnam

44
Slide No 45
LINKING SCOPE
• Cambodian PM Hun Sen came to Vietnam early in January.
Slide No 46
LINKING SCOPE
Cambodian PM Hun Sen came to Vietnam early in January.

Cambodian PM Hun Sen came to Vietnam in early January.

46
Slide No 47
LINKING SCOPE
His criticisms are not persuasive and unreasonable

47
Slide No 48
LINKING SCOPE
His criticisms are not persuasive [A] and unreasonable [B]
• A possible interpreted link: not [A+B]

• The intended link:

not [A] + B
= B + not [A] → unreasonable and not persuasive

= [not_A] + B → unpersuasive and unreasonable

= not [A] + not [not_B] → not persuasive and not reasonable
= not [A + not_B] → not persuasive and reasonable

48
Slide No 49
LINKING SCOPE
For students to manage their time better and balance study and
fun, universities should have one long vacation each year.

49
Slide No 50
LINKING SCOPE
For students to manage their time better and balance study and
fun, universities should have one long vacation each year.

X
TO better manage their time AND balance study and fun [factor-
out].

50
Slide No 51
LINKING SCOPE
TO better manage their time AND balance study and fun [factor-
out]

TO better manage their time AND TO balance study and fun.

X
51
Slide No 52
LINKING SCOPE
The article is full of experiences about how badly people treated
him and stole money from him.

52
Slide No 53
LINKING SCOPE
The article is full of experiences about how badly people treated
him and stole money from him.

… people treated him badly and stole money from him.

53
Slide No 54 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

54
Slide No 55
LINKING SCOPE
• These products, namely vacuum cleaner, washing machine,
and drier helped her…
– and drier, → commas for opening & closing a scope
• She got hired by Sumitomo, one of the three biggest groups in
Japan after her graduation.
vs. She got hired by Sumitomo, one of the three biggest
groups in Japan, after her graduation.
vs. She got hired by Sumitomo, one of the three biggest
groups, in Japan after her graduation.

55
Slide No 56
LINKING SCOPE
• The author wrote the novel was a big success.
– The author wrote THAT the novel was a big success.
• You complained in Vietnam you were overcharged.
– You complained THAT in Vietnam you were overcharged.
vs. You complained in Vietnam THAT you were overcharged.
→ COMMA & THAT help define the linking scope

56
Slide No 57 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
A woman, without her man, is nothing.
vs. A woman, without her, man is nothing.

57
Slide No 58
HOMEWORK
• Session 18: draw a tree diagram of the following sentence
using the tool available at http://mshang.ca/syntree/
Andy told me nothing about the movie he has been
watching, except it is a horror movie.
• Print out a copy for the class

58