GAURESH AMBULKAR | 02 NIRJA PARAB | 27

JANHVI CHAUDHARI |05 SUMANT PATKAR |28

SHUBHAM GAWADE |09 ANUSHKA PATIL |30
VAISHNAVI KAMBLE |16 MANSI PAWAR |33
SEJAL KHANDARE |19 JAANVI SADHWANI |34
TANVI KULKARNI | 20 SHRUTI TELI |39
SANDEEP MODAK |24
Singapore can be considered as one of the few Asian cities to be successful in urban transport planning and management. Recognizing that these restraint policies must be complemented by a good public
transport and transportation management system, the Singapore Government has, in the past two decades, embarked on several ambitious programs to introduce intelligent systems into its transportation
operations as well as to develop an efficient urban rail network. Singapore’s long-term transportation plans are to integrate land use and transportation planning, to develop a comprehensive road network, to
manage car population and road usage, and to provide quality public transport for its people.

Singapore, an island city-state of 685km2 and a population of 4.1 million in 2002, is one of the
highest densely populated countries in the world. Malaysia in 1963 and became an independent city-
state in 1965.

Towards an efficient transport system: An efficient transport system is one that is able to move, as
many commuters as possible to their desired destinations, in the shortest possible time. Such was not
the experience in the 1960s when the city was plagued with chronic congestion problems in the city
centre, poor traffic management of its facilities and inefficient public transport operations. Singapore
had recognized that the lack of an efficient transport system could have a damaging effect on the
economic growth and development of the country.
A multi-pronged and integrated approach involving several issues has been adopted by the
Singapore government and the Land Transport Authority (LTA), in pursuing an efficient system that
meets the needs of the country. The concerns taken into consideration in the transport planning
process may be summarized as:

• Land use and transport planning

• Travel demand management;
• Traffic engineering and control; and
• Public transport operations. PUBLIC TRANSPORT MODES TRIPS PER DAY
The first two relate to the demand for travel, while the other two are associated with the supply of
transport services. They interact with each other in the sense that any attempt to deal with the issues of MRT 1,339,000
how one group will affect the other. For example, improvements in public transport operations are
BUSES 3,001,595
often planned together with a travel demand management scheme.
The first issue stems from the need to maximize land-use utilization, which is particularly TAXIS 588,632
important in land-scarce Singapore. This is a sizeable proportion since only 13% of land is taken up for
housing. This may imply, therefore, that the limit of land utilization for transport development may have TOTAL 4,929,227
been reached. Secondly, the phenomenal social and economic growth in the early years of nationhood
had resulted in a high demand for transportation, especially private vehicular travel. The country’s ratio YEAR PRIVATE CARS OTHER VEHICLES VEHICLES / KM OF
of motor vehicles per km of road has increased nearly threefold in the last forty years . Hence, the ROAD
success of any efficient transport system will depend upon the effective application of travel demand
1961 70,108 47,828 82.1
management.
Thirdly, public transport operations are regarded to be instrumental in the government’s attempt in
1970 142,568 147,855 149.9
restricting the use and ownership of private motor vehicles. With affluence, the population has
increased their expectation of an efficient and comfortable public transport system. There is also an 1980 152,574 218,767 157.6
implicit need to ensure that the public transport services remain an attractive alternative to the private
car. Lastly, in the short term, there is always a need to maximize the road capacity through various 1990 271,174 271,178 188.2
means such as traffic engineering measures and traffic control schemes.
2001 309,583 309,583 227.1
• For the past five decades, Singapore has experienced unprecedented development in its transportation landscape. What was once a
small colonial settlement with few public transport options has spawned into a first-world transport system with extensive railway lines,
comprehensive bus services to complement the railways and an intricate web of public roads.
• This was possible given the government’s huge emphasis on having an efficient transport system as a facilitator of economic growth and
development, combined with the engineering ingenuity of her city planners. Unlike many other major cities, Singapore does not have the
luxury of having much land space and access to natural resources. Faced with such difficulties, city planners and engineers have had to
explore innovative and ground-breaking ways to overcome these limitations.
• A fundamental principle of integrated land use and transport planning is to reduce the need for people to travel long distances on a
regular basis. This was evident in the early stages of urban planning in Singapore. Even before the start of the State and City Planning
Project (SCP), and the development of Singapore’s Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, self-contained townships were being built to serve
the majority of their residents’ daily needs.
Dr Liu Thai Ker, who headed the HDB’s Design and Research Section from 1969 to 1975, highlighted that commercial centers— which acted as
employment, retail and transport hubs—accounted for the bulk of journeys made:
“Traffic planning cannot be done without land use. In fact, I want to highlight that the basic purpose for traffic is to move people
from home...to commercial centers. Of course people will say, “What about schools and factories and so on?” The volume is small. If
you solve the movement from home to commercial centers, you solve the majority of traffic needs.”
• In 1964, development began on the first self-sufficient satellite township comprehensively planned by the Housing & Development Board
(HDB) —Toa Payoh New Town. The main structure of Toa Payoh was put in place by 1972, and the town continues to be developed over the
years.
• In 1971, an interchange capable of accommodating 300 buses was built to improve Toa Payoh’s internal and external connectivity. It was
situated in the town center. This model would subsequently be implemented in other townships, where town centers formed the hub of
activity anchored around the bus interchange which, in future, would be integrated with MRT stations.
• In 1973, the Singapore Bus Service (SBS) was formed through the merger of disparate bus operators that controlled services in different
areas. The consolidation of the fragmented bus industry resulted in better coverage, efficiency and profitability.
• In 1980s one recommendation of the SCP was for railway systems to be constructed, with detailed studies to be conducted to assess
when and how it should be deployed. The Comprehensive Traffic Study, completed in 1981, reported that an all-bus system would be
insufficient to meet our future transportation demands. Plans for a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system were then introduced, and major
expressways such as the Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE) were built to improve road connectivity within the
island.
• In 1990s the Land Transport Authority (LTA) was formed in 1995 as the single agency responsible for all matters related to land
transportation, including policy-making, land transport planning, land transport development and related regulatory functions.
 The “1971 Concept Plan”
• Upon gaining independence in 1965, Singapore entered a phase of rapid nation building focused on industrial development and
housing a growing population in satellite towns. These developments would lead to more people living outside the Central Area
and a corresponding increase in travel demand. However, the main mode of local transportation at the time was by car, and the
existing road infrastructure was already congested.
• In 1971, with the help of the United Nations Development Program, a long-range comprehensive master plan for the entire urban
landscape was devised, known as the 1971 Concept Plan. The intention of the plan was to integrate land use with transportation along
designated corridors by the year 1992 for a population of 3.4 million. Within this concept was the Strategic Transport Plan which
proposed a comprehensive island-wide network of expressways and arterial roads, as well as a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system to
facilitate transportation between zones of high traffic generation.
• At the same time, since movements within the transport system did not normally add value to purpose of the journey, it was also
logical to minimize the inconvenience in travel by ensuring seamless travel from origin to destination. This involved, for example, a
proposal for a proper mix of development, and concentrating high building densities around mass rapid transit stations so as to
ensure maximum accessibility for commuters to key nodes of employment, housing, leisure, and other social activities.
The State & City Planning project employed four strategic thrusts that would endure and become the fundamental principles for all
future developmental plans :-
o Very long-term planning for land use and transport requirements.
o Expanding the road network to serve a growing population.
o Managing travel demand.
o Improving public transportation.

The “ring plan concept”

• The first step was to decide on a long-term development
pattern for the island. After multiple rounds of ideation, the
“Ring Plan” was identified as the most suitable given
Singapore’s infrastructure and urbanization pattern at that time.
• It envisioned high-density housing estates and commercial
centers encircling the central catchment area, joined by a band
of developments along the southern coast.
• An efficient transport network would serve these
developmental corridors. The “Ring Plan” was essentially the
draft that developed into the first Concept Plan, and all its
successors retained the ring formation.
The “1991 revised concept plan”
• The Revised Concept Plan 1991 was to guide land development that would meet the social and economic needs of the country for the
‘Year X’, when the population is expected to reach 4 million. Key proposals of the Plan include better housing, a new downtown, new
regional centers, technology corridors and conservation of the natural environment.
• This Concept Plan adopted a ‘constellation concept’ strategy of setting up regional centers aimed at decentralizing commercial activities.
Decentralization is expected to result in more uniform spatial distribution of traffic as well as likely reduction in trip lengths. To relieve the
activity loads in the city center, four regional centers were planned at Tampines in the East, Seletar in the Northeast, Jurong East in the West
and Woodlands in the North. Once completed, this urban hierarchy will help reduce congestion in the central area.
• It is to closely integrate urban development with the present planned transport system, thereby bringing jobs closer to workers' homes. This
should result in a less transport-intensive, less costly, and more efficient and congenial urban environment.
• An improved transport system involving various modes of transportation to serve the transport needs of the citizens was also envisaged.
Public transport was to be enhanced to become an attractive alternative to the car.
• The strategy was to extend the mass transport system to areas of intense developments. The MRT system serving the main corridors was to
be supplemented by the Light Rapid Transit (LRT) in less dense areas. A network of expressways and semi expressways was to be
developed along with the tunnel connections within the city area and bridge connections to the offshore islands. Recommendations were
provided in four key areas:
o Expanding the road network
o Vehicle ownership and usage controls
o Improving public transport
o Implementing a mass transit system at the earliest opportunity

The “decentralization principle”

• The Constellation Concept was built upon plans for decentralization first proposed during the State & City Planning Project (SCP).
• It envisioned bringing jobs & amenities closer to Singaporeans’ homes, thereby reducing their daily travelling distances and time.
• The Regional Centers would be the farthest from the Central Area & bring about the greatest change to Singapore’s urban structure.
• With up to 50% of gross floor area (GFA) dedicated to office space, and the rest for entertainment, dining & retail, these centers
would create diverse work opportunities & vibrant neighborhoods for living.
Trains Taxis
• Called as Mass Rapid Transit system. Which is the major railway system in Singapore. • Taxis are comfortable and especially handy if you want to go to places not accessible by the bus or
• It is the busiest and the most expansive transportation system in Singapore. MRT.
• You can hail a taxi by the roadside at most places, or by queuing for one at a taxi stand, which
you’ll find at most malls hotels and attractions.

Buses Bicycle
• Singapore's bus system has an extensive network of routes covering most places in Singapore. • Singapore boasts a well-connected network of cycling paths, An economical way to get around, it’
• An economical way to get around, it’ isone of the most comfortable options for tourists isone of the most comfortable options for tourists
A disciplined approach to long-term planning allowed Singapore to build a well-connected transport network by safeguarding key routes years in advance. No permanent building was allowed to be built on
the land to protect the route and to avoid the cost and hassle of land acquisition and demolitions in the future.
Features that ensures a safe bus ride Features that ensure a safe MRT ride
Bus drivers must be above the age of 21. To qualify for the job, one must hold a valid Class 3 • Criteria for train control:
Singapore driving licence for at least a year at the point of application. 'Bus Stopping' signs light when • Emergency Telephone, in case of emergency, the passengers can inform the staff using
passengers press the bell to indicate that they are alighting. Serves as a precaution to passengers, the emergency telephone located at the side of the train doors and at the station platform.
including those who are hearing impaired and cannot hear the bell, of the possible jerking when the • Emergency Next Station Stop Located at both ends of the train. In an emergency, press
bus comes to a stop. 'Door Closing' signals light before bus doors begin to close. Warn passengers the button to stop the train at the next station.
about the shutting of doors so that they have time to move away and avoid being nipped. • GTM's (Global Traffic Manager) Passenger intercom at SBS Transit stations
• Infra-Red Photosensor • Fire extinguishers, in case of fire, the passengers could put out the fire before its
Installed in the interior of the bus at the exit doors. Enables accurate sensing of objects and uncontrollable.
better coverage of alighting passengers. Prevents alighting passengers from getting nipped. • Emergency Stop Button on escalator/travelator, for some escalators, it is also located at the
• Exit Door Overhead Infra-Red Photosensor mid-way incline section of the escalator. Should the system fail, the passengers could stop
Addition: Weather-resistant. Fitted on the external of the bus above the centre of the door the escalator or the travelator from operating, ensuring that no more damage and loss to
arch. Ensures that the censor is still working under bad weather conditions. be caused.
• Door Stay-close System Emergency detainment camp
Prevents door from opening once the bus is moving at a speed of more than 5km/h. • Emergency Communication Button, in case of emergency, the passengers could
• Top Speed Limiter communicate to the staff.
• Prevents the bus from travelling faster than 60km/h. • Door unlock handle at SBS Transit stations, should the system fail, the passenger could
• Reduces the chances of fatal accidents. Improves stability, reduces the risk of passengers Emergency door handle of platform screen doors. In an emergency, the passengers are
falling. able to pull the handle to open the door and evacuate from the train onto the walkway.
• Accelerator Interlock • Platform screen doors at elevated MRT stations enhance safety while providing better
• Locks the throttle when bus doors are not fully shut. Bus captain will not be able to move ventilation and security control
until the doors are closed. Reduces the possibility of passengers falling off the bus due to • Automatic Train Controls (ATC) ensure safe and smooth operation of our trains.
the sudden jerking. • At a fall back level, Automatic Train Protection (ATP) is available. It ensures that the trains
• Asbestos-free Brake Lining on bus wheels do not exceed their maximum speed and maintain safe distance from other trains. Should
• Inhalation of asbestos fibres can cause serious and terminal diseases (e.g. lung cancer). the system fall, train operate at a reduced speed.
• Reduces possibilities of catching diseases. • Adhere to the American National Fire Prevention Authorities (NFPA) guidelines to
• Workers, passengers and environmentally friendly. Anti-pollution enhance fire safety in our railway systems.
• CFC-free refrigerant • CCTVs were set up as there is a risk that passengers might get trapped in the gap created
• Buses use CFC-free refrigerant so as to not contribute to ozone depletion. between the platform gates and the train as a result of the platform gates.
• Reduces chances of getting lung disease. • No dustbins were placed inside the MRT platform to avoid the terrorist to drop a
• Yellow steps. The steps are covered with bright yellow floor cover to allow when passengers to flammable item inside and causing a terrorist attack.
see the steps clearly when boarding and alighting especially at night. Avoid tripping over. • The yellow line ensures that the passengers don't get too close to the train, in case when
• Stanchion Poles and Handrails. These help passengers when moving in the bus. They are yellow the train reaches the platform, the passenger won't get themselves into danger. There is
and textured so that they are easily visible to passengers. also a blindsight pathway for the blind, it ensures the safety of the blinds.
 Singapore has one of the most cost-effective public transport systems in the world. Travelling from one point to the other point is made easy, thanks to a highly penetrative public transport network.
The transport network is efficient and fast due to the country’s well-organized, thorough, and extensive network of roads. One has the choice of travelling by SMRT, MRT, private car, bus, taxis, and foot to
explore the sights, sounds, and smells of this vibrant city. However, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) stringently manages and monitors the development and use of private vehicles to reduce traffic and
checks road jam.
Train
• Using Singapore’s MRT network is perhaps the quickest way to rush around the island. The MRT system consists of five lines: the East-West
(green) line, the Circle (orange) line, the Downtown (blue) line, the North-South (red) line and the North-East (purple) line.
• There are a lot of local businesses set up along the red and green line; that’s why locals and visitors mostly use it. Therefore, anticipate reaching
many food courts, restaurants, shopping malls, and bars fast by riding MRT.
• The extensive rail system suggests that most of Singapore’s main attractions are within walking distance from the station. Singapore’s stations and
trains are also friendly to families with strollers and the visually impaired, plus the wheelchair users.
Bus
• SBS Transit – which operates notable red-and-white buses – and SMRT – which are yellow buses – are the two public bus transportation operators
in Singapore. Each operator serves its chain of routes and bus interchanges throughout the city. The bus service has a large and efficient system,
covering almost every place in Singapore.
• There are hundreds of buses on this island to help get you from Point A to Point B. There are various ways to pay your fare. You can either use
the Singapore Tourist Pass or an EZ-Link stored-value card; they also accept foreign-issued MasterCard and Visa contactless bank cards offered
outside of Singapore plus cash.
• LTA aims to improve journey quality for as many commuters as possible. and strengthen the current hub-and-spoke model. LTA takes a gradual
and consultative approach with the community before deciding on making changes to the existing bus network.
Taxis
• Taxis provide you with comfort, greater speed, and of course privacy. The best mode for you to get to any destination in Singapore at any time.
It’s always a great alternative when you travel in a group, and the distance covered is short.
• Over 15,000 air-conditioned taxis are operating in Singapore. These metered taxis can be flagged down or met at a taxi stand 24/ 7 during the
week. Note that specific pickup points and circumstances could add a surcharge onto your fare.
• Currently, LTA requires taxi companies to ensure that 85% of their taxis are on the road during peak periods (7am to 11am and 5pm to 12
midnight).
• A car subscription service will be beneficial for the Singapore economy as there is a huge gap in the market for people to enjoy owning a car
without long-term commitment. .
• Caro offers a flat monthly fee as well as flexible ownership options. This will give you peace of mind as you won’t have to worry about the annual
depreciation of their car and unexpected raises in insurance premiums. The flat monthly fee covers the cost of owning the car, insurance, road tax
maintenance and 24-hour assistance..
River taxi
• The one thing that most tourists enjoy doing, and it’s a truly memorable experience, is Singapore’s river taxi. The cruise has bumboats which are
used for transporting passengers on their tour along the riverbanks.
• The bumboat river tour offers the best scenes of the city and is a great way to chill after a long walk. The tour takes you to the famous buildings
and landmarks of Singapore and lasts roughly 30 to 40 minutes. Singapore water taxis currently cover five stops: Clemenceau, Boat Quay, Clarke
Quay, Robertson Quay, and the Esplanade.
• VW camper van is a great way to holiday and see Singapore at the same time. They provide a flexible solution to your transport and
accommodation requirements, while at the same time providing you with the freedom to choose where you want to travel next.
• With all the amenities you have at home, and the benefit of mobility, a motor home truly is a home from home. Check out their website
and see what facilities the VW camper van Singapore offers so that you are more acquainted when you decide to rent or hire.
• Urban transport affects global environment mainly by emitting Green house gases (GHG) from vehicles and
other life cycle processes. Globally, the most significant contributor to transport GHG is carbon dioxide (CO2)
emission which contributes to 95% of total GHG emission from transport
• Emission study conducted on road transport of Singapore estimated that in 2008, the total life cycle GHG
emission from road transport sector is 7.8 million tons, among which operational phase and non-operational
phases contribute about 55% and about 45%, respectively
• Climate change remains a concern for Singapore, as it has amongst the world’s largest CO2 emissions per capita.
The CO2 emission per capita in Singapore is 9.2 ton while the world average is 1.3 ton only, making Singapore
the top fourth carbon emitting country (according to per capita calculation). Singapore government is targeting to
cut CO2 emission by 16% of current within 2020. With its 2012 Green Plan and Climate Change strategy,
Singapore is starting to take much needed climate change mitigation and prevention measures.
• Air pollution is fast becoming a high priority issue in the rapidly growing urban Singapore. Vehicular pollution is
one of the main contributors to the state of air quality in Singapore. The air quality remains good, with the
Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) remaining in the ‘good’ range for at least 85% of the year since 2003.
• Noise control: National Environmental Agency (NEA), Singapore has set the noise limit for residential
apartments as 55-65 decibel (dBA) range. The noise levels near the MRT stations are higher. According to LTA,
currently the train noise is within 80-85 decibels. LTA will also install tall barriers insulated with noise absorbing
materials such as rock wool. These moves are expected to reduce noise by at least 5 dBA, to within 75-80 dBA

• Singapore’s urban transport has been recognized as a global landmark due to its consistent success in maintaining an excessively high level of traffic through its smart
operation that ensures a smooth traffic flow on its urban streets. While Singapore’s success and achievements in land transport sector have been a role-model to
follow for other global cities there are challenging areas without a proper addressing of which may hinder betterment of its sustainability in the long run.
• The Concept of “CAR-LITE”- With a denser rail network and extensive bus services, we will be able to travel seamlessly and efficiently around our city. Cycling and
walking will become popular forms of getting around in our neighborhoods and regions. Electric car-sharing and driverless car trials will be conducted in parts of
Singapore. We can work together to achieve a peak hour mode share of 75% for public transport by 2030, up from 64% in 2013. With a “car-lite” Singapore, we can
reduce our carbon footprint, as well as enjoy fresher air, a cleaner environment and a healthier lifestyle.
• Steps towards Sustainability-
o Introduce innovative features and creative designs to towns to provide a better cycling and walking environment.
o Develop a comprehensive cycling network spanning more than 700 km by 2030, with supporting infrastructure and a code of conduct to promote safe
cycling within and across towns
o Create more car-free spaces in housing estates and the city, such as the Civic District, where roads are temporarily or permanently closed for public
activities
o Introduce driverless vehicles on a larger scale in Singapore
o Pilot an electric car-sharing scheme to allow residents convenient access to electric cars without having to own one
o Trials of autonomous mobility concepts, such as driverless buses.
o Travel Early Scheme- it is a scheme for free transit during morning before 8am. so that there will be less crowd during peak timings.
o More Car-Free Public Spaces
o Safe and Pleasant Walking for Everyone & Taking Public Transport as Part of a Green Lifestyle.
o Encouraging Car-Sharing- Car-sharing allows people access to cars without owning one and reduces the overall number of vehicles on the road. Interest in
car-sharing services is on the rise, with membership of such services at 8,000 in 2013.
 Since 2015, the Singapore government has made a concerted effort to invest heavily in infrastructure development and its public transportation systems. More specifically, they pledged to spend an estimated
$30 billion by the end of this decade, which is more than 50% higher than the amount invested three years ago.
This investment has already begun to yield results, with a recent study revealing that Singapore is home to one of the most cost-effective public transport networks in the world.
The study, conducted by London consultancy firm Credo, strived to calculate the economic cost of inefficient transport to the 35 cosmopolitan cities, along with the fiscal benefits of creating an advanced and
reliable network.
Taking into account individual elements such as fares, crowding levels and travelling times, the study found that Singapore boasted the most efficient network in the world. In fact, the economic cost of
transport to an individual commuter was around 8.9% of GDP, placing the country ahead of Hong Kong (9.2%) in a group of high-density, compact cities.
How is This affecting the Economic Growth in the Current Climate?
• Like any metropolitan economy, Singapore has a diverse and complex range of income streams. It has always been a core financial trading and investment hub.
• Singapore has smartly positioned itself as the go-to destination for multinational firms who are looking to establish their headquarters in Asia. This is a progressive and potentially lucrative position in the
current climate, particularly with Brexit likely to force a number of such corporations to relocate elsewhere.
• With this in mind, the sustained infrastructure investment and continual improvements to the nation’s transport network have proved crucial, as they create a more compelling proposition for multi-national
firms and make Singapore a more attractive destination.
As the network becomes even more advanced and developed in the future, we’re likely to see even greater economic efficiency and more businesses base themselves in
Singapore.
Is this Sustainable?
• The question that remains, of course, is whether this current state of affairs is sustainable? After all, the continued infrastructure investment has created a pressing need for the existing fare formula to be
reviewed, so that costs can be tracked more efficiently over time.
• For now, fares remain extremely affordable and offer huge value to commuters, but it’s arguable that they cannot be sustained at the same rate given the increased government spending. So, if the quality
of Singapore’s network is to be maintained as a key driver of efficiency and economic growth, there’s little doubt that fairs will rise in the near-term.
• Even then, we would most likely see incremental rises that actually boosted the amount reinvested into the economy.
From the perspective of commuters, they could also console themselves with the fact their increased spend will at least translate into superior value and sustained economic
expansion
How is This affecting the social and cultural scenario
• The well-planned transportation system of Singapore has led to conservation of human-made resources, social values, community cohesion, availability of public facilities or services, businesses and farms; and
amalgamation of desirable community and regional growth.
• Health Benefits to the Community as transit users walk to and from transit stations, as a result, they walk much more than the average, driving commuter. Transit Reduces Road Congestion while also reducing
Gas Use and Reduces Pollution, thus resulting into a healthier life.
• People get enough time to do their daily routine as there is no time wastage in traffic. Millennials prefer walkable communities over sprawl, seeking to live around robust transit, shops, restaurants, libraries,
parks, and a mix of housing styles such as apartments and houses. The availability of public transit opens personal mobility to everyone, giving each person the freedom to go virtually anywhere.
• Many people are unable to drive, and most drivers would appreciate the ability to walk, cycle, or take public transit instead, at least sometimes. Singapore offers a highly integrated and sophisticated transport
system that appears to achieve its purpose of providing an affordable, sustainable, and well-organized mass transport system. Although highly regulated and controlled, it meets the needs of the population
while ensuring opportunities for future growth. Although some policies may not be popular for individuals such as the high cost of car ownership, the benefits of providing excellent public transport for the
greater population are successful in reducing congestion and ensuring that the Singaporeans are able to navigate their city successfully.
Traffic management • In 1990, the chargeable area was extended to include the expressways leading into the city.
• Singapore, in south east Asia, is a small island with limited space, so traffic congestion is a major With the objective of being able to manage road pricing even more precisely, Singapore has
problem. A range of transport policies have been introduced by the Singapore Government in since replaced the ALS with a state of the art, digital Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system.
order to reduce the volume of traffic and the number if cars on the roads. • Other Intelligent elements include an Expressway Monitoring and Advisory System, alerting
• For example, the authorities have restricted entry to the city center during rush hours and have motorists to traffic accidents on major roads and a GPS system installed on the city taxis, which
imposed high vehicle registration fees and strict requirements for obtaining a driver’s license. monitors and reports on traffic conditions around the city.
• The authorities have also increased the use of electronic road pricing (ERP) on major roads, which • All information from the systems feed into the Intelligent Transport System’s Operations Control
encourages motorists to change their mode of transport to public transports, reducing traffic Centre, which consolidates the data and provides real-time traffic information to the public.
congestion. • Under the Vehicle Quota System (VQS), one must enter a bid system to even get permission
• Furthermore the city’s bus network has been made more efficient, which encourages more people to own a car (the Certificate of Entitlement), which will give you registration privileges for 10
to use forms of public transport, therefore reducing Congestion as well as Co2 emissions. years.
• As a result of the transport policies in Singapore car ownership has declined by nearly one per cent • If you are lucky enough to get a COE, then be prepared to pay an enormous tax for the
since 2000 and two-thirds of all daily journeys are now made via public transport. In addition privilege: customs duty are 41% on the value of any imported vehicle, then it will cost $1,000 to
there has been 45 per cent less traffic and 25 per cent fewer accidents In the city center. $5000 to register the car (private vs company), plus on first registration there will be an
Additional Registration Fee (ARF) of 150% of the (inflated) market price of the car.
• Once you get the car on the road, there will be road taxes which vary with the age of your car.

Actions
• Singapore has implemented a sophisticated Intelligent Transport System in addition to a number of transport initiatives – including free public transportation in pre-morning peak hours, a vehicle quota
system, congestion charge and an extensive public transport system.
• The city has pioneered the introduction of a variety of technologies to the system, including one of the world’s first Electronic Road Pricing systems (ERP – tolls that vary according to traffic flows, and
work as a congestion charge).
• The ERP uses a short-range radio communication system to deduct charges from smart cards inserted in the vehicles.
 Pros Cons
• Congestion reduction. Users will choose alternative routes, thus reducing the number of vehicles • Low income earners will not be able to afford the price. The introduction of the road pricing
on congested roads. This will provide an overall improvement in journey time, and increase the system will actually affect the people with lower income, in the sense that their expenditure will
productivity and efficiency in work places. increase.
• Another factor is revenue generation. The ERPS will be self-funding, and profits will be used to • Another factor is the movement of congestion from motorway to side roads. In order to avoid
maintain the road infrastructure. using paid roads, drivers will try to shift their journey to side roads and thus increasing the traffic
• The last factor is air pollution. Emissions from vehicles are increased in stop-start conditions, congestion elsewhere.
caused by congestion. So by introducing ERPS the emission levels on the roads can be • Lastly the privacy of drivers. The fact that the system can record the movements of people
decreased. using the charged road, the data can be used for other purposes, against them. Thus drivers may
be reluctant to accept such a system.

Pros Cons
• People will not have to waste money purchasing for a vehicle. Most people will feel that having a • Using public transport is very time consuming. Buses or MRTS have to stop at stations for
car would be much more convenient than taking normal transport. passengers to alight.
• After doing some changes, people will realize that taking public transport is way easier and • During peak hours, there will also be traffic jams and that will consume a lot of time. Making use of
cheaper than purchasing a vehicle and driving it around not to mention the cost of petrol rising public transport is also not as comfortable as having your own vehicle. In public transport,
these days. There will also be an improvement in the environment. sometimes there are no seats available and you have to stand along the walkway.
• Cars run on petrol and hence produce poisonous fumes that pollute the environment and harm • This is terribly dangerous because when the vehicle is moving, you may lose your balance and fall
our body. By reducing the number of cars purchased, it will also reduce the amount of harmful over. However, in your own car, you have your own space and comfort.
fumes released into the air.
• Therefore the amount of pollutants will be reduced.

Pros Cons
• People will be able to travel with much more ease, comfort and speed. Travelling using MRT will • Construction of MRT, railways and MRT stations involve an enormous amount of money. If too
transport us to places very fast. It is an underground network hence traffic jams are not many sites are constructed, Singapore may deprave financially.
encountered. • Also, Singapore lacks behind other countries an land area. This shows that there will not be much
• They are huge with adequate space within each of its cabins. MRT stations are usually constructed space for the construction of MRT railways on land.
at densely populated areas, shopping edifices or tourists attraction areas so that more people will • Hence, it was decided to construct them underground which also involve lots of money and effort.
have an easier time travelling.
• Another form of transport is the bus. Buses, unlike the MRT travels on roads hence traffic jams are
normally encountered, especially during peak hours. Buses however, have cheaper fares as
compared to MRT.
• Buses are usually narrow and does not travel very fast as their passengers safety is their first
priority. Being narrow, there is not a lot of space to contain many passengers and it makes moving
about a lot more difficult.
• Buses do not travel fast as they need to ensure their passenger's safety. If buses travels slow, it
means that it will take a longer time to reach a particular place therefore pre longing the duration
of travelling.
• High Product Diversity – Bus, Train and Taxi services
• High Product Quality
• Modular transportation growth approach to offer better connectivity for • Centralized only in Singapore for revenues
future • Lower train operating profit due to higher R & M costs and staff
• Safe and secure. Least number of fatalities over the 10 year moving related expenses, partially offset by higher revenue.
average.
• Over 7000 people are employed with the organization

• Increased Ridership trend • LTA as central bus network planner

• Expansion of RTS Network • There is limited land space for expansion with increasing travel
• Growth in industry due to tourism boom demand.
• The company can tie-up with international players for global exposure • Rise in number of vehicles
This comprehensive land transport network and infrastructure continues to grow and improve. To achieve our overarching vision for a reliable, people – centered land transport system by 2030, LTA is
undertaking numerous projects to better connect people and places.
Road, commuter facilities
Rail expansion • Beyond building new rail lines and enhancing existing ones, we are also building the road and
• With the vision to expand to up to 360km of rail network, Singapore is rooting to have a total rail commuter infrastructure to support other ways of getting around, as well as enhancing road safety.
length that is longer than major cities such as Tokyo or Hong Kong today, and be on par with • These range from better road connectivity to more walk and cycle facilities such as covered
London and New York City. walkways, silver zones, barrier-free access and cycling path, making last-mile solutions a reality and
• These are some of the rail expansion projects that will bring a train station closer to you. goes towards a comfortable, accessible and inclusive transport system for all.
• This means connecting eight in 10 households to within 10 minutes of a train station.

System renewal
Technologies & innovations
• To enhance reliability across the land transport system, LTA undertakes ongoing projects to
• To challenge the limits, LTA constantly looks at how we can use technology to innovate and find
upgrade and renew various aspects of the rail system.
new solutions to address both current and future transport needs.

Upgrading the Bukit Panjang Light Rail Upgrading the North-South and East-West Autonomous Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
Transit (LRT) Lines
• The transportation system in any city is complex and evolving, shaped by
various driving forces and uncertainties in the social, economic,
technological, political and environmental situations.
• Its development and demands upon it cannot be projected by simply
extrapolating past and current trends.
• Two scenarios emerged, called the Shared World and the Virtual World. For
each scenario, the authors described the key features in terms of dominant
transport modes for the movements of passengers and freight.
• As cities grow and develop, city and transport planners should not only
address daily operational issues but also develop a well-informed, long-term
understanding of the evolving mobility system to address challenges that lie
beyond the five- or even ten-year horizon.
• As cities grow and develop, having long-term land use and transportation
plans become an inevitable requirement for city planners. The need to pre-
empt and plan for the future means that planners should not only address
daily operational issues but also develop a well-informed long-term
understanding for the evolving mobility system to address challenges that
lie beyond the five- or even ten-year horizon.
• The current impacts of intersecting physical and digital technologies are
unprecedented. Looking towards 2040, better data and connectivity will
provide the basis for new transport modes and support a better, more
integrated transport system
• There are clear benefits and savings to be made from data being shared
safely between transport planners, operators and users. As private sector
interests increase, issues of data privacy and sharing are becoming more
important.
• Electrification of transport modes is predicted to increase sharply from the
mid-2020s onwards. Currently, it is most feasible for lighter vehicles, such
as cycles, cars and vans
• Decarbonizing road freight will be important in reducing carbon emissions
from the transport sector. However, this is a significant challenge due to
these vehicles’ size and weight, and the distances they travel.
• The freight industry has established freight-sharing practices and new
business models that offer improved efficiencies and connectivity between
suppliers and customers. Increased data use and the restructuring of supply
chains are helping to drive this shift towards more sharing of resources
• Inclusive design approaches can improve life for all travelers, not only those
who they specifically target. Historical examples of this in the transport
sector include dropped kurbs, more intuitive machine interfaces, and access
for the mobility impaired, all of which have helped travelers much more
broadly than the target group. As the population ages, increasing older
people’s mobility and access to public transport is likely to have a number of
positive effects, on their physical and mental well-being as well as the wider
community.
Singapore can be considered as one of the few Asian cities to be successful in urban transport planning and management. Recognizing that these restraint policies must be complemented by a good public
transport and transportation management system, the Singapore Government has, in the past two decades, embarked on several ambitious programs to introduce intelligent systems into its transportation
operations as well as to develop an efficient urban rail network. Singapore’s long-term transportation plans are to integrate land use and transportation planning, to develop a comprehensive road network, to
manage car population and road usage, and to provide quality public transport for its people.
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