CCSS, NGSS

Refrigeration &
Air-Conditioning
(ME-319)

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali

 Course Instructor
Dr. Haider Ali
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department,
NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Office Hours:
Tuesday 9:30 AM to 11:30 AM
Thursday 2:30 PM to 4:30 PM
Office: 09 (next to ME Lecture Hall)
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 Course Outline
• Refrigeration cycles:
• Reversed Carnot cycle, Vapour-compression and vapour absorption cycles, gas refrigeration cycle, Multiple evaporator and
compressor systems.

• Psychrometry:
• Use of psychrometric chart, Relative humidity, Humidity ratio, Dry bulb, Wet bulb and Dew point temperatures, Psychrometric
processes

• Cooling Load Calculations:

• Indoor and outdoor design conditions of air conditioning, heating and cooling load calculation, Air conditioning requirements
for comfort and industrial processes, Air distributing systems, Design and sizing of ducts, prevention of noise and vibration.
Introduction to computer software used in Refrigeration and air conditioning.

• Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems Components:

• Compressor, Condenser, Evaporator, Expansion devices, Humidifier, Dehumidifier, Fan, Pump, Blower, grills and registers,
cooling tower, Automatic temperature and humidity control systems, Pneumatic, electric and hydraulic systems.

• Refrigerants:
• Desirable properties of a refrigerant, Classification of refrigerants and their comparison, designation systems, secondary
refrigerants (brine), Defrosting air circulation systems.

• Application of Refrigeration:
• Domestic refrigerators, Water cooler, Cold storage, Ice making plants, Heat pump and Dairy industries applications
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 Course Learning Outcomes
• Apply the concepts of thermodynamics to refrigeration cycles.
• Carry out psychometric calculations and air conditioning cooling load
estimation.
• Analyze types of air conditioning systems and air distribution systems.

Class-Room Policy
•Class participation is highly encouraged.
•Always bring your calculator.

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Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Applications
Specific Wright
❖ Food processing, Preservation and Distribution
▪ Dairy Products
▪ Meat and Poultry
▪ Beverages
❖ Chemical and Process Industries
▪ Liquefaction of Gases
▪ Dehumidification of Air
▪ Removal of Heat of Reaction
❖ Other Applications
▪ Printing
▪ Manufacturing of Precision Parts
▪ Textile Industry
▪ Pharmaceutical Industries
▪ Photographic Materials
▪ Vehicular Air-Conditioning
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Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Applications
Specific Wright

Household or Domestic Use

Ice Making Pharmaceutical Industry

Shopping Malls Food Storage

Cold Storages

Large Industrial Plants

Reefer Vessels Hospitals and Vaccines Storage

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 Thermodynamics – Quick Recap

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Systems and Control Volumes
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates
the system from its surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.

Fixed
boundary

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Thermodynamic Systems

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Closed and Open Systems

Closed System (Control Mass) Open System (Control Volume)

A fixed amount of mass, and no Both mass and energy can cross
mass can cross its boundary. the boundary of a control volume.

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Properties of a System

• Property: Any characteristic of a system.

• Some familiar properties are pressure P,
temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
• Properties are considered to be either intensive
or extensive.
• Intensive properties: Those that are
independent of the mass of a system, such as
temperature, pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties: Those whose values
depend on the size—or extent—of the system.
• Specific properties: Extensive properties per
unit mass.
Criterion to differentiate
intensive and extensive 11
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali
properties.
The State Postulate

• The number of properties required to fix the

state of a system is given by the state
postulate:
• The state of a simple compressible system is
completely specified by two independent,
intensive properties.
• Simple compressible system: If a system
involves no electrical, magnetic, gravitational, The state of nitrogen
motion, and surface tension effects. is fixed by two
independent,
intensive properties.

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Process and Cycle

The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular property remains constant.
Isothermal process:
A process during which the temperature T remains constant.
Isobaric process:
A process during which the pressure P remains constant.
Isochoric process:
A process during which the specific volume v remains constant.
Adiabatic process:
A process during which heat transfer is zero.
Isentropic (Isoentropic) process:
A process during which the entropy remains constant.

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Steady State Process

• The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of steady is

unsteady, or transient.

• A large number of engineering devices operate for long periods of time

under the same conditions, and they are classified as steady-flow devices.

• Steady-flow process: A process during which a fluid flows through a

control volume steadily.

• Steady-flow conditions can be closely approximated by devices that are

intended for continuous operation such as turbines, pumps, boilers,

condensers, and heat exchangers or power plants or refrigeration systems.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

“Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process: it can

only change forms”
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system
during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy
entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process.

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Energy Balance

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Phase Change of a Pure Substance

Compressed
Saturated Saturated
Liquid or Saturated
Liquid Liquid-Vapor Superheated
Sub Cooled Vapor
Mixture Vapor
liquid

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Piston-Cylinder Arrangement

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Process Diagram (T-V Diagram)

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Process Diagram (P-V Diagram)

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Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture

Quality (x) :
The ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture.

Quality is between 0 and 1 → 0: sat. liquid, 1: sat. vapor.

P = 10 MPa
T=311 oC

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Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture
State of saturated liquid-vapor mixture:

Similarly

Same is also true for u, h, and s

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Energy Balance – Example 1
Steam at 4 MPa and 400°C enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 60 m/s, and it leaves at 2 MPa and 300°C. The
inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2, and heat is being lost at a rate of 75 kJ/s. Write down the expression for (a) the
mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity of the steam, and (c) the exit area of the nozzle.

Part (a) Part (c)

Part (b)

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Energy Balance – Example 2

Steam flows steadily into a turbine with a mass flow rate of 26 kg/s and a negligible velocity at 6 MPa and 600°C. The
steam leaves the turbine at 0.5 MPa and 200°C with a velocity of 180 m/s. The rate of work done by the steam in the
turbine is measured to be 20 MW. If the elevation change between the turbine inlet and exit is negligible, write down
the expression for the rate of heat transfer associated with this process.

Energy
Balance:

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Energy Balance – Example 3

Liquid water at 300 kPa and 20°C is heated in a chamber by mixing it with superheated steam at 300 kPa and 300°C. Cold
water enters the chamber at a rate of 1.8 kg/s. If the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 60°C, write down the expression
for the mass flow rate of the superheated steam required.

Mass
Balance:

Energy
Balance:

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Energy Balance – Example 4

A heat exchanger is to heat water (Cp =4.18 kJ/kg°C) from 25 to 60°C at a rate of 0.2 kg/s. The heating is to be
accomplished by geothermal water (Cp = 4.31 kJ/kg°C) available at 140°C at a mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. Determine
the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the exit temperature of geothermal water.

Energy
Balance:

Rate of heat transfer

to the cold water:

Rate of Heat Transfer to cold water = Rate of Heat Loss from Geothermal

Exit temperature of
geothermal water:

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 Help Session

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 28

Complete the table for R-134a.

T P h x Phase Description
(°C) (kPa) (kJ/kg)
685.43 412.84
-10 0.6
20 500
80 453.30
6 380.0

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali

 29

Complete the table for R-134a.

T P h x Phase Description
(°C) (kPa) (kJ/kg)
26 685.43 412.84 1 Saturated Vapor
-10 200.6 310.27 0.6
Saturated Liquid-
Vapor Mixture
20 500 436.64 - Superheated Vapor
80 1600 453.30 - Superheated Vapor
6 361.98 380.0 0.88 Saturated Liquid-
Vapor Mixture

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (ME-331) Dr. Haider Ali