MAST10019

Calculus
Extension Studies

Exercises
Department of Mathematics and Statistics

© University of Melbourne 2016

This compilation has been made in accordance with the
provisions of Part VB of the Copyright Act (1968) for the teaching purposes of
the University of Melbourne. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted by any form, except as permitted under this act.
UMEP Calculus Extension Studies i

Content last updated: May 24, 2021

UMEP Calculus Extension Studies — Organisation

Contacting the University
Important information such as examination dates will be available through the University
LMS (Learning Management System). This can be accessed via the Student Portal at

http://portal.unimelb.edu.au/

Enter your university email address and password to access the portal.
Select LMS (on the menu bar) to access the Learning Management System. (If you see a
screen with two buttons “LOGIN TO THE BLACKBOARD LMS” and “LOGIN TO THE
CANVAS LMS”, then select the Canvas one.)
You should find MAST10018 & MAST10019 listed as your only subjects. Select MAST10019.
Once in the MAST10019 website you will find information specifically for UMEP mathemat-
ics. The website is an important resource for all UMEP maths students and you should
check the site regularly for new information. Please ensure (early in the year) that you can
log on to the website and seek assistance if you cannot do so.

Textbooks
There are no prescribed texts for this subject, which means that it is not compulsory for you
to purchase a textbook. There should be at least one copy of a calculus text available in
your school library and you are encouraged to use this throughout your course. If you wish
to buy a textbook then you may wish to consider one of the following:

ˆ Haas, J., Weir, M.D, & Thomas, G.B. (2007), University Calculus, Pearson Education,
Boston.

ˆ Stewart, J. (2009), Calculus: Sixth edition, Thomson, Belmont.

ˆ Spivak, M. (2008), Calculus: Fourth edition, Publish or Perish, Houston.

Note that none of these books covers precisely the content of the course.

Assessment
The assessment for this semester is in two parts. Firstly, there will be 3 school-assessed as-
signments throughout the semester which will provide 25% towards your final mark. Dates
and content for the assignments will be provided by your teacher and will also be available
on the LMS.

Secondly, there will be a 3 hour written examination (in November, to be announced)

which will contribute the remaining 75% of your final mark for this semester. The marks for
the two semesters will be combined together to give you a final % mark which will determine
the increment to your ATAR aggregate score. The ATAR increment will be based on your
actual percentage mark. For further details see the future students website:
https://futurestudents.unimelb.edu.au/info/school-students/extension-program/atar-increment
School of Mathematics and Statistics
ii Course Information

Exam Rules
You will NOT be allowed to bring any of the following into your UMEP examinations, nor
will you be provided with them, therefore it is good to practice NOT using them during the
year:

ˆ a calculator (of any kind)

ˆ any form of notes or summary (‘cheat’) sheets

In the exam, you will be provided with the formula sheet include in this booklet.

Special Consideration
Students with significant health-related or other problems may be entitled to Special Con-
sideration. This could be for an on-going illness or disability or shorter term problems, such
as illness on the day of an examination. You can find information about all the Universities
procedures to do with Special Consideration at
http://students.unimelb.edu.au/admin/special.
If judged eligible for special consideration then you will be informed of timelines and
particular arrangements that will be made for you. This could include extra time for ex-
aminations, rest breaks, a special venue if needed, larger print for assessment tasks and so
on. If you believe you are eligible for special consideration for one or more school based
assignments:

ˆ Provide medical or other suitable evidence to your teacher.

ˆ Discuss with your teacher the appropriate steps to take, depending on your special
circumstances.

ˆ Your teacher should then notify the UMEP maths coordinator (see below) that special
consideration has been given for the task, and what form that has taken.

NOTE: If you have been granted Special Consideration for VCE subject(s), you should
put in a separate Application for Special Consideration for UMEP Maths. The information
submitted to VCAA is not forwarded to the University of Melbourne.

University UMEP Staff

1. Alba Santin Garcia (UMEP maths coordinator)
Room G45, Peter Hall building, University of Melbourne
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 03 9035 4455

2. TriThang Tran (UMEP maths coordinator)

Room G44, Peter Hall building, University of Melbourne
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 03 8344 3878

3. Extension Program Office should be contacted on [email protected]

or 03 8344 5538 for any queries about admissions or administration of the Extension
Program.

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UMEP Calculus Extension Studies iii

Formulae Sheet
Z Z
sin x dx = − cos x + C cos x dx = sin x + C
Z Z
sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x| + C cosec x dx = log |cosec x − cot x| + C
Z Z
sec2 x dx = tan x + C cosec 2 x dx = − cot x + C
Z Z
sinh x dx = cosh x + C cosh x dx = sinh x + C
Z Z
2
sech x dx = tanh x + C cosech 2 x dx = − coth x + C
Z Z
1 x 1 x
√ dx = arcsin +C √ dx = arcsinh +C
a 2 − x2 a x 2 + a2 a
−1
Z x Z
1 x
√ dx = arccos +C √ dx = arccosh +C
a 2 − x2 a x 2 − a2 a
Z Z
1 1 x 1 1 x
dx = arctan +C dx = arctanh +C
a2 + x 2 a a a2 − x 2 a a
where a > 0 is constant and C is an arbitrary constant of integration.

cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1

1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 1 − tanh2 x = sech 2 x
cot2 x + 1 = cosec 2 x coth2 x − 1 = cosech 2 x
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 cosh 2x = 2 cosh2 x − 1
cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x cosh 2x = 1 + 2 sinh2 x
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
1 x 1 x
e + e−x e − e−x



cosh x = sinh x =
2 2
eix = cos x + i sin x
1 ix 1 ix
e + e−ix e − e−ix



cos x = sin x =
2 2i
√ √
arcsinh x = log(x + x2 + 1) arccosh x = log(x + x2 − 1)
 
1 1+x
arctanh x = log
2 1−x

Note: This formula sheet will be supplied to you when you sit the Examination for
Calculus Extension Studies.
School of Mathematics and Statistics
UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 1

Sheet 1: Limits and Continuity

1. Intuitive Idea of Limit. For the function g : [−2, 6] → R whose graph y = g(t) is
y
4

2 4 t

state the value of each quantity, if it exists. If it does not exist, explain why.

(a) lim− g(t) (b) lim+ g(t) (c) lim g(t)

t→0 t→0 t→0

(d) lim− g(t) (e) lim+ g(t) (f) lim g(t)

t→2 t→2 t→2

2. Limit Laws. Evaluate the limit and justify each step by indicating the appropriate
Limit Law(s).
 3
(a) lim (3x4 + 2x2 − x + 1) 1 + 3x
x→−2 (b) lim
x→1 1 + 4x2 + 3x4

3. New Limit Tricks. Evaluate the limit, if it exists.

x2 + x − 6
(a) lim x2 − 3x + 5


(b) lim
x→2 x→2 x−2
2 2
(x + h) − x x2 + 7x + 12
(c) lim (d) lim 2
h→0 h x→−4 x + 3x − 4
√ 1
x+2−3 +1
(e) lim (f) lim 4 x
x→7 x−7 x→−4 4 + x

4. Off to Infinity. Evaluate the following limits if they exist.

3x + 5 x3 + 5x
(a) lim (b) lim
x→∞ x − 4 x→∞ 2x3 − x2 + 4
√ 
(c) lim 9x2 + x − 3x (d) lim cos x
x→∞ x→∞

5. Sandwich it. Using the Sandwich theorem, evaluate the following limits:
  
20π
2
(b) lim e−2x sin x


(a) lim x cos
x→0 x x→∞
  
1
(c) lim x sin
x→0 x

6. Continuity on Domains. State the largest possible domain on which the following
functions are defined. Explain why the functions are continuous everywhere on their
domains.
x √
(a) F (x) = 2 (b) R(x) = x2 + 2x − 1
x + 5x + 6
(c) G(t) = log(t4 − 1)

School of Mathematics and Statistics

2 Sheet 1 : Limits and Continuity

7. Continuity and Limits. Evaluate these limits of continuous functions.

√
5+ x (b) lim sin(x + sin x)
2
(c) lim ex −x
(a) lim √ x→π x→1
x→4 5+x

8. Discontinuities. Find the values of x at which the function f : R → R given by


x + 2 if x < 0

f (x) = ex if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

x + 2 if x > 1


is discontinuous. Sketch the graph y = f (x).

9. Continuous or Not. Determine the value of c ∈ R such that the function f : R → R

given by
(
cx2 + 2x if x < 2
f (x) =
x3 − cx if x ≥ 2
is continuous on (−∞, ∞). In your answer, state any rules or theorems you have used.

10. L’Hôpital’s Rule. Use L’Hôpital’s Rule to evaluate the following limits.
eh − 1 tan px
(a) lim (b) lim (q 6= 0)
h→0 h x→0 tan qx

3 −x2
 cos x − 1
(c) lim x e (d) lim
x→∞ x→0 x2

11. Mixed Limits. Evaluate the limit, if it exists.

(a) lim log(x2 − 1) − log(x + 1) (b) lim x2 e−x
 

x→∞ x→∞

x−9 3x14 − x13 − 2

(c) lim √ (d) lim
x→9 x−3 x→∞ 2x15 + x7 − 3

2x10 − 4x7 + 3x2 + 4 √

(e) lim (f) lim+ x log x
x→0 7x14 + 6x3 − 7x + 1 x→0

12. More Mixed Limits. Evaluate the limit, if it exists.

x+1
(a) lim sin (4x + 2) (b) lim
x→∞ x→−1 x2 −x−2
x2 + 3x + 4
(c) lim (d) lim (tan 7x cosec 3x)
x→3 x+3 x→0
  
4 3 log x
(e) lim x sin (f) lim
cos 21 πx


x→0 x x→1

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UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 3

Sheet 2: Hyperbolic Functions

1. Calculating Hyperbolic Functions. Find the exact numerical value of each expression.

(a) sinh (log 3) (b) cosh (− log 2) (c) tanh (2 log 5)

2. Hyperbolic Expressions. Write the following as algebraic expressions in x.

(a) sinh (log x) (b) cosh (−3 log x) (c) tanh (2 log x)

3. Hyperbolic Functions.

5
(a) If cosh x = , what are the possible values of sinh x and tanh x?
4
2
(b) If sinh x = − , compute cosh x, tanh x, coth x, sech x and cosech x.
5

4. Standard Hyperbolic Identities.

Use the definitions of cosh x and sinh x to verify the following identities, where n ∈ Z.

(a) cosh x − sinh x = e−x

(b) cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x
(c) (cosh x + sinh x)n = cosh nx + sinh nx

5. Standard Hyperbolic Derivatives. Using the derivatives of sinh x, cosh x and tanh x,
show that

d
(a) (coth x) = −cosech2 x, x 6= 0
dx
d
(b) (sech x) = −sech x tanh x
dx
d
(c) (cosech x) = −cosechx cothx, x 6= 0
dx

6. Hyperbolic Derivatives. Find the derivatives of the following functions f given by:
√ √
(a) f (x) = cosh ( x ) (b) f (x) = cosh x
 
(c) f (x) = tanh(sin 3x) (d) f (x) = x sinh x1

Where do the derivatives exist?

7. Functions and Inverses. Express the following using only polynomials and square roots:

(a) sinh(arccosh x) (b) sinh2 (arctanh x) (c) tanh(arccosh x)

School of Mathematics and Statistics

4 Sheet 2 : Hyperbolic Functions

8. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions.

(a) Prove that, for x ≥ 1,

√
arccosh x = log(x + x2 − 1)

(b) Find the derivative

d
(arccosh x)
dx
(i) using the formula in part (a) (ii) using implicit differentiation
(c) Using the logarithm formula given in Part (a), calculate the following limits:
(i) lim (arccosh x − log x) (ii) lim+ arccosh x
x→∞ x→1

9. Inverse Hyperbolic Derivatives. Using implicit differentiation, show that

d 1
(a) (arctanh x) = , −1 < x < 1
dx 1 − x2
d −1
(b) (arcsech x) = √ , 0<x<1
dx x 1 − x2

10. More Inverse Hyperbolic Derivatives. Find the derivatives of the following functions f
given by:
√
(a) f (x) = x3 arcsinh (ex ) (b) f (x) = arccosh ( x)
1
(c) f (x) = log(arccosh 4x) (d) f (x) =
arctanh x
Where do the derivatives exist?

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UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 5

Sheet 3: Complex Numbers

Note: In this problem sheet, the principal argument should be used when-
ever the complex number is written in polar form, that is, −π < θ ≤ π.

1. Cartesian Form (Revision). Express the following numbers in the Cartesian form a + ib
with a, b ∈ R:
(a) (1 + i)2 + (1 − i) (b) 12 + 7i
   
1 − 5i 1 − 5i
(c) Im (d) Re
4+i 4+i

2. Modulus and Argument (Revision).

(a) Find the modulus of each of the following complex numbers without multiplying
them out into Cartesian form:

5 + 2i −27i(8 + 2i)(2 + i)
(i) (ii)
2 + 5i (4 + i)(4 − 3i)(4 − 8i)
(b) Find an argument θ, −π < θ ≤ π, for the following complex numbers:
−2 i
(i) √ (ii)
1+i 3 −2 − 2i

3. Polar Form. Express each of the following complex numbers in the polar form reiθ . In
each case, choose an angle θ, −π < θ ≤ π.
(a) −1 (b) −5 + 5i
(c) (1 − i)2 (d) 2 + 5i

4. Powers. Simplify the following powers of complex numbers:

√
(a) (1 + i)20 (b) (2 3 + 2i)5
 12  7
1+i 1−i
(c) √ (d) √
3+i 3−i

5. Use Complex Exponential. Using the complex exponential, express:

(a) sin6 θ as a sum of cos(nθ)

(b) sin3 θ cos2 θ as a sum of sin(nθ)

6. Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions. If z = x + iy ∈ C with x, y ∈ R, we define

1 iz 1
sin z = (e − e−iz ) and cos z = (eiz + e−iz ).
2i 2
Use these definitions to show that:

(a) sin(iz) = i sinh z

(b) cos(iz) = cosh z
(c) sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y

School of Mathematics and Statistics

6 Sheet 3 : Complex Numbers

7. Derivatives. Find the following derivatives with respect to the real variable t:
(a) the third derivative of e(2+3i)t (b) the 18th derivative of e(1−i)t

8. Derivatives via Complex Exponential. Find the following derivatives with respect to
the real variable t, using the complex exponential:
(a) the 257th derivative of e−t sin t (b) the 576th derivative of e4t cos 4t

9. Integrals. Find the indefinite integrals of the following using the complex exponential:
(a) ex cos 3x (b) e−2x sin 11x (c) e5t cos 7t

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UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 7

Sheet 4: Integral Calculus

Techniques of Integration
1. Integration (Revision). Evaluate the following integrals:
Z 2 Z
3 1
(a) (2x − 5) dx (b) 2
dx
1 x + 4x + 13
Z π Z
2
2 3x
(c) cos 7x dx (d) dx
0 (x − 2)(x + 4)
ex
Z Z
1
(e) dx (f) dx
x log x ex + 1
Z Z
4x + 17
(g) dx (h) sin6 x cos3 x dx
x2 + 10x + 25

2. Derivative
Z Z integrals, where k ∈ R is a constant:
Substitutions. Evaluate the following
(a) cosech 2 x coth2 x dx (b) sinh 3x exp(4 cosh 3x) dx

sech 2 kx
Z Z
2 arccosh x
(c) √ dx (d) dx
x2 − 1 2 + tanh kx

3. Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Substitutions. Using an appropriate trigonometric or

hyperbolic substitution, find the indefinite integrals of the following functions:
√ √ 1
(a) 1 + 4x2 (b) 4 − x2 (c) 3
(x2 − 1) 2

4. Hyperbolic Powers. Find the indefinite integrals of the following powers of hyperbolic
functions:
(a) sinh6 x cosh x (b) cosh2 3x (c) sinh2 x cosh3 x
(d) sinh3 4x (e) cosh4 x

5. Hyperbolic Tangent Integrals. Evaluate the following integrals:

Z Z
2
(a) tanh x sech x dx (b) tanh2 3x dx

6. Partial Fractions. Find the indefinite integrals of the following:

1 37 − 11x
(a) 2
(b)
(x + 2)(x + 1) (x + 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)
4x + 3 x + 13
(c) (d)
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 2) x3 + 2x2 − 5x − 6
x3 + 3x − 2 9
(e) (f)
x2 − x x(x + 3)2

7. By Parts. Evaluate the following integrals:

Z Z Z 1
(a) x cos 3x dx (b) arcsin x dx (c) x arctan x dx
0
Z Z Z
2
(d) x cosh x dx (e) arcsinh x dx (f) x7 log x dx, x>0

School of Mathematics and Statistics

8 Sheet 4 : Integral Calculus

8. By Parts Again. Using integration by parts twice, evaluate the following integrals:
Z Z
x
(a) e cos 3x dx (b) e−2x sin 11x dx
Z Z
(c) cos x cos 3x dx (d) sin x sin 4x dx

9. Mixed Integrals. Evaluate the following integrals:

√
Z Z
3 3
(a) cosh x sinh x dx (b) x log x dx, x>0

x2 + 3x + 4 x2 − 2
Z Z
(c) dx (d) dx
x2 + x x3 − 6x − 2
Z Z e
1
(e) √ dx (f) log(x4 ) dx
9 − 4x2 1

10. More Mixed Integrals. Evaluate the following integrals:

Z √ Z
(a) 2
x − 16 dx (b) x sinh 3x dx
Z Z
9
(c) dx (d) cosh5 x sinh4 x dx
(x + 2)(x − 1)2
Z √ Z
e2x sin 3x dx
5
(e) cosh x sinh x cosh 2x + 55 dx (f)

Applications of Integration
11. Arc Length. The arc length s of a curve defined by the equation y = f (x) between the
points x = a and x = b (the distance along the curve) is given by
s  2
Z b
dy
s= 1+ dx.
a dx

Find the length of the arcs of the given curves between the two points indicated:
x
(a) y = c cosh from x = 0 to x = 1, (c ∈ R+ )
c
1 1
(b) y = x2 − log x from x = 2 to x = 5
2 4

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UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 9

Sheet 5: First Order Differential Equations

Solution of First Order Differential Equations
1. Verification. Verify (by substituting the function into the differential equation) that
the given function is a solution of the differential equation:

dx 2x
= − 1, x(t) = t + t2 , t 6= 0
dt t

2. Separable Equations. Obtain the general solutions of the following first order differen-
tial equations.
dy dx 3t + e2t
(a) = ex−2y (b) = 2
dx dt x + e−x
dy p dy
(c) = 3 9 − y 2 sinh5 4t cosh 4t (d) (y − 1) = (3y 2 + 4y + 1) cos 3x
dt dx

3. Separable Initial Value Problems. Find solutions to the following initial value problems:
dy
(a) = 5x2 cos2 y for y(1) = 0
dx
dy
(b) (x3 + 3x + 7) sin2 y = x2 + 1 for y(−1) = 0
dx
dy 1
(c) = xy 3 (1 + x2 )− 2 for y(0) = 1
dx

4. Integrating Factor. Solve the following linear differential equations:

dx
(a) xy 0 + 4y = x2 − x + 1 (b) − 6tx = 5t
dt
dy dx
(c) x − y = x2 cosh5 x (d) t + 3x = t2 + log t, t>0
dx dt

5. Integrating Factor Initial Value Problems. Find solutions to the following initial value
problems:
dy π 
(a) x2 + 2xy = cos x for y =0
dx 2
(b) y 0 − 2y = x2 for y(0) = 1
(c) xy 0 + y = esin x cos x for y(π) = 1

Applications of First Order Differential Equations

6. Malthus Population Growth. Consider a culture of x0 bacteria in a petri dish. Assume
that the rate of growth of the bacteria is proportional to the population x(t) at time
t. After 1 hour there are 32 x0 bacteria.

(a) Find x(t).

(b) When will there be 3x0 bacteria?

School of Mathematics and Statistics

10 Sheet 5 : First Order Differential Equations

7. Logistic Population Growth. The population of a certain animal species is governed

by the differential equation
dp
1000 = p(100 − p)
dt
where p(t) is the number of individuals in the colony at time t years. The initial
population is known to be 200 individuals.

(a) Find p(t). Sketch the population–time graph.

(b) Will there ever be more than 200 individuals in the colony? Explain.
(c) Will there ever be less than 100 individuals in the colony? Explain.

8. Phase Plane. Consider

dy
= y(2 − y)(y − 1)
dt
(a) Find the equilibrium solutions.
dy
(b) Sketch versus y i.e. draw a phase plane diagram.
dt
(c) For the regions between equilibrium solutions, determine where the solutions are
increasing or decreasing.
(d) Hence give a rough sketch of y as a function of t. What is lim y(t) if:
t→∞
1
(i) y(0) = 2
(ii) y(0) = 3
(e) For which values of y(0) will lim y(t) = 2?
t→∞

9. Population with Harvesting. Consider the differential equation

 
dP P
=P 1− −h
dt 100

as a model for a fish population, where t is in months. The constant h > 0 represents
the harvesting rate.

(a) Determine the equilibrium solution as a function of h. Determine the values of h

for which there is at least one equilibrium solution.
(b) For which values of h does the fish population die out irrespective of the initial
population?

10. Smoking. Suppose people start smoking in a room of volume 60 m3 , thereby introducing
air containing 5% carbon monoxide at a rate of 0.002 m3 /min into the room. Assume
that the smoky air mixes immediately and uniformly with the rest of the air, and that
this mixture leaves the room at the same rate as the smoky air enters.

(a) Prove that the amount x(t) (in m3 ) of carbon monoxide in the room at time t
minutes satisfies the differential equation:
dx x 1
+ =
dt 30000 10000

(b) Solve this differential equation to obtain the amount of carbon monoxide in the
room at time t, assuming that there is no carbon monoxide in the room initially.
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UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 11

(c) What happens to the concentration of carbon monoxide in the room in the long
term? Sketch a curve of the concentration of carbon monoxide as a function of
time.
(d) Medical tests warn that exposure to air containing 0.1% carbon monoxide for
some time can lead to coma. How long does it take for the concentration of
carbon monoxide in the room to reach this level?

11. The Melting Pot. A tank containing 20,000 litre of blended fuel oil is stirred contin-
uously to keep the mixture homogeneous. The fuel is blended from a heavy and a
light component in equal proportions. The two components are added at a rate of
5 litres/min each, then the blended fuel oil is withdrawn at a rate 10 litres/min to
be burnt in a furnace. The blended fuel oil will not burn in the furnace if the heavy
component forms more than 80% of the mixture.

At a certain instant the supply of the light component ceases whilst the heavy com-
ponent continues to be added at the same rate of 5 litres/min and the homogeneous
mixture is withdrawn at the same rate of 10 litres/min.

(a) Let x(t) be the amount of heavy fuel in the tank (in litres) at time t minutes after
the supply of light oil ceases. Show that
dx 10x
+ = 5, 0 ≤ t < 4000
dt 20000 − 5t

(b) Solve this differential equation for x(t).

(c) Show that it will be 40 hours before the furnace will go out.

12. Factory Pollutant. A river flows into a lake initially containing 100 km3 of pure water
at a rate of 48 km3 /year. Pollutant from a factory is released into the lake at the rate
of 2 km3 /year. Assume that the pollutant mixes immediately and uniformly with the
rest of the water in the lake. The lake also flows into another river at the rate of 40
km3 /year.

(a) If x(t) km3 is the amount of pollutant in the lake after t years, show that

dx 4x
+ =2
dt 10 + t

(b) Solve this differential equation to find x(t).

(c) How much pollutant will be in the lake after 10 years?
(d) It has been found that a concentration of over 2% is hazardous for the fish in the
1
lake. Show that it will take 10(2 5 − 1) years for the lake to become hazardous to
the fish.

School of Mathematics and Statistics

12 Sheet 6 : Second Order Differential Equations

Sheet 6: Second Order Differential Equations

Solution of Second Order Differential Equations
1. Verification of Solutions. Verify (by substituting the functions into the differential
equation) that the given functions are solutions of the differential equation:

y 00 + 2y 0 − 3y = 0, y1 (x) = e−3x , y2 (x) = ex

2. Homogeneous Solutions/Complementary Functions. Find the general solutions y(x) to

the following second order differential equations:
(a) y 00 − 9y = 0 (b) y 00 − 12y 0 + 36y = 0 (c) y 00 + 49y = 0
(d) y 00 + 8y 0 + 17y = 0 (e) y 00 − 7y 0 = 0

3. Different Solutions. Consider the following second order differential equation

y 00 + by 0 + 4y = 0

where b ∈ R. For what values of b does the characteristic equation have:

(a) two real distinct solutions;

(b) one real repeated solution;
(c) two complex conjugate solutions?

4. Second Order Initial Value Problems. Solve the following initial value problems for
y(x):

(a) y 00 + 2y 0 − 3y = 0, y(0) = 3, y 0 (0) = −1

1
(b) y 00 + 6y 0 + 9y = 0, y(0) = , y 0 (0) = 1
3
00 0
(c) y + 4y = 0, y(0) = 1, y (0) = 1

5. Different Right Hand Sides. Find the general solution of the ordinary differential
equation
y 00 + 4y 0 + 5y = f (x)
in the following cases:
(a) f (x) = 0 (b) f (x) = −5 (c) f (x) = 2x
(d) f (x) = e3x (e) f (x) = sin x
Hence write down the general solution of the differential equation

y 00 + 4y 0 + 5y = 10 + 10x + 2e3x + 8 sin x

6. General Solutions. Find the general solutions of the following differential equations:
(a) y 00 − 8y 0 + 52y = 74e5x (b) y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 3x2 + 2
(c) y 00 + y 0 − 2y = 2t (d) y 00 − 2y 0 − 3y = 2 cos 3x + 5 sin 3x
The University of Melbourne
UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 13

7. Look Before you Leap. Find the general solutions of the following differential equations:
(a) ẍ + 5ẋ + 4x = e−4t (b) y 00 + 9y = 12 cos 3x + 72 sin 3x
(c) y 00 + 6y 0 + 9y = e−3x

8. Initial Value Problems. Solve the following initial value problems:

(a) y 00 − y = 259 cos 6x + 74 sin 6x where y(0) = −6 and y 0 (0) = −11

(b) y 00 − 7y 0 + 10y = e2x where y(0) = 4 and y 0 (0) = 50/3
(c) y 00 + 16y = cos 4x where y(0) = 6 and y 0 (0) = 4

Applications of Second Order Differential Equations

9. Submerged Spring. A mass of 1 kilogram is attached to a spring hanging vertically,
stretching it 0.6125 m. The entire system is then submerged in a liquid that imparts
a damping force numerically equal to 10 times the instantaneous velocity. Let x(t) be
the position of the weight (in metres) below the equilibrium position at time t seconds.

(a) Show that the equation of motion for the mass on the spring is

ẍ + 10ẋ + 16x = 0

(b) Find a general expression for the position of the weight at time t.
(c) Find the position of the weight if the weight is released from rest 1 m below the
equilibrium position. In this case, describe the motion as t increases, and sketch
the function x(t).

10. Hanging Spring. A 10 kilogram mass suspended from the end of a vertical spring
49
stretches the spring 90 metres. At time t = 0, the mass is started in motion from
the equilibrium position with an initial velocity of 1 m/s in the upward direction. At
the same time, a constant downward force of 360 Newtons is applied to the system.
Assume that air resistance is equal to 60 times the instantaneous velocity and that the
acceleration due to gravity is g = 9.8m/s2 .

(a) Determine the spring constant.

(b) Show that the equation of motion is

ẍ + 6ẋ + 18x = 36

where x(t) is the displacement of the mass below the equilibrium position at time
t. In your answer include a diagram of all forces acting on the mass at some time
t > 0.
(c) Find the position of the mass at any time. Would you describe the motion as
overdamped, underdamped or critically damped?

School of Mathematics and Statistics

14 Sheet 7 : Functions of Two Variables

Sheet 7: Functions of Two Variables

Sketching Functions of Two Variables
1. Level Curves. Draw some level curves for the following functions f given by:
√
(a) f (x, y) = xy (b) f (x, y) = x + y
(c) f (x, y) = y − cos x (d) f (x, y) = x − y 2

2. Contours and Graphs. Identify the level sets I - VI and the graph surfaces A - F
corresponding to the equations (a) - (f).
p
(a) z = x2 + y 2 (b) z = sin x
1
(c) z = 2 (d) z = 1 − 2x − 2y
x + 4y 2
(e) x2 + (y − 1)2 + (z + 2)2 = 4 (f) z = x2 − y 2

Graphs: Level Sets:

B z I y II
z y
A

x x
y
x y

D III
z y IV y
z x
C y

x y x

z V y VI y
E F z

x x

x
y
x y

3. Surfaces. By sketching some level curves and cross sections in the x-z and y-z planes,
describe and sketch the surface z = f (x, y):
p
(a) f (x, y) = 1 − x2 − y 2 (b) f (x, y) = 6 − 2x − 3y
(c) f (x, y) = 5 − x2 − y 2

The University of Melbourne

UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 15

Limits and Continuity

4. Limits. Use limit laws and continuity to evaluate the following limits.
xy 3
(a) lim (b) lim cos(x2 + 2y 2 )
(x,y)→(1,2) x + y (x,y)→(0,0)

5. Continuity. State the largest possible domain on which the following functions f given
by
p
(a) f (x, y) = exy (xy + 8x + y 3 ) (b) f (x, y) = 1 − x2 − y 2

are defined. Explain why the functions are continuous everywhere on their domains.
Partial Derivatives and Applications
6. Partial Derivatives from First Principles. Find fx (x, y) and fy (x, y) using the limit
definition of the partial derivative when
x
(a) f (x, y) = 2x2 − 3y − 4 (b) f (x, y) =
y

7. Partial Derivatives. Find all first order partial derivatives of the following functions f
given by.
(a) f (x, y) = 3x2 + 2xy + y 5 (b) f (x, y) = sin x sin y
u  p 
(c) f (u, v) = arctan (d) f (x, y) = log x + 2 + y 2
v

8. Further Partial Derivatives. Find fxx (x, y), fyy (x, y), fxy (x, y) and fyx (x, y) when
(a) f (x, y) = ex cosh y (b) f (x, y) = log(4x − 5y)
√ 3
(c) f (x, y) = x2 y + x y (d) f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 ) 2

9. Solutions of PDEs.
2 k2 t
(a) Verify that u(x, t) = e−α sin kx is a solution of the heat conduction equation
ut = α2 uxx

(b) If f (x, y) = xey/x , show that

(i) xfx + yfy = f (ii) x2 fxx + 2xyfxy + y 2 fyy = 0

10. Tangent Planes. Find the equation to the tangent plane to the given surface at the
point specified:
(a) z = y 2 − x2 , (−4, 5, 9) (b) z = log(2x + y), (−1, 3, 0)
√
(c) z = x y, (1, 4, 2) (d) z = ex cos xy, (0, 0, 1)

11. Chain Rule. Use the Chain rule to find:

dz
(a) when z = x2 + y 2 , x = t3 , y = 1 + t2
dt
∂z ∂z
(b) and when z = x2 − 3x2 y 2 , x = set , y = se−t
∂s ∂t
∂z ∂z
(c) and at s = 0, t = 1 when z = x2 tan 2y, x = s2 + t2 , y = 2st
∂s ∂t
School of Mathematics and Statistics
16 Sheet 7 : Functions of Two Variables

12. Chain Rule Again. If z = f (x, y), where x = g(t), y = h(t), g(3) = 2, ġ(3) = 5,
dz
h(3) = 7, ḣ(3) = −4, fx (2, 7) = 6, and fy (2, 7) = −8, find when t = 3.
dt
13. Gradient Vectors. Consider the following function f : R2 → R given by

f (x, y) = 5xy 2 − 4x3 y

(a) Find the gradient of f .

(b) Evaluate the gradient at the point (1, 2).
(c) 
Find therate of change of f at the point (1, 2) in the direction of the vector
5 12
, .
13 13

14. Directional Derivative. Find the directional derivatives of the following functions at
the indicated point in the direction specified.
π
(a) f (x, y) = x3 y 2 at (−1, 2) in the direction parallel to a vector clockwise from
3
the positive x-axis
   
1 3 −4
(b) g(x, y) = sin (xy) at , π in the direction of the unit vector ,
6 5 5
 
x
(c) f (x, y) = arcsin at the point (1, 2) towards the point (3, 0)
y

15. Steepest Descent.

(a) Find the direction in which the function f : R2 → R given by

f (x, y) = x3 + y 2 − 6xy

increases most rapidly at the point (3, 3).

(b) Find the direction in the xy-plane one should travel, starting from the point (1, 1),
to obtain the most rapid rate of decrease of

f (x, y) = (x + y − 2)2 + (3x − y − 6)2

(c) In which direction in the xy-plane is the directional derivative of the function
f : R2 \{(0, 0)} → R given by
x2 − y 2
f (x, y) =
x2 + y 2
at the point (1, 1) equal to zero?

Stationary Ponts
16. Classification. Find all the stationary points of the following functions f , and classify
these points as maxima, minima or saddle points.
(a) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y (b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + x2 y + 4
(c) f (x, y) = −4x2 + xy − y 2 (d) f (x, y) = xye−x−y
(e) f (x, y) = x3 + y 3 − 6xy (f) f (x, y) = cos x cos y

The University of Melbourne

UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 17

Applications of Stationary Points

17. Surfboards. A company produces two types of surfboard, x thousand of type A and y
thousand of type B, per year. If the sales revenue R(x, y) and production/distribution
cost C(x, y) for the year (in millions of dollars) are given by

R(x, y) = 2x + 3y
C(x, y) = x2 − 2xy + 2y 2 + 6x − 9y + 5

determine how many of each type of surfboard should be made per year in order to
maximise the profit. What is the maximum profit?

18. Least Squares. A satellite television repeater station is to be located at a point P with
coordinates (x, y) so that the sum of the squares of the distances from the three towns
A, B and C it serves is a minimum. The three towns are located at the positions with
coordinates (0, 0), (2, 6) and (10, 0) respectively. Find the coordinates of the repeater
station.

Double Integrals
19. Partial Integrals. Find the partial integrals of

f (x, y) = 3x2 + 2xy + y 5

(a) with respect to x (b) with respect to y

20. Double Integrals. Evaluate the following double integrals where R = [0, 1] × [0, 1].
Z πZ 1 Z 0Z 2
2
(a) (y cos x + 2) dydx (b) (−xey ) dydx
0 0 −1 1
ZZ ZZ
(c) yexy dA (d) x2 y 2 cos(x3 ) dA
R R

21. Mixed Differentiation and Integration. Evaluate the following derivatives and integrals
Z 2Z 1
∂
(2x2 + y 4 − 4xy + 2) dydx x2 y 2 + sinh(x2 + y)


(a) (b)
0 0 ∂x
π
∂2
Z
yexy + x2 ey (x2 y 2 + cos y) dy


(c) (d)
∂x∂y 0

∂2
Z
(e) (2x4 y 3 − 4x + y 2 ) dx 2x4 y 3 − 4x + y 2


(f) 2
∂y

Applications of Double Integrals

22. Volume. Using double integrals, find the volume of the solid bounded by the graph of
f (x, y) = 1 + 2x + 3y, the rectangle R = [1, 2] × [0, 1] and the vertical sides of R.

23. Average Value. The average value of a continuous function f over a rectangle R is
defined as ZZ
1
faverage = f (x, y)dA
Area of R R
Find the average value of f (x, y) = y sin(xy) over the rectangle [0, 1] × [0, π2 ].
School of Mathematics and Statistics
18 Sheet 7 : Functions of Two Variables

24. Centre of Mass. The coordinates (x̄, ȳ) of the centre of mass of a lamina occupying the
region D, and having density ρ(x, y) where ρ : R2 → [0, ∞) is a continuous function,
are ZZ ZZ
1 1
x̄ = xρ(x, y)dA ȳ = yρ(x, y)dA,
m D m D
where the mass is given by ZZ
m= ρ(x, y)dA
D

Find the centre of mass of a rectangular lamina with vertices at (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 3) and
(0, 3) if the density is ρ(x, y) = x2 y.

The University of Melbourne

UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 19

Answers for sheet 1: Limits and Continuity

(a) −1 (b) −2 (c) Does not exist
1.
(d) 2 (e) 0 (f) Does not exist

2. 1
(a) 59 (b)
8

3. (b) 5 (c) 2x 1 1 1
(a) 3 (d) (e) (f) −
5 6 16

4. 1 1 (d) Does not exist

(a) 3 (b) (c)
2 6
5. (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 0
 
1 (c) (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)
6. (a) {x|x 6= −3, −2} (b) ,∞
2

7. 7 (b) 0 (c) 1
(a)
3
8. 0, 1
4
y
3.5

2.5

1.5

1
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 x 2

2
9.
3
p (c) 0 1
10. (a) 1 (b) (d) −
q 2
11. (a) Does not exist but approaches ∞ (b) 0
(c) 6 (d) 0
(e) 4 (f) 0
1
12. (a) Does not exist (b) −
3
11 7
(c) (d)
3 3
2
(e) 0 (f) −
π

School of Mathematics and Statistics

20 Answers for sheet 2

Answers for sheet 2: Hyperbolic Functions

1. 4 5 312
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 313

2. 1 1 1
x−3 + x3 x2 −x−2



(a) 2 x− x (b) 2 (c) x2 +x−2

3.
(a) sinh x = ± 34 , tanh x = ± 35
√ √ √
(b) cosh x = 29/5,
√ tanh x = −2/ 29, coth x = − 29/2
sech x = 5/ 29, cosech x = −5/2
4. Requires proof.
5. Proof required.
6. √
sinh( x)
(a) √ , for x > 0
2 x
sinh x
(b) √ , for all x
2 cosh x
(c) 3 cos(3x)sech 2 (sin(3x)), for all x
(d) sinh(1/x) − (1/x) cosh(1/x), for x 6= 0
7. √ √
(a) x2 − 1 (b) x2 /(1 − x2 ) x2 − 1
(c)
x
8.
(a) Proof required.
1
(b) √
x2 −1
(c) (i) log 2 (ii) 0
9. Requires proof.
10.
x3 ex
(a) 3x2 arcsinh (ex ) + √ , x∈R
1 + e2x
1
(b) √ √ ,x>1
2 x x−1
4 1
(c) √ ,x> 4
(arccosh 4x) 16x2 − 1
−1
(d) , −1 < x < 0 ∪ 0 < x < 1
(1 − x2 )arctanh 2 x

The University of Melbourne

UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 21

Answers for sheet 3: Complex Numbers

1. (a) 1 + i (b) 12 − 7i
(c) −21/17 (d) −1/17
2.
(a) (i) 1 (ii) 27/10
(b) (i) 2π/3 (ii) −3π/4
iπ
√
3. (a) −1 = e (b) 5 2e3πi/4
√
(c) 2e−iπ/2 (d) 29eiα , where α = arctan(5/2)
√
4. (a) −1024 (b) −512 3 + 512i
(c) −1/64 (d) 1
27/2
e−7πi/12
1 1
5. (a) 32 (10 − 15 cos 2θ + 6 cos 4θ − cos 6θ) (b) 16 (2 sin θ + sin 3θ − sin 5θ)

6. Requires proof.
7. (a) (9i − 46)e(2+3i)t (b) −512ie(1−i)t

8. (a) 2128 e−t (cos t − sin t) (b) 32288 e4t cos 4t

ex e−2x
9. (a) 10 (cos 3x + 3 sin 3x) + C (b) 125 (−11 cos 11x − 2 sin 11x) + C
e5t
(c) 74 (5 cos 7t + 7 sin 7t) + C

School of Mathematics and Statistics

22 Answers for sheet 4

Answers for sheet 4: Integral Calculus

1 x+2


1. (a) −10 (b) 3 arctan 3 +C
π
(c) 4 (d) log |x − 2| + 2 log |x + 4| + C
(e) log | log x| + C (f) log(ex + 1) + C
(g) 4 log |x + 5| + 3
x+5 +C (h) 1
7 sin7 x − 1
9 sin9 x + C

2. (a) − 31 coth3 x + C (b) 1

12 exp(4 cosh 3x) + C
(c) arccosh 2 x + C (d) k1 log |2 + tanh kx| + C
1
√ √
(b) x2 4 − x2 + 2 arcsin x2 + C



3. (a) arcsinh 2x + 2x 1 + 4x2 + C
4
−x
(c) √ +C
x2 − 1
1 7
4. (a) 7 sinh x + C (b) 12 x + 1
12 sinh 6x + C
1 3 1 5 1 3 1
(c) 3 sinh x + 5 sinh x + C (d) 12 cosh 4x − 4 cosh 4x +C
3 1 1
(e) 8 x + 4 sinh 2x + 32 sinh 4x +C
5. (a) 1
2 tanh2 x + C (b) x − 1
3 tanh 3x + C

6.
1 1 2
(a) 5 log |x + 2| − 10 log(x2 + 1) + 5 arctan x + C
(b) 4 log |x + 1| − 5 log |x − 2| + log |x − 3| + C
 
(c) 2 log(x2 + 1) + 3 arctan x − 2 log(x2 + 2) − √3 arctan x
√ +C
2 2

(d) −2 log |x + 1| + log |x + 3| + log |x − 2| + C

1 2
(e) 2x + x + 2 log |x| + 2 log |x − 1| + C
3
(f) x+3 + log |x| − log |x + 3| + C
√
7. (a) 13 x sin 3x + 1
9 cos 3x + C (b) x arcsin x + 1 − x2 + C
π 1
(c) 4 − 2 (d) x2 sinh x − 2x cosh x + 2 sinh x + C
√
(e) xarcsinh x − x2 + 1 + C (f) 18 x8 log x − 1 8
64 x +C
ex e−2x
8. (a) 10 (cos 3x + 3 sin 3x) + C (b) 125 (−11 cos 11x − 2 sin 11x) + C
3 1 1 4
(c) 8 cos x sin 3x − 8 sin x cos 3x +C (d) 15 cos x sin 4x − 15 sin x cos 4x + C

9.
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) sinh4 x + sinh6 x + C = cosh6 x − cosh4 x + D = cosh3 2x − cosh 2x + E
4  6  6 4 48 16
2 4
(b) x3/2 log x − +C (c) x + 4 log |x| − 2 log |x + 1| + C
3 9
 
1 1 2x
(d) log |x3 − 6x − 2| + C (e) arcsin +C
3 2 3

(f) 4
xp 2 x x sinh(3x)
10. (a) x − 16 − 8arccosh +C (b) cosh(3x) − +C
2 4 3 9
3 1 2 1
(c) − log |x − 1| + log |x + 2| − +C (d) sinh9 x + sinh7 x + sinh5 x + C
x−1 9 7 5
5 e2x
(e) 24 (cosh 2x + 55)6/5 + C (f) (−3 cos 3x + 2 sin 3x) + C
13
21 1 1
11. (a) c sinh(1/c) (b) 2 + 4 log 5 − 4 log 2

The University of Melbourne

UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 23

Answers for sheet 5: First Order Differential Equations

1. Requires verification.
2. (a) y(x) = 1
2 log(2ex + C) (b) 13 x3 − e−x = 23 t2 + 21 e2t + C
sinh6 4t + C
1 2 1


(c) y(x) = 3 sin 8 (d) log |y + 1| − 3 log |3y + 1| = 3 sin 3x + C

(a) y(x) = arctan 53 (x3 − 1) (b) 12 y − 14 sin 2y = 1

log |x3 +3x+7|− 13 log 3


3. 3
 1
− 12
(c) y(x) = 3 − 2(1 + x2 ) 2
4.
(a) y(x) = 61 x2 − 15 x + 1
4 + Cx−4
2
(b) x(t) = − 65 + Ce3t
(c) y(x) = x sinh x + 23 x sinh3 x + 51 x sinh5 x + Cx
(d) x(t) = 15 t2 + 1
3 log t − 1
9 + C
t3
1
5. (a) y(x) = x2 (sin x − 1) (b) y(x) = − 21 x2 − 12 x − 1
4 + 54 e2x
sin x
e +π−1
(c) y(x) =
x
3 t


6. (a) x(t) = x0 2 (b) 2.71 hours
7.
200
(a) p(t) = (b) No (c) No
2 − e−t/10

8.
(a) y = 0, y = 2, y = 1
(b)

(c) Increasing for y < 0 and 1 < y < 2, decreasing for 0 < y < 1 and y > 2
(d) (i) 0 (ii) 2
(e) y(0) > 1
 q 
9. h
(a) P = 50 1 ± 1 − 25 , 0 < h ≤ 25 (b) h > 25

School of Mathematics and Statistics

24 Answers for sheet 5

10. (a) Proof required

(b) x(t) = 3(1 − e−t/30000 )

(c) concentration goes to 1/20 or 5%

(d) 10 hours 6 minutes
1
11. (b) x(t) = 5(4000 − t) − (4000 − t)2
1600
2 40000
12. (b) x(t) = (10 + t) − (c) 7.75 km3
5 (10 + t)4

The University of Melbourne

 UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 25

Answers for sheet 6: Second Order Differential Equations

1. Requires verification.

2. (a) y(x) = Ae3x + Be−3x (b) y(x) = (A + Bx)e6x

(c) y(x) = A cos 7x + B sin 7x (d) y(x) = e−4x (A cos x + B sin x)
(e) y(x) = A + Be7x
3.
(a) |b| > 4 (b) b = ±4 (c) |b| < 4

4.
1 −3x
(a) y(x) = e−3x + 2ex (b) y(x) = e + 2xe−3x
3
1
(c) y(x) = cos 2x + sin 2x
2
5. (a) y(x) = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x)
(b) y(x) = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x) − 1
2 8
(c) y(x) = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x) + x −
5 25
1
(d) y(x) = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x) + e3x
26
1
(e) y(x) = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x) + (sin x − cos x)
8
The general solution is y(x) = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x) + 2x + 2
5 + 1 3x
13 e + sin x − cos x

6. (a) y(x) = e4x (A cos 6x + B sin 6x) + 2e5x (b) y(x) = (A + Bx)e−x + 3x2 − 12x + 20
(c) y(x) = Aet + Be−2t − t − 1
2 (d) y(x) = Ae3x + Be−x + 30
1
cos 3x − 25 sin 3x

1
7. (a) x(t) = Ae−t + Be−4t − te−4t (b) y(x) = (A − 12x) cos 3x + (B + 2x) sin 3x
3
1 2 −3x
(c) y(x) = (A + Bx + x )e
2
8. (a) y(x) = ex − 7 cos 6x − 2 sin 6x (b) y(x) = (1 − 13 x)e2x + 3e5x
(c) y(x) = 6 cos 4x + (1 + 81 x) sin 4x

9. (b) x(t) = Ae−2t + Be−8t

(c) x(t) = 34 e−2t − 13 e−8t
motion is strongly- or over-damped, smooth and non-oscillatory. It dies away to zero with time,
and the derivative is zero at the origin and then negative, so that the decay is monotone.

School of Mathematics and Statistics

26 Answers for sheet 6

10. (a) 180 N/m

(b) Note that (for ease of drawing) we have drawn the diagram at a point t > 0 in the future
where the mass is moving downwards.

s
. 0m
R= 60 x(t) N T
Direction
of motion 10 kg x(t)

mg = 9.8m N F(t)=360 N
7
(c) x(t) = −2e−3t cos 3t − e−3t sin 3t + 2, motion is underdamped
3

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UMEP Calculus Extension Studies 27

Answers for sheet 7: Functions of Two Variables

1.
y y y

z <0 z>0
z=3 z =3
z=2
z=0 x
z =1 x x

z = -1
z >0 z <0
z = -2

z = -1 x
z =- 2

2. (a)-B-III (b)-E-VI (c)-F-V

(d)-A-I (e)-D-IV (f)-C-II

3.
(a) upper hemisphere radius 1, centre at (0, 0, 0)
(b) saddle
(c) plane with intercepts (3, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 6)
(d) upside down parabolic bowl with intercept at (0, 0, 5)

z
z
z

y
x y x
x y
8
4. (a) 3 (b) 1

5. (a) all of the xy plane (b) the closed unit disc {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}

6.
(a) fx (x, y) = 4x, fy (x, y) = −3

(b) fx (x, y) = y1 , fy (x, y) = − x2

y

7.
(a) fx (x, y) = 6x + 2y, fy (x, y) = 2x + 5y 4
(b) fx (x, y) = cos x sin y, fy (x, y) = sin x cos y
(c) fu (u, v) = v/(u2 + v 2 ), fv (u, v) = −u/(u2 + v 2 )
p p
(d) fx (x, y) = 1/(x + 2 + y 2 ), fy (x, y) = y/(2 + y 2 + x 2 + y 2 )
School of Mathematics and Statistics
28 Answers for sheet 7

8.
(a) fxx (x, y) = ex cosh y, fyy (x, y) = ex cosh y, fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) = ex sinh y

(b) fxx (x, y) = − 16 , fyy (x, y) = − 25

(4x − 5y)2 (4x − 5y)2
fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) = 20
(4x − 5y)2
√
(c) fxx (x, y) = 2y, fyy (x, y) = − x − 32
4 y , fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) = 2x + 1/(2 y)
3(2x2 + y 2 ) 3(x2 + 2y 2 ) 3xy
(d) fxx (x, y) = p , fyy (x, y) = p , fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) = p
2
x +y 2 2
x +y 2 x2 + y 2
9. Verification required.
10. (a) z = 8x + 10y − 9 (b) z = 2x + y − 1
(c) z = 2x + 41 y − 1 (d) z = x + 1

11.
(a) dz/dt = 6t5 + 4t3 + 4t
(b) ∂z/∂s = 2se2t − 12s3 , ∂z/∂t = 2s2 e2t
(c) ∂z/∂s = 4, ∂z/∂t = 0
12. 62
13. (a) (5y 2 − 12x2 y, 10xy − 4x3 ) (b) (−4, 16)

(c) 172/13
14. √ √ √ √
(a) 6 + 2 3 (b) π3 3/10 − 3/15 (c) 3
√ = 4
6
2 6

1 √1 (3, −1)
15. (a) 5 (3, −4) (b) 10

(c) √1 (1, 1), √1 (−1, −1)

2 2

16.
(a) local minimum at (−2, 3)
√
(b) local minimum at (0, 0) and two saddle points at (± 2, −1)
(c) (0, 0) local maximum
(d) (1, 1) local maximum, (0, 0) saddle
(e) (0, 0) saddle; (2, 2) local minimum
(f) (nπ + π2 , mπ + π2 ) are saddles (nπ, mπ) are local minima if n + m is odd, local maxima
if even; n, m integers
17. 2000 of type A and 4000 of type B for maximum profit of 15 million dollars.
18. P with coordinates(4, 2) gives a minimum
19. (a) x3 + x2 y + xy 5 + g(y) where g is an arbitrary function
(b) 3x2 y + xy 2 + 16 y 6 + h(x) where h is an arbitrary function
1
20. (a) 2 +π (b) 12 (e2 − e)
1
(c) e − 2 (d) 9 sin 1
86
21. (a) 15 (b) 2xy 2 + 2x cosh(x2 + y)
π3 2
(c) 2yexy + 2xey + xy 2 exy (d) 3 x
(e) 25 x5 y 3 − 2x2 + xy 2 + c(y) 4
(f) 12x y + 2
11
22. 2
2
23. 1− π
3


24. (x̄, ȳ) = 4, 2 [Note m = 1.5]

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