I P Telephony (Voice over I P)

I nst ruct or
Ai-Chun Pang, [email protected] u.edu.t w
Office Number: 417, New building
Text book
Carrier Grade Voice over I P, D. Collins, McGraw-Hill, Second
Edit ion, 2003.
Requirement s
Homework x 3 30%
Mid-t erm exam 25%
Final exam 25%
Term proj ect 20%
TAs (office number: 305, Old building)
([email protected] u.edu.t w)
([email protected] u.edu.t w)
([email protected] u.edu.t w)
Course Out line
I nt roduct ion
Transport ing Voice by Using I P
Speech-Coding Techniques (Opt ional)
H.323
Session I nit iat ion Prot ocol (SI P) and ENUM
SI P over Net work Address Translat ion (NAT)
Media Gat eway Cont rol and t he Soft swit ch Archit ect ure
VoI P and SS7
Qualit y of Service
Designing a Voice over I P Net work
From I Pv4 t o I Pv6 Net works
Mobile All I P Net work
I P Mult imedia Subsyst em (I MS)
VoI P over Wireless LAN (WLAN)
I nt roduct ion
Chapt er 1
5
I P Telephony
Carrier Grade VoI P
Carrier grade and VoI P
Mut ually exclusive
A serious alt ernat ive for voice communicat ions wit h enhanced
feat ures
Carrier grade
The last t ime when it fails
99.999% reliabilit y (high reliabilit y)
Fully redundant , Self -healing
AT&T carries about 300 million voice calls a day (high capacit y).
Highly scalable
Short call set up t ime, high speech qualit y
No percept ible echo, not iceable delay and annoying noises on t he
line
I nt eroperabilit y
6
I P Telephony
VoI P
Transport voice t raffic using t he I nt ernet
Prot ocol (I P)
One of t he great est challenges t o VoI P is
voice qualit y.
One of t he keys t o accept able voice qualit y is
bandwidt h.
Cont rol and priorit ize t he access
I nt ernet : best-ef f ort t ransf er
VoI P ! = I nt ernet t elephony
Next generat ion Telcos
Access and bandwidt h are bet t er managed.
7
I P Telephony
I P
A packet -based prot ocol
Rout ing on a packet -by-packet base
Packet t ransfer wit h no guarant ees
May not be received in order
May be lost or severely delayed
TCP/ I P
Ret ransmission
Assemble t he packet s in order
Congest ion cont rol
Useful for file-t ransfers and e-mail
8
I P Telephony
Dat a and Voice
Dat a t raffic
Asynchronous can be delayed
Ext remely error sensit ive
Voice t raffic
Synchronous t he st ringent delay requirement s
More t olerant for errors
I P is not for voice delivery.
VoI P must
Meet all t he requirement s for t radit ional t elephony
Offer new and at t ract ive capabilit ies at a lower cost
9
I P Telephony
Why VoI P?
Why carry voice?
I nt ernet support s inst ant access t o anyt hing
However, voice services provide more revenues.
Voice is st ill t he killer applicat ion.
Why use I P for voice?
Tradit ional t elephony carriers use circuit swit ching
for carrying voice t raffic.
Circuit -swit ching is not suit able for mult imedia
communicat ions.
I P: lower equipment cost , lower operat ing
expense, int egrat ion of voice and dat a applicat ions,
pot ent ially lower bandwidt h requirement s, t he
widespread availabilit y of I P
10
I P Telephony
Lower Equipment Cost
PSTN swit ch
Propriet ary hardware, OS, applicat ions
New sof t ware applicat ion development f or t hird part ies
High operat ion and management cost
Training, support , and feat ure development
Mainframe comput er
The I P world
St andard mass-produced comput er equipment
Applicat ion soft ware is quit e separat e
A horizont al business model
More open and compet it ion-f riendly
I nt elligent Net work (I N)
does not mat ch t he openness and flexibilit y of I P solut ions.
A few highly successful services
VoI P net works can int erwork wit h Signaling Syst em 7 (SS7) and
t ake advant age of I N services build on SS7.
11
I P Telephony
Voice/ Dat a I nt egrat ion
Click-t o-t alk applicat ion
Personal communicat ion
E-commerce
Web collaborat ion
Shop on-line wit h a friend at anot her locat ion
Video conferencing
Shared whit eboard session
Wit h I P mult icast ing
I P-based PBX
I P-based call cent ers
I P-based voice mail
Far more feat ure-rich t han t he st andard 12-
but t on keypad
12
I P Telephony
Lower Bandwidt h Requirement s
PSTN
G.711 - 64 kbps
Human speech frequency < 4K Hz
The Nyquist Theorem: 8000 samples per second t o fully
capt ure t he signal
8K * 8 bit s
Sophist icat ed coders
32kbps, 16kbps, 8kbps, 6.3kbps, 5.3kbps
GSM 13kbps
Save more bandwidt h by silence suppression
Tradit ional t elephony net works can use coders, t oo.
But it is more difficult .
VoI P t wo ends of t he call t o negot iat e t he coding scheme
The fundament al archit ect ure of VoI P syst ems lends it self t o
more t ransmission-efficient net work designs.
Dist ribut ed (Bearer t raffic can be rout ed more direct ly from
source t o dest inat ion.)
13
I P Telephony
The Widespread Availabilit y of I P
I P
LANs and WANs
Dial-up I nt ernet access
I P applicat ions even reside wit hin hand-held
comput ers and various wireless devices.
The ubiquit ous presence
VoFR or VoATM
Only for t he backbone of t he carriers
14
I P Telephony
VoI P Challenges
VoI P must offer t he same reliabilit y and voice
qualit y as t radit ional circuit-swit ched
t elephony.
Mean Opinion Score ( MOS)
5 (Excellent ), 4 (Good), 3 (Fair), 2 (Poor), 1 (Bad)
I nt ernat ional Telecommunicat ion Union
Telecommunicat ions St andardizat ion Sect or (I TU-
T) P.800
Toll qualit y means a MOS of 4.0 or bet t er.
15
I P Telephony
Speech Qualit y [ 1/ 2]
Must be as good as PSTN
Delay
The round-t rip delay
Coding/ Decoding + Buffering Time + Tx. Time
G.114 < 300 ms
Jit t er
Delay variat ion
Different rout es or queuing t imes
Adj ust ing t o t he j it t er is difficult .
Jit t er buffers add delay.
16
I P Telephony
Speech Qualit y [ 2/ 2]
Echo
High Delay = = = > Echo is Crit ical
Packet Loss
Tradit ional ret ransmission cannot meet t he
real-t ime requirement s
Call Set-up Time
Address Translat ion
Direct ory Access
17
I P Telephony
Managing Access and Priorit izing Traffic
A single net work for a wide range of
applicat ions, including dat a, voice, and video
Call is admit t ed if sufficient resources are
available
Different t ypes of t raffic are handled in different
ways
I f a net work becomes heavily loaded, e-mail t raffic
should f eel t he ef f ect s bef ore synchronous t raf f ic
(such as voice).
QoS has required a huge effort .
18
I P Telephony
Speech-coding Techniques
I n general, coding t echniques are such t hat
speech qualit y degrades as bandwidt h reduces.
The relat ionship is not linear.
G.711 64kbps 4.3
G.726 32kbps 4.0
G.723 (celp) 6.3kbps 3.8
G.728 16kbps 3.9
G.729 8kbps 4.0
GSM 13kbps 3.7
19
I P Telephony
Net work Reliabilit y and Scalabilit y
PSTN syst em fails
99.999% reliabilit y
Todays VoI P solut ions
Redundancy and load sharing
A balance must be st ruck bet ween net work cost and
net work qualit y.
Finding t he right balance is t he responsibilit y of t he
net work archit ect .
Scalable easy t o st art on a small scale and t hen
expand as t raffic demand increases
20
I P Telephony
VoI P I mplement at ions
I P-based PBX
solut ions
A single net work
Enhanced services
21
I P Telephony
VoI P I mplement at ions
I P voice mail
One of t he easiest
applicat ions
I P call cent ers
Use t he caller I D
Aut omat ic call
dist ribut ion
Load t he cust omer s
informat ion on t he
agent s deskt op
Click t o t alk
22
I P Telephony
VoI P Evolut ion



23
I P Telephony
Overview of t he Following Chapt ers [ 1/ 2]
Chapt er 2, Transport ing Voice by Using I P
A review of I P net working in general t o underst and what I P offer s,
why it is a best -effort prot ocol, and why carrying real-t ime t raffic
over I P has significant challenges
RTP ( Real-Time Transport Prot ocol)
Chapt er 3, Voice-coding Techniques
Choosing t he right coding scheme for a part icular net work or
applicat ion is not necessarily a simple mat t er.
Chapt er 4, H.323
H.323 has been t he st andard for VoI P for several years.
I t is t he most widely deployed VoI P t echnology.
Chapt er 5, The Session I nit iat ion Prot ocol
The rising st ar of VoI P t echnology
The simplicit y of SI P is one of t he great est advant ages
Also ext remely flexible (a range of advanced feat ure support ed)
24
I P Telephony
Overview of t he Following Chapt ers [ 2/ 2]
Chapt er 6, Media Gat eway Cont rol and t he Soft swit ch
Archit ect ure
I nt erworking wit h PSTN is a maj or concern in t he deployment of
VoI P net works
The use of gat eways
They enables a widely dist ribut ed VoI P net work archit ect ure,
whereby call cont rol can be cent ralized.
Chapt er 7, VoI P and SS7
H.323, SI P, MGCP and MEGACO are all signaling syst ems.
The st at e of t he art in PSTN signaling is SS7.
Numerous services are provided by SS7.
Chapt er 8, QoS
A VoI P net work must face t o meet t he st ringent performance
requirement s t hat define a carrier-grade net work.
Chapt er 9, Designing a Voice over I P Net work
How t o build redundancy and diversit y int o a VoI P net work wit hout
losing sight of t he t rade-off bet ween net work qualit y and net work
cost (net work dimensioning, t raffic engineering and t raffic rout ing)?