File Ref.No.

48682/GA - IV - J3/2019/Admn

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

Abstract
General and Academic - Faculty of Science - Syllabus of MSc Physics Programme in University Teaching Department
under CCSS PG Regulations 2019 with effect from 2019 Admission onwards - Implemented- Orders Issued

G & A - IV - J
U.O.No. 9201/2019/Admn Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 12.07.2019

Read:-1. U.O.No. 4500/2019/Admn dated 26.03.2019

2. Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Physics PG held on 09.04.2019
3. Item No. I.3 in the minutes of the meeting of Faculty of Science held on 27.06.2019

ORDER

The Regulations under Choice-based Credit Semester System for Post Graduate Programmes
(CCSS-PG -2019) of all Teaching Departments / Schools of the University of Calicut w.e.f 2019
admissions has been implemented in the University of Calicut vide paper read first above.
The meeting of the Board of Studies in Physics PG held on 09.04.2019 has approved the Syllabus of
MSc Programme in tune with new CCSS PG Regulation implemented with effect from 2019 Admission
onwards, vide paper read second above.
The Faculty of Science at its meeting held on 27.06.2019 has approved the minutes of the meeting of
the Board of Studies in Physics PG held on 09.04.2019 vide paper read third above.
Under these circumstances, considering the urgency, the Vice Chancellor has accorded sanction
to implement the Scheme and Syllabus of MSc Physics Programme in accordance with the new CCSS
PG Regulations 2019, in the University with effect from 2019 Admission onwards, subject to
ratification by the Academic Council.
Sanction is therefore accorded for implementing the Scheme and Syllabus of MSc Physics
Programme in accordance with CCSS PG Regulations 2019, in the University Teaching Dept. with
effect from 2019 Admission onwards.
Orders are issued accordingly. ( Syllabus appended )

Biju George K

Assistant Registrar

To
The HoD, Department of Physics.
Copy to: PS to VC/PA to PVC/ PA to Registrar/PA to CE/JCE I/JCE V/DoA/EX and EG
Sections/GA I F/CHMK Library/Information Centres/SF/DF/FC

Forwarded / By Order

Section Officer
 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

Scheme and Syllabus for

M.Sc. (Physics) Programme (CCSS-PG-2019)
for the University Physics Department (w.e.f. 2019 admission)

The duration of the M.Sc (Physics) programme shall be 2 years, split into 4 semesters. The
programme shall include three types of courses, viz. Core courses, Elective courses and
Audited courses. The total credits for the entire programme (Core and elective) is 80. The
credit for two audit courses together is 4. Indirect grading pattern with 20% internal and 80%
external marks will be followed. The practical examinations will be of three hours duration.
The scheme and syllabus of the programme, consisting of sections (a) Programme structure
(b) Courses in various semesters (c) Marks and credit distribution summary (d) Evaluation
and Grading (e) Pattern of question paper and (f) Detailed Syllabus are as follows.

. (a) PROGRAMME STRUCTURE

1. The programme shall include three types of courses, viz. Core courses,
Elective courses and Audited Courses.
2. There shall be a compulsory Project/Dissertation to be undertaken by all
students. There shall also be a viva-voce in the final semester.
3. Total credit for the program shall be 80 (eighty). The audit courses carry a
total of 4 credits and it is over and above 80. The pattern of distribution of the
80 credits is as detailed below :
i)Total credits for the core courses (theory, practicals, Viva-voce and project)
shall be 64. Out of this the total credits for comprehensive viva-voce and
project work combined together shall be 8 (eight) subject to a minimum of 4
(four) credit for project work.
ii)Total credits for Elective courses shall be 16.
4. A student is free to register for as many courses as she/he can manage if
facilities permit, meeting the minimum credit requirements.

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 Table 1. Structure of the Programme

Programme Duration M.Sc Physics

Accumulated minimum 80 (+4 Credits of the audit

credits required for course)
successful completion of
programme

Minimum credits required 64

from Core courses
(including project and viva-
voce)

Minimum credits required 16

from Elective courses

Minimum and maximum 20 to 22 (including audit

credits to be registered in a courses)
semester

Minimum attendance 75%

required

5. Audit courses :
In addition to the above courses for the mandatory requirement of a
programme, there will be two compulsory courses - Ability Enhancement
Course (AEC) & Professional Competency Course (PCC), each with 2
credits, and these courses are to be done within the first two semesters. The
credits will not be counted for computing the overall SGPA/CGPA of the
student. The concerned department shall conduct examination for these courses
and shall intimate /upload the results of the same to the University on the
stipulated date during the III Semester. The student has to obtain only
minimum pass requirements in these two courses. The broad framework of the
compulsory audited courses are given hereunder.

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 Table 2. Guidelines for Audit Courses

Semester Course Title Suggested Area Details

I Ability Internship/Seminar Concerned

Enhancement Presentation/Publications/Industrial Department
Course (AEC) or Practical Training/Community Council/BoS
linkage programme/Book reviews can design
etc. appropriate
AEC & PCC
II Professional To test the skill level of students and
Competency like testing the application level of evaluation
Course different softwares such as Latex/ criteria by
Data visualization/ Python/ Any considering
software relevant to the programme the relevant
of study/ Translations etc. aspects in
the core
areas.

(b) COURSES IN VARIOUS SEMESTERS

Semester -I (20C)
(PHY1C01) Classical Mechanics and Chaos (4C)
(PHY1C02) Mathematical Physics – I (4C)
(PHY1C03) Electrodynamics and Plasma Physics (4C)
(PHY1C04) Electronics (4C)
(PHY1C05) General Physics Practical -I (2C)
(PHY1C06) Electronics Practical (2C)
(PHY1A01 Ability Enhancement Course ( AEC) (2C)

Semester -II (20C)

(PHY2C07) Quantum Mechanics -I (4C)
(PHY2C08) Mathematical Physics -II (4C)
(PHY2C09) Statistical Mechanics (4C)
Elective -I (4C)

(PHY2C10) General Physics Practical -II (2C)

(PHY2C11) Computational Physics Practical (2C)
PHY2A02 Professional Competency Course (PCC) (2C)

Semester -III (20C)

(PHY3C12) Quantum Mechanics -II (4C)
(PHY3C13) Nuclear and Particle Physics (4C)
(PHY3C14) Solid State Physics (4C)
Elective -II (4C)

(PHY3C15) Modern Physics Practical I (2C)

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 (PHY3C16) Modern Physics Practical II (2C)

Semester -IV (20C)

(PHY4C17) Spectroscopy (4C)
Elective -III (4C)
Elective -IV (4C)
(PHY4C18) Project (4C) + Comprehensive Viva Voce (4C)

ELECTIVES IN DIFFERENT CLUSTERS

Elective – I cluster
(PHY2E01) Computational Techniques and Python programming (4C)
(PHY2E02) Computational Techniques and C programming (4C)
(PHY2E03) Computational Techniques and Fortran programming (4C)

Elective -II cluster:

(PHY3E04) Experimental Techniques (4C)
(PHY3E05) Elementary Astrophysics (4C)
(PHY3E06) Plasma Physics (4C)

Elective -III cluster:

(PHY4E07) Advanced Nuclear Physics (4C)
(PHY4E08) Advanced Astrophysics (4C)
(PHY4E09) Information Theory and Quantum Computing (4C)
(PHY4E10) Advanced Materials Science (4C)

Elective -IV cluster:

(PHY4E11) Radiation Physics (4C)
(PHY4E12) Nano Materials and Technology (4C)
(PHY4E13) Quantum Field Theory (4C)
(PHY4E14) Advanced Electronics (4C)

(c ) Table 3. MARKS AND CREDIT DISTRIBUTION SUMMARY

Cours Course Title Cre Marks
e Code dits
Intern External Total
al
Semester I
PHY1C01 Classical Mechanics and Chaos 4 20 80 100
PHY1C02 Mathematical Physics – I 4 20 80 100
PHY1C03 Electrodynamics and Plasma Physics 4 20 80 100
PHY1C04 Electronics 4 20 80 100
PHY1C05 General Physics Practical -I 2 20 80 100
PHY1C06 Electronics Practical 2 20 80 100

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 Ability Enhancement course (AEC) 2*
PHY1A01
Total for Semester I 20 600
Semester II
PHY2C07 Quantum Mechanics -I 4 20 80 100
PHY2C08 Mathematical Physics -II 4 20 80 100
PHY2C09 Statistical Mechanics 4 20 80 100
Elective I 4 20 80 100
PHY2C10 General Physics Practical -II 2 20 80 100
PHY2C11 Computational Physics Practical 2 20 80 100
Professional Competancy course (PCC) 2*
PHY2A02
Total for Semester II 20 600
Semester
Semester III
PHY3C12 Quantum Mechanics -II 4 20 80 100
PHY3C13 Nuclear and Particle Physics 4 20 80 100
PHY3C14 Solid State Physics 4 20 80 100
Elective II 4 20 80 100
PHY3C15 Modern Physics Practical I 2 20 80 100
PHY3C16 Modern Physics Practical II 2 20 80 100
Total for Semester III 20 600
Semester IV
PHY4C17 Spectroscopy 4 20 80 100
Elective -III 4 20 80 100
Elective -IV 4 20 80 100
PHY4C18 Project + Comprehensive Viva Voce on theory 8 20 80 100
Total for Semester IV 20 400
Total for the course 80 2200
*The credits for the audit courses (PHY1A01 & PHY2A02) will not be counted for computing the SGPA/CGPA
of the student. Students have to obtain only pass minimum requirements in the audit courses.

5
(d) EVALUATION AND GRADING
(i)Credit (C) of a course is a measure of the weekly unit of work assigned for the course.
A theory class of one hour per week or a practical class of three hours per week shall be
counted as one credit.
(ii)‘Grade point’ (G) of a student in a course is the value obtained by dividing her/his %
marks in the course by 10. Grade point is expressed on a 10.0 point scale rounded off to
the first decimal place and varies from 0.0 to 10.0. Grade point indicates the exact level of
performance of a student in a course.
(iii)‘Letter Grade’ or simply ‘Grade’ in a course is a letter symbol (e.g., O, A+, A, B+, B,
etc.), which indicates a particular range of grade points (e.g., 8.0 to 10.0, 7.0 to 7.99, 6.0
to 6.99, 5.5 to 5.99, 5.0 to 5.49 etc.) and is used to refer to the broad level of performance
of a student in a course.
(iv)‘Credit point’ (P) of a course is the value obtained by multiplying the grade point (G)
by the credit (C) of the course: P = G x C.
(v)Semester Grade Point Average’ (SGPA) is the value obtained by dividing the sum of
credit points (P) obtained by a student in the various courses studied in a semester by the
total number of credits taken by him/her in that semester. The grade point shall be
rounded off to the first decimal place. SGPA determines the overall performance of a
student at the end of a semester.
For instance, if a student has registered for ‘n’ courses of credits C1, C2, …,Cn in
a semester and if she/he has scored credit points P1, P2 , …, Pn respectively in these
courses, then SGPA of the student in that semester is calculated using the formula
P1 + P2 + …+ Pn
SGPA = --------------------
C1 + C2 + …+ Cn
(v)Cumulative Grade Point Average’ (CGPA) is the value obtained by dividing the sum
of credit points in all the courses opted by the student for the entire programme by the
total number of credits and is calculated based on the same formula given above. CGPA
shall be rounded off to the first decimal place. CGPA determines the academic level of
the student in a programme and is the index for ranking students.
An overall letter grade (Cumulative Grade) for the entire programme shall be awarded to
a student depending on the CGPA using the same criterion used for awarding Grade in
a course based on the grade point.

1. Evaluation
(i)The evaluation scheme for each paper shall contain two parts
(1) internal evaluation

(2) external evaluation

6
 20% weight shall be given to the internal evaluation. The remaining 80% weight
shall be for the end semester external evaluation.
(ii)Internal Evaluation:
The internal evaluation shall be based on a predetermined transparent system
involving periodic written tests, viva-voce, seminars and attendance in respect of
theory courses and based on written tests, viva-voce and lab skill/records in respect
of practical courses as detailed below in Table 4:

Table 4: Internal Evaluation

Theory Paper Marks Practical Paper Marks

a. Attendance /Classroom 3 a. Lab skill/ Quality of Records 5

presentation*
b. Seminar 5 b. Practical Test 10
c. Test Paper 8 c. Viva-voce 5
d. Viva-Voce / Field work 4 d. Total marks 20
e. Total marks 20
*90% & above: 3 marks, 80 to 89%: 2 marks, 75 to 79%: 1 mark, below 75%: nil

The details of executing the internal evaluation shall be decided by the concerned
Departmental Council. To ensure transparency of the evaluation process,
photocopies of the answer scripts of the test papers shall be returned to the students
within a week of the conduct of the tests. Any dispute regarding the internal
evaluation shall be taken up with the concerned teacher within 48 hours. The
internal assessment marks awarded to the students in each course in a semester shall
be notified on the notice board at least one week before the commencement of
external examination.
(iii)External Evaluation:
The external examination in theory courses is to be conducted with question papers
set by external examiners. The evaluation of the answer scripts shall be done by the
teacher offering the course and an external expert based on a well-defined scheme of
valuation framed by them.
The external examination in practical courses shall be conducted and evaluated by
two examiners - one internal and an external.
The valuation scheme for Project/Dissertation:
The valuation shall be jointly done by the supervisor of the project in the department
and an External Expert from the approved panel, based on a well-defined scheme of
valuation framed by them. The following break-up is suggested for the valuation:

7
 Table 5. Valuation scheme for project

Sl.No. Particulars Weightage

%

1 Review of Literature and Formulation of the Research 20

Problem/Objective

2 Methods and Description of the techniques used 15

3 Analysis and Discussion of results 30

4 Presentation of the report, organization, linguistics style, 15

references etc.

5 Viva Voce examination based on the Project work/Dissertation 20

Total 100

(iv) The external evaluation shall be done in a Centralized Valuation Camp, to

be held in the Department/School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, immediately
after the examination under the supervision /control of the Academic Committee. It
is desirable to have the semester results announced within 10 days of the conduct of
the last examination of the semester.
(v) The course teacher(s) shall maintain the academic record of each student
registered for the course, which shall be forwarded to the Academic
Committee through the Head of the Department/School.
(vi)The Academic Committee is empowered to lay down the procedure for the
conduct of examinations from time to time.
2. GRADING SYSTEM
(i) The indirect absolute grading system where the marks are compounded to grades
based on pre-determined class intervals and letter grades based on 10-point grading
system as recommended by UGC shall be followed.
(ii) Based on the % marks scored (internal and external marks put together), the
students are graded in each course applying the following grading system given in
Table 6:
Table 6. Letter Grades with Grade Points and Marks Equivalence

Range of Marks (%) Grade Point Letter Grade

80-100 8.0 - 10.0 O (Outstanding)

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 70 - 79 7.0 - 7.99 A+ (Excellent)

60 - 69 6.0 - 6.99 A (Very Good)

55 - 59 5.5 - 5.99 B+ (Good)

50 - 54 5.0 - 5.49 B (Above Average)

45 - 49 4.5 - 4.99 C (Average)

40 - 44 4.0 – 4.49 P (Pass)

0 - 39 0 – 3.99 F (Failed)/ RA(Reappear)

- 0 Ab (Absent)

- 0 I (Incomplete)

Remarks:
(1) The cut-off mark for Grade B+ (Good) is 55% marks and the cut-off mark for
Grade B (Above Average) is 50% marks under this grading system.
(2) Conversion Formula: Percentage of Marks = Grade point x 10

(iii) Each student shall be assigned a grade point and a letter grade in each course
on the basis of the % marks scored in the course (internal and external marks
taken together) as shown above. The minimum grade point required for
passing a course is 4.0.
If 2 students score 78% and 73% marks in a course, then their grade points
are 7.8 and 7.3 respectively, but both will be assigned the same letter grade
A+. If the course carries 4 credits, then the credit points of these students
will be 31.2 and 29.2 respectively.
(iv)The student is required to pass all the core courses and the stipulated minimum
number of elective courses in order to complete the programme successfully.
(v) After the completion of a semester, the Semester Grade Point Average
(SGPA) of a student in that semester is calculated using the formula given
under its definition. The minimum SGPA required for the successful
completion of a semester is 5.0. However, a student with SGPA less than 5.0
in a semester is permitted to proceed to the next semester.
(vi) The Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) of the student is calculated at
the end of a programme. For the CGPA computation only the best

9
 performed courses with maximum credit points (P) alone shall be taken
subject to the restrictions on the credits of Core and Elective courses
prescribed for a specific degree. The CGPA of a student determines the
academic level of the student in a programme and is the criterion for ranking
the students.
An overall letter grade (Cumulative Grade) for the whole programme
shall be awarded to the student based on the value of CGPA using the same
criterion given in Table 6 for assigning letter grade for a course on the basis
of the grade point. For instance, if the CGPA of a student turns out to be 6.6,
then the Cumulative Grade of that student will be A (Very Good).
(vii) The minimum CGPA required for the successful completion of a programme
is 5.0, which corresponds to 50% marks.
(viii) A student who secures zero grade point (F grade) in a course (for want of
sufficient marks and/or attendance) is permitted to register for repeating the
course when the course is offered to the next batch. The student registered
for repeat course need not attend the classes if she/he has satisfied the
requirements regarding attendance.
(ix) A student who does not complete the stipulated requirements of a course
gets I Grade (Course Incomplete). However, such a student shall be
permitted by the Academic Committee, with the concurrence of the
Department Council, to complete the course at a later time along with the
respective semester batch.
(x) Any student in a course is permitted to register within the time limit
specified by the University after the declaration of results for the
improvement examination for improving the performance if she/he
desires so and can appear for the improvement examination in the
subsequent semester for external examination. However there shall be no
improvement chance for internal assessment. The student need not attend
classes for improvement examination course. On registering for an
improvement examination course, the marks obtained under regular
registration or new registration, which one is higher will be awarded to the
candidate. However, the internal marks will be carried forward to
determine the new grade point in the improvement examination course. In
case the student fails to appear for the improvement examination for any
reason, the marks obtained under the original registration will be retained.

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 (e) CCSS-PG-2019 – Pattern of Question Paper for

Core and Elective courses in M.Sc. Physics w.e.f. 2019

Reg. No: Code:

Name:

1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th Semester M.Sc. Degree Examination – w.e.f 2019,
CCSS – M.Sc. Programme

Code: (e.g. PHY1C01:) Subject (e.g. CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND CHAOS)

Time : 3 hours Total Marks = 80

Section A
(12 Short questions answerable within 5 minutes)
(Answer ALL questions, each carry 2 Marks)

Question Numbers 1 to 12 Total Marks 12 x 2= 24

Section B
(4 essay questions answerable within 30 minutes)
(Answer ANY TWO questions, each carry 14 Marks)

Question Numbers 13 to 16 Total Marks 2 x 14= 28

Section C
(6 problems answerable within 15 minutes)
(Answer ANY FOUR questions, each carry 7 Marks )

Question Numbers 17 to 22 Total Marks 4 x 7= 28

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Note: Section A - 2 questions from each module plus one each from
the modules which has more lecture hours.
Section B – One each from important 4 modules.
Section C – One each from each modules plus one from the
module left out in Section B.

11
 (f) DETAILED SYLLABUS

Ist SEMESTER

PHY1C01 : CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND CHAOS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Formulation : Preliminary ideas about Constraints

and Generalized coordinates, D'Alemberts principle and Lagrange’s equation,
Velocity dependent potentials, Simple applications of Lagrangian formulation,
Hamilton’s Principle, Conservation theorems and symmetries, Lagrange’s
equation from Hamilton’s principle, Two- body central force problems, Equivalent
one - body and one dimensional problem, Kepler problem, Inverse square law of
force, Laplace-Lenz vector, Scattering in a central force field, Transformation to
lab coordinates. (17 hours)
Text : Goldstein et al.

2. Hamiltonian Formulations: Legendre Transformation and Hamilton’s equations,

Cyclic co-ordinates and conservation theorems, Principle of least action, Canonical
transformations and examples, Infinitesimal canonical transformations, Poisson
brackets and other canonical invariants, Equation of motion in Poisson bracket
form, Angular momentum Poisson brackets, Hamilton-Jacobi equation,
Hamilton’s principal and characteristic function, H-J equation for the linear
harmonic oscillator, Separation of variables, Action-angle variables, H-J
formulation of the Kepler problem, H-J equation and the Schrodinger
equation. (19 hours)
Text : Goldstein et al.

3. Kinematics of Rigid Bodies : Independent co-ordinates, orthogonal

transformation, Transformation matrix, Euler angles, Euler theorem, Infinitesimal
rotation, Rate of change of a vector, Centrifugal and Coriolis forces, Inertia
tensor, Euler’s equation of motion, Torque-free motion of a rigid body,
Precession of Equinoxes and satellite orbits. (14 hours)
Text : Goldstein et al.

4 Small Oscillations : Formulation of the problem, Eigenvalue equation,

Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues, Orthogonality, Principal axis transformation,
Frequencies of free vibrations, Normal coordinates, Free vibrations of a linear
triatomic molecule, Forced vibration and Dissipative forces. (9 hours)
Text : Goldstein et al.

5. Nonlinear Equations and Chaos : Introduction, Singular points of trajectories,

Nonlinear oscillations, Limit cycles, Chaos : Logistic map, Definitions, Fixed
points, Period doubling, Universality. (13 hours)

12
 Text : Bhatia

Text Books :
1. Herbert Goldstein, Charles P.Poole and John Safko : “Classical Mechanics”
( 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, 2011)
2. V.B.Bhatia : “Classical Mechanics” (Narosa Publications, 1997)
Books for Reference :
1. Michael Tabor : “Chaos and Integrability in Nonlinear Dynamics” (Wiley, 1989)
2. N.C.Rana and P.S.Joag : “Classical Mechanics” (Tata McGraw Hill, 2011)
3. R.G.Takwale and P.S.Puranik : “Introduction to Classical Mechanics” (Tata
McGraw Hill, 1978 )
4. Atam P. Arya : "Introduction to Classical Mechanics, " ( 2nd Edition, Addison
Wesley, 1998)
5. Muthusamy Lakshmanan, Shanmuganathan Rajaseekar : “Nonlinear
Dynamics” (Springer Verlag, 2002)

13
 PHY1C02: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS – I (4 Credits,72 hrs)

1. Vectors : Rotation of coordinates, Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, Gradient,

Divergence and Curl in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, Rectangular,
cylindrical and spherical polarcoordinates, Laplacianoperator, Laplace’s
equation – application to electrostatic field and wave equations, Vector
integration (11 hours).
Text : Arfken & Weber

2. Matrices and Tensors : Basic properties of matrices (Review only), Orthogonal

matrices, Hermitian and Unitary matrices, Similarity and unitary transformations,
Diagonalization of matrices, Definition of Tensors, Contraction, Direct products,, '
quotient rule, Pseudo tensors, Dual tensors, Levi Cevita symbol, irreducible
tensors. (11 hours)
Text : Arfken & Weber

3. Second Order Differential Equations : Partial differential equations of Physics,

Separation of variables, Singular points, Ordinary series solution, Frobenius
method, A second solution, Self-adjoint differential equation, eigen functions and
values, Boundary conditions, Hermitian operators and their properties, Schmidt
orthogonalization, Completeness of functions. (14 hours)
Text : Arfken & Weber

4. Special functions : Gamma function, Beta function, Delta function, Dirac delta
function, Bessel functions of the first and second kinds, Generating function,
Recurrence relation, Orthogonality, Neumann function, Spherical Bessel
function, Legendre polynomials, Generating function, Recurrence relation,
Rodrigues’ formula, Orthogonality, Associated Legendre polynomials, Spherical
harmonics, Hermite polynomials, Laguerre polynomials. (24 hours)
Text : Arfken & Weber

5. Integral Transforms: Fourier Series, General properties, Advantages, Uses of

Fourier series, Properties of Fourier series, Fourier integral, Fourier transform,
Properties, Inverse transform, Transform of the derivative, Convolution theorem,
Laplace transform, Inverse Transform and Convolution theorem.(12 hours)
Text : Arfken & Weber

Text Book:
1. G.B.Arfken and H.J.Weber : “Mathematical Methods for Physicists” (6th
Edition, Academic Press, 2005)

Books for Reference:

(1) J.Mathews and R.Walker : “Mathematical Methods for Physics” (2nd Edition,
14
 Benjamin)
(2) L.I.Pipes and L.R.Harvill : “Applied Mathematics for Engineers and
Physicists” (3rd Edition, McGrawHill)
(4)Erwin Kreyzig : "Advanced Engineering Mathematics”(8th edition, Wiley)
(5)M. Greenberg : "Advanced Engineering Mathematics” (2nd edition, Pearson
India, 2002)
(6)A.W. Joshi : “Matrices and tensors in Physics”(New Age International
Publishers)
(7) Nazrul Islam: “Tensors and Their Applications” (New Age International, 2006)

15
 PHY1C03: ELECTRODYNAMICS AND PLASMA PHYSICS (4 Credits,72 hrs)

1. Electrostatics, Magnetostatics and Time varying fields: Coulomb's law, Gauss's

law, Laplace and Poisson equations, Solutions, Boundary value problems, Green's
identities and Green's function, uniqueness theorem, Method of images with simple
examples, Multipole expansion, Ponderable media, Dielectrics. Biot-Savart law,
Ampere's law, Boundary value problems, Ampere's theorem, Multipoles,
Electromagnetic induction, Maxwell’s equations, Potential functions, Gauge
transformations and gauge fixing, Wave equations and their solutions. (19
hours)
Text : J. D. Jackson

2. Plane electromagnetic waves : Plane waves in nonconducting medium,

Polarization, Reflection and Refraction, Dispersion in dielectrics, conductors and
plasma, Superposition of waves, Group velocity, Kramers-Kronig relations.
(12 hours)
Text : J. D. Jackson

3. Wave guides and cavity resonators: Penetration of fields into the conductors,
Wave guides, Cylindrical, Rectangular, Energy flow and attenuation, Resonance
cavities, Power losses, Fields and radiation of localized oscillating source, Electric
dipole fields and radiation. (13 hours)
Text : J. D. Jackson

4. Relativistic electrodynamics: Special theory of relativity, Lorentz

transformations, Addition of velocities, 4-vectors, Covariance of
electrodynamics, Transformations of electromagnetic fields, Lienard-
Wiechert potentials, Larmors formula and its relativistic generalization. (13
hours)
Text : J. D. Jackson

5. Plasma Physics : Plasma -Definition, concepts of plasma parameter, Debye

shielding, Motion of charged particles in an electromagnetic field -Uniform electric
and magnetic fields, Distribution function, Boltzmann and Vlasov equations,
Derivation of moment equation, Fluid theory, Plasma oscillations, Hydromagnetic
waves, Magnetosonic waves and Alfven waves.(15 hours)
Text : F. F. Chen

Text Books :

1. J.D.Jackson : “Classical Electrodynamics” (3rd Ed., Wiley,1999)

2. F. F. Chen :” Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion”, Volume I
:Plasma Physics, (Springer Verlag, 2006).

16
Books for Reference:
1. David K. Cheng : “ Field and Wave Electromagnetics” (2nd Ed., Addisson
Wesley)
2. David Griffiths : “ Introductory Electrodynamics” (4th Ed.,Prentice Hall of India,
2012)
3. K.L. Goswami, Introduction to Plasma Physics – Central Book House, Calcutta

17
 PHY1C04: ELECTRONICS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Transistor Amplifiers
BJT: Biasing and ac models (EP 8:3, 8:4, 9:1, 9:6, 9:7), Voltage amplifiers (EP
10:1– 10:4), Power amplifiers (EP 11:3 – 11-5), Emitter follower (EP 12:1 – 12:4).
FET: h-parameters, FET small signal model, Biasing FET, Analysis of common
source and common drain amplifiers at low and high frequencies, FET as VVR
and its applications. MOSFET: Circuit symbol and equations, small signal
model, CMOS and Digital MOSFET gates. (IE 8:3, 10:1-10:10) (17 hours)
Texts:
1. Malvino, “Electronic Principles” 6th Edition, TMH India.
2. Millman and Halkias, “Integrated Electronics” TMH India

2. Microwave and Photonic Devices: Tunnel diode, Transferred electron devices,

Negative differential resistance and devise operation, Radiative transitions and
optical absorption, Light emitting diodes (LED) –Visible and IR, Semiconductor
lasers - materials, operation (population inversion, carrier and optical confinement,
optical cavity and feedback, threshold current density), Photo-detectors,
Photoconductor (Light dependent resistor- LDR) and photodiode, p-n junction
solar cells - short circuit current, fill factor and efficiency. ( 12 hours)
Text:
1. S. M. Sze.,“Semiconductor Devices- Physics and Technology” (John Wiley
and Sons.

3. Operational Amplifier:
Dual input differential amplifier DC and AC analysis (OA 1:4, 1:5), Op-Amp
block diagram representation, analysis of a typical Op-Amp equivalent circuit
(OA 2:1 – 2:6), ideal Op-Amp characteristics, equivalent circuit, open loop
configurations (OA 3:3 – 3:6), Op-Amp parameters: input offset voltage &
current, input bias current, output offset voltage, CMRR (OA 5), Op-Amp with
negative feedback: voltage series feedback amplifier: gain, input & output
impedances (4:3), Frequency response, compensating networks (OA 6:1–6:7)
(14 hours)
Text:
R. A. Gayakwad, “Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits” 3rd Edition, PHI.

4. OPAMP Applications:
Summing, scaling and averaging amplifiers (OA 7:5), Analog integrator and
differentiator (OA 7:12-7:13), Electronic analog computation (IE 16:5), Active
filters: Low pass, High pass, band pass, Butterworth filters (OA 8:1-8:9),
Oscillators: Phase shift, Wein bridge, Quadrature oscillators, Square, triangular and
saw-tooth wave generators (OA 8:11-8:17), comparators, zero crossing detectors,
Schmitt trigger (OA 9:1-9:4) (12 hours)

18
Texts:
1 R. A. Gayakwad : “Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”(3rd Edition, PHI)
2 Millman and Halkias :”Integrated Electronics” (TMH India)

5. Digital Electronics:
Arithmetic circuits: adder, adder/subtracter, ALU (ML 6:7- 6:10) RS, JK and JK
MS flip-flops (ML 8.7), Registers: types of registers, SISO & 7491, SIPO &74164,
PIPO & 74198, applications of shift registers. Counters: asynchronous counter &
7493A, decoding gates, synchronous counters & 7490 A, decade counters (ML10),
D/A-A/D converters (ML 12:1–12:8)
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers: Microprocessor, architecture of 8085: Bus
organization, Registers, memory, block diagram of 4 bit register, memory map, tri-
state buffer (MA 2:1-2:3), 8085 functional pin diagram, control & status signals,
microprocessor communication and bus timing (memory read/write operations),
address data de-multiplexing (MA 3:1). Microcontrollers, architectural overview
and block diagram of microcontrollers (MC 1:1-1:3). (17 hours)
Texts:
1. Leach, Malvino and Saha : ”Digital Principles and Applications” 6th Edition,
TMH.
2. Ramesh S. Gaonkar: “Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and
Applications with the 8085”, New Age Publishers.
3. The 8051 Microcontroller: 2nd Edition, Kenneth J. Ayala, Thomson, Delmar
Learning.
4. Atmega16 microcontroller data sheet available from Atmel website.

Books for Reference:

1. Robert L. Boylstead & L. Nashelsky: “Electronic devices and circuit theory”
(Pearson Education.)
2. Floyd:”Electronic devices”(5th Edition, Pearson Education)
3. Alen Motorshed, Microelectronic Circuits: Analysis & Design, M. H. Rashid, PWS
Publishing Company.
4. Linear Integrated circuits, D. R. Choudhuri, S. Jain, New Age International
Publishers.
5. Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcomputers, 2nd Edition, B.Ram,
Dhanapathi Rai & Sons.
6. Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR, Barnett, O’cull, Cox, Cengate
Learning.

19
 PHY1C05 : GENERAL PHYSICS PRACTICAL – I (2 Credits)
Notes:

1. At least 10 experiments should be done . All the experiments should involve error
analysis. Practical observation book to be submitted to the examiners at the time
of external examination. One mark is to be deducted from internal marks for each
experiment not done by the student if a total of 10 experiments are not done in
each semester.

2. The PHOENIX Experimental Kit developed at the Inter University Accelerator

Centre, New Delhi, may be used for the experiments wherever possible.

Experiments:

1. Y and σ - Interference method (a) elliptical (b) hyperbolic fringes. To determine Y

and σ of the material of the given specimen by observing the elliptical and
hyperbolic fringes formed in an interference set up

2. Y and σ by Koenig's method

3. Viscosity of a liquid - Oscillating disc method. To determine the viscosity of the

given liquid by measurements on the time period of oscillation of the disc in air
and in the liquid

4. Variation of surface tension with temperature - Jaegar's method. To determine the

surface tension of water at different temperatures by Jaeger's method of observing
the air bubble

5. Mode constants of a vibrating strip. To determine the first and second mode
constants of a steel vibrating strip; Y to be measured by the Cantilever method and
frequency of vibration by the Melde's string method

6. AC bridge circuits: Maxwell's, De Sauty's and Anderson's bridges (any two).

7. Calibration of Silicon Diode.

8. Stefan's constant of radiation

9. Thermal diffusivity of brass

10. High resistance by leakage

11. Temperature coefficient of resistance of copper

12. Measurement of Self Inductance of a coil

20
 13. Dielectric constant of a non polar liquid

14. Magnetic field variation along the axis of a solenoid

15. Mutual Inductance with Lock-in amplifier

16. Band gap of semiconductor using diode

17. Optical fibre – evaluation of numerical aperture

18. Design of passive filter (first and second order) RC circuit

Laser experiments.

19. Wavelength determination using grating

20. Intensity distribution

21. Diameter of a thin wire

22. Diffraction at a slit - determination of slit width

23. Fraunhoffer Diffraction at Single Slit

24. Young's Double slit experiment.

Books for Reference:

1. A.C. Melissinos, J.Napolitano : “Experiments in Modern Physics” (Academic
Press, 2003)
2. B.L. Worsnop and H.T. Flint :”Advanced Practical Physics for students”
(Methusen & Co., 1950)
3. E.V. Smith :” Manual of experiments in applied Physics” (Butterworth 1970)
4. R.A. Dunlap :”Experimental Physics - Modern methods”(Oxford University
Press, 1988)
5. D. Malacara (ed) : “ Methods of experimental Physics - series of volumes “
(Academic Press Inc., 1988)
6. S.P. Singh : “Advanced Practical Physics – Vol I & II (13th Edition, Pragati
Prakasan, Meerut , 2003)

21
 PHY1C06 ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL (2 Credis)

Notes : Students have to do 10 experiments from the list. They have to carry out a
minor electronic project under the supervision of the teacher as a partial fulfilment of
the course. From each module, one has to do at least one experiment and at the most
3 experiments.

I Voltage Regulator

1. Voltage regulation using transistors with feedback (regulation characteristics

with load for different input voltages and variation of ripple factor with load)

2. Voltage regulation using Op Amp with feedback (regulation characteristics

with load for different input voltages and variation of ripple factor with load

II BJT Amplifiers

1. Single stage RC coupled amplifier with and without Negative feedback (input,
output resistance, frequency response)
2. Two stage RC coupled amplifier ( input and output resistance and frequency
response including Bode plots)
3. Complementary symmetry Class B push-pull power amplifier (transformerless)
(I/O impedances, efficiency and frequency response)
4. Darlington pair amplifier (gain, frequency response, input &output resistances )
5. Differential amplifier using transistors (I/O impedances, frequency response,
CMRR )
6. Bootstrap Amplifier (frequency response, input & output resistance )
7. Two stage IF amplifier (Gain and frequency response, bandwidth)
8. Amplitude modulation and detection using transistors (modulation index &
recovery of modulating signal)

III FET and MOSFET

1. RC coupled FET amplifier - common source (frequency response, input &

output impedances).
2. MOSFET amplifier (frequency response, input & output impedances)
3. UJT characteristics and relaxation oscillator (construct relaxation oscillator &
sharp pulse generator )
4. Characteristics of a Silicon controlled rectifier (Half wave and full wave)
Negative resistance oscillator. (for different frequencies)
22
IV Operational Amplifiers

1. Use of IC 741 - Determination of input offset voltage, current, CMRR, slew

rate, and use as Inverting and non-inverting amplifier and difference amplifier,
summing amplifier and comparator.
2. Sawtooth generator using transistors and Miller sweep circuit using OPAMPS
(for different frequencies)
3. Schmidt trigger using transistors and OPAMPS - Trace hysteresis curve ,
determine LTP and UTP
4. Analog integration and differentiation using OPAMPS (study the integrator
characteristics & differentiator)
5. Analog computation using OPAMPS (LM324) – Differential equations /
Simultaneous equations
6. Second order Low pass, High Pass and Band Pass filters using OPAMP.( study
the frequency response )
7. Square, Triangular and Saw tooth generator, Voltage controlled oscillator using
Op Amp (Refer R. A. Gayakwad, Ch.8)
8. IC 555 Timer circuit- Astable and monostable multi vibrators,
9. IC 555 Timer circuit -VCO missing pulse detector and sawtooth generator.

V Oscillators

1. Wien bridge oscillator using OP AMP (For different frequencies, distortion due
to feedback resistor, compare with design values)
2. Phase shift and Quadrature oscillator with OP AMP (Refer R. A. Gayakwad)
3. Crystal Oscillator ( For different frequencies & evaluation of frequency
stability )

VI Digital Circuits, Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

1. Operation and working of Arithmetic and Logic circuits IC 7483, IC 74181

2. Shift registers IC 74166 and IC 74198
3. Counters IC 7490 A, IC 7493 A, IC 74193
4. Organize M X N random access memory with basic memory unit (Verify the
READ and WRITE operations)
5. Microprocessors experiments (simple experiments) addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division using 8085
6. Square wave generation using Microprocessor 8085 and programmable
peripheral interface 8255.
7. Programming Atmel microcontroller (square wave generation, sine wave
generation with inbuilt D/A converter)

23
Mini-Project

(Students have to do a mini electronic project leading to understanding and

applications of the theory. Examples are given below, they can choose other
projects in consultation with the teacher.)

1. Construction of a complete power supply circuit

2. Construction of a simple Operational Amplifier with transistors like MC 1435
and study the performance and compare with the IC (Refer R. A. Gayakwad)
3. Study the frequency response of an Operational Amplifier and study the poles
4. Construction of a Digital to Analog Convertor and supporting circuitry using MC1408
(Refer R. A. Gayakwad)
5. Optical fibre communication
6. A/D and D/A convertors using OpAmp (Refer R. A. Gayakwad, Ch. 9-11)
7. Power Supply circuit for various ranges (Refer R. A. Gayakwad Ch. 11-2)
8. Audio Function Generator (Refer R. A. Gayakwad Ch. 11-5)
9. Construction of digital clock
10. Programming of Atmel microcontroller
Example Programming Atmel microcontroller for different wave forms (square
wave generation, sine wave with inbuilt D/A converter, triangular etc.)
11. Signal processing and circuit designing using Matlab
12. Circuit designing, Simulation using PSPICE
13. Data Acquisition using Virtual Lab
14. Printed Circuit designing and optimisation using WinQCad

Text Books & References

1. Electronic devices and circuit theory, R. L. Boylestad, L. Nashelsky, Pearson

Education 7th ed.
2. Electronic principles, Malvino, Tata McGraw-Hill, 6th ed.
3. Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, R. A. Gayakwad, P.H.I, 3rd ed.
4. Fundamentals of microprocessors and microcomputers, B. Ram, Dhanapathi
Rai & Sons
5. Malvino and Leach, Digital Principles and Application, Tata McGraw Hill, 6th
ed.
6. Embedded C programming and Atmel AVR, R. Barnett, L. O’cull, S. Cox,
Cengate Learning IE, 2004.

24
 PHY1A01 ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSE (AEC) (2C)

This course will be in the form of a seminar on a topic in physics. Each student has to
prepare for and present a seminar on a topic in physics, which will be evaluated based on
its content, report and presentation. The student also has to write an essay on this topic
and present it at the end of the first semester.

25
 IInd SEMESTER

PHY2C07: QUANTUM MECHANICS I (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Origin of Quantum Mechanics and Mathematical Tools

Essential structure of Classical Mechanics and its Inadequacy. Linear Vector Spaces-
Hilbert Space; Dimension and Basis of a Vector Space; Square-Integrable Functions;
Wave Functions; Dirac's Bra and Ket notation; Schwarz Inequality.
Operators- Adjoint of an Operator; Hermitian Operators; Unitary Operators; Commutator
Algebra; Commutator of Operators and Uncertainty Relation; Functions of Operators;
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of an Operator.
Representation in Discrete Bases- Matrix Representation of Bras, Kets and Operators;
Change of Bases and Unitary Transformations; Matrix Representation of the Eigenvalue
Problem. Representation in Continuous Bases- Position and Momemtum Representations
and relation between them. (12 hours)

2.Postulates of Quantum Mechanics and Exactly Solvable Problems in one

Dimension
The State of a System; Probability Density; The Superposition Principle, Observables and
Operators.
Measurement in Quantum Mechanics- How Measurements Disturb Systems; Expectation
Values; Complete Sets of Commuting Operators; Measurement and the Uncertainty
Relations.
Time Evolution of the System's State- Time Evolution Operator; Schrodinger Equation
and Wave Packets; The Conservation of Probability; Time Evolution of Expectation
Values.
Connecting Quantum to Classical Mechanics- Poisson Brackets and Commutators; The
Ehrenfest Theorem.
Time-independent Schrodinger equation- Stationary States; Infinite square well; Delta-
function Potential; Finite square well; Finite Potential Barrier; Harmonic Oscillator.
The Free particle- Wave Packets; Localized Wave Packets; Wave Packets and the
Uncertainty Relations; Motion of Wave Packets. (12 hours)

3.Quantum Dynamics and Angular Momentum

The equation of motion.
Schrodinger, Heisenberg and the Interaction pictures of time development.
The linear harmonic oscillator in the Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures.
Orbital Angular Momentum- Angular Momentum Opeartors; Angular Momentum
Algebra; Simultaneous Eigenfunctions of Lz and L2; Properties of the Spherical
Harmonics; Matrix Representation of Angular Momentum Operators; Addition of
angular momenta; Clebsh-Gordon coefficients.
Spin Angular Momentum- Spin 1/2 and the Pauli Matrices.
Coupling of Orbital and Spin Angular Momenta. (17hours)

26
4. Exactly Solvable Problems in three Dimensions & Symmetry and Conservation
Laws
The Free Particle in Spherical Coordinates; The Spherical Square Well Potential; The
Isotropic Harmonic Oscillator; The Hydrogen Atom; Effect of Magnetic Fields on Central
Potentials.
Space-time symmetries- Space translation and conservation of linear momentum; Time
translation and conservation of energy; Space rotation and conservation of angular
momentum; Space inversion and time reversal.
Identical particles- Identical Particles in Classical and Quantum Mechanics; Exchange
Degeneracy; Construction of symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions; Slater
determinant; Pauli exclusion principle; Bosons and Fermions; Spin wave functions for
two electrons; The ground state of He atom. (19 hours)

5. Scattering
Scattering cross section and scattering amplitude; Low energy scattering by a central
potential; The method of partial waves; Phase shifts; Optical theorem, Convergence of
partial wave series; Scattering by a rigid sphere; Scattering by a square well potential;
High energy scattering; Scattering integral equation and Born approximation. (12 hours)

Text books
1. Nouredine Zettili, Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications, Second
Edition, John Wily & Sons Ltd, 2009
2. V. K. Thankappan, Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition, New Age International
Publishers, 1993.
3. David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition, Pearson
education International, 2005
4. R. Shankar, Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition, Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1994

Reference books
1. Thomas E Jordan, Quantum Mechanics in Simple Matrix Form, John Wiley & Sons
Ltd, 1986
2. Claude Cohen Tannoudji, Bernard Diu and Frank Laloe, Quantum Mechanics,
Volumes I and II, 1996
3. L. I. Schiff, Quantum Mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1968
4. J. J. Sakurai, Modern Quantum Mechanics, Addison-Wesley, 2010
5. J. D. Bjorken and S. D. Drell, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1998
6. P. M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan, A Textbook of Quantum Mechanics,
TataMcGraw Hill, 1978
7. Albert Messiah, Quantum Mechanics, Dover Publications, 2014
8. Amit Goswami, Quantum Mechanics, 2nd Ed., Waveland Press, 2003.
9. G. Aruldhas, Quantum Mechanics, 2nd Ed., PHI Learning, 2009
10. Stephen Gasiorowicz, Quantum Physics, 3rd Ed.,Wiley, 2003

27
 PHY2C08: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS II (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Functions of Complex Variables : Introduction, Analyticity, Cauchy-Reimann

conditions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Laurent expansion,
Singularities, Calculus of residues and applications (13 hours)
Text : Arfken and Weber

2. Group Theory : Groups, Multiplication Table, Conjugate elements and classes,

Subgroups, Direct product groups, Isomorphism and homomorphism, Permutation
groups, Distinct groups of given order,Exercises. (14 hours)
Text : Joshi

3. Group Representation Theory : Unitary representations, Schur’s lemmas,

orthogonality theorem and interpretations, Character of a representation, Character
Tables and examples, Irreducible representations of Abelian and non-Abelian
groups, Connection with quantum numbers, Symmetry group of the Schrodinger
equation, Symmetry and degeneracy, Basis functions of irreducible
representations, SU(2) group, SU(3) group, applications (Qualitative only) to
Nuclear and Particle Physics , Qualitative ideas of Lie groups,Exercises. (19
hours)
Texts : Tinkham, Joshi

4. Calculus of Variations : One dependent and one independent variable,

Applications of the Euler equation, Generalization to several independent
variables, Several dependent and independent variables, Lagrange Multipliers,
Variation subject to constraints, Rayleigh-Ritz variational technique, Exercises.
(11 hours)
Text : Arfken and Weber

5. Integral equations and Green's function : Integral equations – introduction,

Integral transforms and generating functions, Neumann series, separable kernel,
Green's function – Non homogeneous equations, Green's function, Symmetry of
Green's function, form of Green's function, Example – Quantum mechanical
scattering,Exercises. (15 hours)
Text : Arfken and Weber

Text Books :
1. G.B.Arfken and H.J. Weber : “Mathematical Methods For Physicists” (5th
Edition, Academic Press, 2001)
2. A.W.Joshi : “Elements of Group Theory For Physicists” (New Age International
Publishers New Delhi, 2002)
3. M.Tinkham : “Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics” (Tata-McGraw-Hill)

Books for Reference :

1.A.K. Ghatak, I.C. Goyal and S.J. Chua: “Mathematical Physics”(Laxmi

28
Publications Private Limited; First edition, 2017)
2.Wu- ki Tung “Group Theory in Physics - An Introduction to Symmetry
Principles, Group Representations, and Special Functions in Classical and
Quantum Physics” (World Scientific)
3. Wu-Ki Tung : “Group Theory in Physics”(World Scientific)

29
 PHY2C09 : STATISTICAL MECHANICS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Foundations of statistical mechanics: Specification of states of a system, Contact

between statistics and Thermodynamics, Classical Ideal gas, Entropy of mixing and Gibbs
paradox, Sackur-Tetrode Equation. (13 hrs)
Text book: Pathria

2. Ensemble Theory: Microcanonical ensemble, phase space, trajectories and density of

states, Liouville's theorem, canonical and grand canonical ensembles, partition function,
Equipartition Theorem, calculation of statistical quantities. (17 hrs)
Text book: Pathria

3. Quantum Statistical Mechanics: Density matrix, statistics of Microcanonical,

Canonical and Grand canonical Ensemble, Example: Electron in a magnetic field, Free
Particle in a box, Statistics of indistinguishable particles. (15 hrs)
Text book: Pathria

4. Ideal Systems: Density matrix of a system of non-interacting particles. Ideal gas in

quantum mechanical ensembles, Maxwell-Boltzman, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein
statistics, Thermodynamics of ideal Bose and Fermi gases, Bose-Einstein condensation.
(17 hrs)
Text book: Pathria

5. Phase Transitions and Fluctuations: Problem of condensation, Yang and Lee Theory,
Dynamical model of Phase transitions, Ising Model in Zeroth approximation, Equilibrium
thermodynamic Fluctuations, Brownian motion and Langevin theory, Exercises. (10 hrs)
Text book: Pathria

Text Book: R. K. Pathria. “Statistical Mechanics” (3rd Edition, Elsevier, 2011)

Books for Reference:

(1)K Huang : “Statistical Mechanics” (2nd Edition, John Wiley(NY), 1987).
(2)F. Reif : “Statistical and Thermal Physics” ( Tata McGraw Hill(ND), 2008).
(3)Landau and Lifshitz : “Statistical Physics Part 1” ( 3rd edition, Elsevier, 2011).

30
 ELECTIVE – I
( Any one of the following PHY2E01 or PHY2E02 or PHY2E03)

PHY2E01 : COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES AND PYTHON

PROGRAMMING
(4 Credits, 72 hrs)
1. Introduction to Python language: (15 hours) Inputs and Output methods, Variables,
operators, expressions and statements, Strings, Lists, list functions and methods (len,
append, insert, del, remove, reverse, sort, +, *, max, min, count, in, not in, sum), sets, set
functions and methods(set, add, remove, in, not in, union, intersection, symmetric
difference)-Tuples and Dictionaries, Conditionals, Iteration and looping - Functions and
Modules - File input and file output, Exercises.
Ref: (1) Python for Education, Ajith Kumar B.P., (2) Python tutorials available on the net
(http://www.altaway.com/resources/python/tutorial.pdf)

2. Numpy module-Arrays and Matrices: (14 hours) Creation of arrays and matrices (
arrange, linspace, zeros, ones, random, reshape, copying arrays), Arithmetic
operations, cross product, dot product , Saving and Restoring, Matrix inversion, solution
of simultaneous equations( use functions in linalg module).
Ref: Guide to NumPy, Travis E. Oliphant

3. Data visualization-The Matplotlib, Module: (13 hours) Methods defined in

matplotlib, Plotting graphs, Multiple plots, Polar plots-, Pie Charts, Plotting Sine, Log,
Exponential, Bessel, Legendre, Gaussian and Gamma functions, Parametric plots.
Ref: Matplotlib for python developers, Sandro Tosi

4. Numerical methods: (15 hours) Inverse of a function, Interpolation with Cubic Spline,
Zeros of polynomials, Monte Carlo Methods: simple integration, integration by
Importance Sampling, Eigenvalues and eigen functions shooting and relaxation methods,
Sampled Data: Sampling Theorem, Discrete Fourier Transform, Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT).
Ref: 1. Numerical Recipes in C, W.H.Press,S.A.Teukolsky et al.
2. Introductory methods of numerical analysis, S.S. Shastry , (Prentice Hall of
India,1983)

5. Introduction to Computational approach in Physics*: (15 hrs) Formulation: from

Analytical methods to Numerical Methods - Oscillatory motion – Ideal Simple Harmonic
31
Oscillator (Euler method), Driven LCR circuit (R-K method), circuit analysis using
Kirchoff‟s laws, central field motion, simulations of standing waves, Monte-Carlo
simulations- value of π,simulation of radioactivity, Logistic maps.
(*Programs are to be discussed in Python, Visualisation can be done with
matplotlib/pylab)

Text book: Computational Physics-An Introduction,R.C.Verma, P.K.Ahluwalia &

K.C.Sharma, New Age International Publishers

Reference: Computational Physics, V.K.Mittal, R.C.Verma & S.C.Gupta, Ane's Student

Edition.
More References: (For Python any book can be used as reference. Moreover a number
of open articles are available freely in internet. Python is included in default in all
GNU/Linux platforms and it is freely downloadable for Windows platform as well.
However use of GNU/Linux may be encouraged).
1. www.python.org
2. Python Essential Reference, David M. Beazley, Pearson Education
3. Core Python Programming, Wesley J Chun, Pearson Education
4. Python Tutorial Release 2.6.1 by Guido van Rossum, Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor. This
tutorial can be obtained from website
http://www.altaway.com/resources/python/tutorial.pdf
5. How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, Allen Downey ,
Jeffrey Elkner , Chris Meyers,
http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkpython.pdf
6. Numerical Recipes in C, second Edition(1992), Cambridge University Press
7. Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77, second Edition(1992), Cambridge University Press
8. Numpy reference guide, http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/numpy-ref.pdf (and other
free resources available on net)
9. Matplotlib , http://matplotlib.sf.net/Matplotlib.pdf (and other free resources
available on net)
10. Numerical Methods, E Balagurusamy, Tata McGraw-Hill
11. Numerical Methods , T Veerarajan, T Ramachandran, Tat MCGraw-Hill
12. Numerical Methods with Programs I BASIC, Fortran & Pascal, S Balachandra Rao, C
K Shantha. Universities Press
13. Numerical methods for scientists and engineers, K. Sankara Rao, PHI
14. Numerical Methods in Engineering with Python by Jaan Kiusalaas

For further reference:

1. Computational Techniques - Video - http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/103106074/
2. Numerical Analysis Web Prof. Vittal Rao IISc Bangalore
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IISc-BANG/Numerical
Analysis/New_index1.html
3. Numerical Analysis and Computer Programming Video Prof. P.B. Sunil Kumar IIT
Madras http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122106033
4. Numerical Analysis in Computer Programming Web Prof. Rathish Kumar,Prof. V.
32
Raghavendra,Prof. M.K. Kadalbajoo, Prof. P.B. Sunil KumarIIT Kanpur, IIT Madras
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-
KANPUR/NumericalAnalysis/front.htm
5. Numerical Methods and Computation Video Prof. S. R. K. Iyengar IIT Delhi
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=122102009

33
PHY2E02: COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES AND C PROGRAMMING
(4 Credits,72 hrs)
1. Roots of transcendental equations : Location theorem, Bisection (half interval)
method- Method of false position (Regula Falsi), Graphical Method, Newton-
Raphson method, Geometric significance, inherent error, convergence of Newton
Raphson method, Special procedure for Algebraic equations, Iteration Method,
Geometry and convergence of iteration process. (12 hours)
2. Interpolation and curve fitting : Difference calculus, Detection of error,
Forward, backward, Central & divided difference, Newtons forward,
backward, general interpolation formula, Lagrange’s Interpolation formula. Least
square fitting (Linear & Non-linear). (12 hours)
3. Numerical integration and Ordinary differential equations : Trapezoidal and
Simpson’s methods, Newton-Cote’s method, Gauss quadrature, Solution of
ordinary differential equations - Euler’s method, Milne’s method, Runge-Kutta
methods, Enough exercises. (14 hours)
4. Determinents and Matrices: Evaluation of numerical determinants, Cramer’s
rule, Successive elimination of unknowns: division by the leading coefficients,
Gauss method, Solution by Inversion of Matrices: solution of equation by matrix
methods, Systems solvable by iteration and condition for convergence. The
Eigen value problem – Eigen values of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix-
Householder's method – QR method. (15 hours
5. C Programming fundamentals : Constants and variables, Data types, Type
declaration of variables, Symbolic constants, Arithmetic operators, Increment and
decrement operators, Conditional operator, Bitwise operators, Hierarchy,
Arithmetic expressions, Logical operators and expressions, Assignment
operators, Arithmetical and assignment statements, Mathematical functions,
Input/output statements, Formatted I/O, Relational operators, Decision making
and branching, Go to, if, if…else, switch statements, Looping, While, do and
for, Arrays, Handling characters and strings, Functions and voids, structures,
Pointers (elementary ideas only), File operations(defining and opening, reading,
writing, updating and closing of files. (19 hours)
Text Books :
1. J.B.Scarborough : “Numerical mathematical analysis” (Oxford and IBH, 6th
edition)
2. S.S.Shastry : “Introductory methods of numerical analysis” (Prentice Hall of
India,1983)
3. V.Rajaraman : “Programming in C”
4. E.Balaguruswamy : “Programming in ANSI C” (Tata-McGraw Hill, 1992)

Books for Reference:

1. J.H.Rice : “Numerical methods-software and analysis” (McGraw Hill, 1983)
2. Hildebrand : “Introduction to Numerical analysis” (2nd Ed., Dover Publications
Inc., 1987)
3. W.H.Press, et al., “Numerical Recipes in C, The art of scientific
computing,, (Cambridge University Press, 2007)

34
PHY2E03: COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES AND FORTRAN
PROGRAMMING (4 Credits, 72 hrs)
1. Roots of transcendental equations : Location theorem, Bisection (half interval)
method, Method of false position (Regula Falsi), Iteration Method, Geometry and
convergence of iteration process, Newton - Raphson method, Geometrical
significance, inherent error, convergence of Newton Raphson method (12 hours)
2. Interpolation and curve fitting : Difference calculus, Detection of error,
Forward, backward, Central & divided difference, Newtons forward,
backward, general interpolation formula, Lagrange’s Interpolation formula. Least
square fitting (Linear & Non-linear). (12 hours)
3. Numerical integration and differential equations : Trapezoidal and
Simpson’s methods, Gauss quadrature, Solution of ordinary differential
equations - Euler’s and modified Euler's methods, Runge-Kutta methods,
Solving higher order differential equations, Partial differential equations, Finite
difference Approximations, Laplace equation, ADI method, Parabolic
equations, Hyperbolic equations(14 hours)
4. Determinants and Matrices: Evaluation of numerical determinants, Cramer’s
rule, Successive elimination of unknowns: division by the leading coefficients,
Gauss method, Solution by Inversion of Matrices: solution of equation by matrix
methods, Systems solvable by iteration and condition for convergence. The
Eigen value problem – Eigen values of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix-
Householder's method. (15 hours)
5. Fortran Programming fundamentals: (Fortran 90/95) Fortran constants and
variables, Type declarations, Arithmetic operators, Hierarchy, Arithmetic
expressions, Logical operators and expressions, Arithmetical and assignment
statements, Special functions, Input/output statements, Relational operators,
Control statements(go to, arithmetic and logical if), Do loop, repeat while,
Dimensioned variables, Formats, Subprograms, Functions and subroutines,
Common declaration, File operations (creating, reading, writing,
updating and merging of sequential files), Complex Arithmetic,Exercises. (19
hours)
Text Books :
1. J.B.Scarborough : “Numerical mathematical analysis” (Oxford and IBH, 6th
edition)
2. S.S.Shastry : “Introductory methods of numerical analysis” (Prentice Hall of
India,1983)
3.Computer Programming in Fortran 90, V. Rajaraman, PHI
4. Programming with Fortran 77 – Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw Hill
Reference Books :
1. J.H.Rice : “Numerical methods-software and analysis” (McGraw Hill, 1983)
2. Hildebrand : “Numerical analysis”
3. Numerical Recipes in C, The art of scientific computing, Press, Teukolsky,
Vellerling & Flannery Cambridge University Press
4. Numerical Recipes in Fortran, The art of Scientific Computing, W. H. Press et
al., Cambridge.

35
PHY2C10 : GENERAL PHYSICS PRACTICAL – II (2 Credits)

Note :

1. At least 10 experiments should be done . All the experiments should involve error
analysis. Practical observation book to be submitted to the examiners at the time of
external examination. One mark is to be deducted from internal marks for each
experiment not done by the student if a total of 10 experiments are not done in
each semester. The Practical examination is of 3 hours duration.

2. The PHOENIX Experimental Kit developed at the Inter University Accelerator

Centre, New Delhi, may be used for the experiments wherever possible.

Experiments

1. Study of magnetic hysteresis - B-H Curve.

2. Dielectric constant by Lecher Wire - To determine the wavelength of the waves

from the given RF oscillator and the dielectric constant of the given oil by
measurement of a suitable capacitance by using Lecher wire setup.

3. Young's modulus- vibrating strip

4. Cauchy's constants. – Liquid prism (different concentrations)

5. Michelson's interferometer - (a) dλ and *** (b) and the thickness of mica sheet.

6. Measurement of electrical and thermal conductivity of copper.

7. Band gap of a semiconductor.

8. Thermal conductivity of a liquid and air (poor conductor) by Lee's Disc Method.

9. Temperature of sodium flame. - To determine the temperature of the sodium flame

by comparison with an incandescent lamp using a spectrometer

10. Dipole moment of an organic molecule

11. Verification of Curie-Weiss law.

12. B-H curve of a ferromagnetic material.

13. Measurement of a low resistance.

14. Time constant of a serial light bulb.

36
 15. Mode constants of a vibrating strip.

16. Measurement of magnetic susceptibility – Quincke’s method

17. e/m Millikan oil drop experiment

18. Frequency estimation using EXPEYES

Elementary experiments using Laser :

19. Laser beam parameters.

20. Diffraction Grating.

21. Diffraction at Circular aperture

22. Refractive Index of liquids.

23. Magneto-striction.

24. Diffraction at rectangular aperture.

25. Diffraction at two circular apertures.

26. Evaluation of beam profile, half divergence and beam waist of the laser

Books for Reference:

1. B.L. Worsnop and H.T. Flint - Advanced Practical Physics for students - Methusen &
Co (1950)
2. E.V. Smith - Manual of experiments in applied Physics - Butterworth (1970)
3. R.A. Dunlap - Experimental Physics - Modern methods - Oxford University Press
(1988)
4. D. Malacara (ed) - Methods of experimental Physics - series of volumes - Academic
Press Inc (1988)
5. S.P. Singh –Advanced Practical Physics – Vol I & II – Pragati Prakasan, Meerut (2003)
– 13th Edition

37
 PHY2C11 – COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS PRACTICAL (2 Credis)

Students have to do 12 experiments from the list given below. The programs are to be
written and executed in Fortran / C /Python. The Practical examination is of 3 Hours
duration. Further, they have to carry out a small project of two weeks’ duration under the
supervision of the teacher in charge as a partial fulfilment of the course.

General Programs

1. Find the roots of a quadratic equation which can give even complex roots.

2. List the prime numbers between two integers specified.

3. Write a program for finding the determinant and inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix

4. Write a program for plotting square wave using Fourier series coefficients.

5. Find the roots of a transcendental equation using Bisection / Regula Falsi/

Newton-Raphson method with an accuracy specified.

6. Interpolate from the list of data given using Newton’s forward / backward
interpolation formula and visualize the curve.

7. Interpolate from the list of data given using Newton’s general / Lagrange
interpolation formula and visualize the curve.

8. Fit the set of data to a straight line using least square curve fitting formula
and visualize it.

9. Fit the set of data to a polynomial of degree 2 or 3 using least square curve
fitting formula and visualize it.

10. Find the integral of the given function between the limits supplied using
Trapezoidal formula

11. Find the integral of the given function between the limits supplied using
Simpson’s 1/3 or 3/8 rule and find the error in evaluation.

12. Evaluate the indefinite integral Exp[-x2] between the limits 0 to infinity.

13. Solve the first order differential equation using Euler’s formula or modified
Euler’s formula.

14. Solve the first order differential equation using second /fourth order Runge-
Kutta formula.

38
 15. Solve the simple harmonic oscillator problem with /without damping and
visualize the phase-space diagram.

16. Write a program for finding the inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix using Gauss /
Gauss-Jordan method.

17. Find the Eigen values & Eigen vectors of a 3 x 3 symmetric matrix by
Householder method.

18. Solving wave equation (parabolic PDE) using finite difference/Crank-

Nicolson method

19. Solving Laplace equation (elliptic PDE) using finite difference method

20. Solving Hyperbolic PDE using difference approximation approach.

21. Evaluation of Pi using Monte Carlo method

22. Random walk simulation in 2D

Mini-Project

Students have to do a mini project leading to understanding and applications of the theory
in consultation with the teacher in charge.

Text Books :
1. Computational Physics -An introduction., R.C.Varma, P.K.Ahluwalia and K.C.Sharma,
New Age International Publishers
2. Numpy Reference guide, http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/numpy-ref.pdf (also, free
resources available on net)
3. Matplotlib , http://matplotlib.sf.net/Matplotlib.pdf (and other free resources available
on net)
4. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Dr. B S Grewal, Khanna Publishers,
New Delhi (or any other book)
5. Numerical Methods, E Balagurusamy, Tata McGraw-Hill
6. Numerical Methods , T Veerarajan, T Ramachandran, Tat MCGraw-Hill

39
7. Numerical Methods with Programs I BASIC, Fortran & Pascal, S Balachandra Rao, C
K Shantha. Universities Press
8. Numerical methods for scientists and engineers, K. Sankara Rao, PHI
9. Introductory methods of numerical analysis, S.S.Shastry , (Prentice Hall of India,1983)
10. Numerical Methods in Engineering with Python by Jaan Kiusalaas

40
 PHY2A02 Professional Competency Course (PCC) (2C)

This audit course for the second semester shall be a course designed by the supervisor
(faculty of the department) in experimental physics/theoretical physics/computational
physics/software or related fields in physics with two credit points and it will be evaluated
based on the documents prepared.

41
 IIIrd SEMESTER

PHY3C12 : QUANTUM MECHANICS - II (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Perturbation Theory: The WKB approximation, Connection formulae, Barrier

tunneling, Application to decay- bound states, Penetration of a potential barrier,
Time- independent perturbation theory, Non-degenerate and generate cases,
Anharmonic oscillator, Stark and Zeeman effects in hydrogen. (14 hours)

2. Variational method: The variational equation, ground state and excited states, the
variation method for bound states, Application to ground state of the hydrogen and
helium atoms. (7 hours)

3. Time dependent perturbation theory : Transition probability, Harmonic

perturbation, Interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic field, Induced
emission and absorption, The dipole approximation, The Born approximation and
scattering amplitude. (14 hours)

4. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics : The Dirac equation, Dirac matrices, Solution

of the free-particle Dirac equation, Equation of continuity, Spin of the electron,
Non realistic limit, Spin-orbit coupling, Covariance of the Dirac equation, Bilinear
covariants, Hole theory, The Weyl equation equation for the neutrino, Non-
conservation of parity, The Klein Gordon equation, Charge and current densities,
The Klein- Gordon equation, Charge and current densities, The Klein -Gordon
equation equation with potentials, Wave equation for the photon,Charge
conjugation for the Dirac, Weyl and Klein Gordon equation. (20 hours)

5. Quantization of fields: The principles of canonical quantization of fields,

Lagrangian density and Hamiltonian density, Second quantization of the
Schrodinger wave field for bosons and fermions, Classical field theory of
electrodynamics and gauge symmetry. (11 hours)

6. Quantum Interpretation : Quantum measurement- Entanglement- EPR paradox,

Hidden variables, Bell's theorem-Experimental test of Bell's Inequality. (6 hours)

Textbooks:
1. V.K. Thankappan : “Quantum Mechanics” (Wiley Eastern)
2. N.Zettili: “Quantum Mechanics – Concepts and applications” (John Wiley &
Sons, 2004 )
3. J.D.Bjorken and D.Drell: “Relativistic Quantum Mechanics” (McGraw Hill ,
1998)
Reference books :
1. L.I.Schiff : “Quantum Mechanics” (McGraw Hill)
2. J.J.Sakurai :” Advanced Quantum Mechanics “ (Addition Wesley)
3. P.M. Mathews and K.Venkatesan : “ A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics”(Tata
McGrawHill)

42
4. Stephen Gasiorowicz :” Quantum Physics”, (3 edition, Wiley, 2003)
5. D.A. Bromley, W. Greiner, “Relativistic Qunatum Mechanics, Wave
Equations”, : (3rd ed. , Springer)
6. Amit Goswami, Quantum Mechanics, 2nd Ed., Waveland Press, 2003.
7. G. Aruldhas, Quantum Mechanics, 2nd Ed., PHI Learning, 2009

43
 PHY3C13 : NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS (4 credits, 72 hrs)

1. Nuclear Forces: Properties of the nucleus, size, binding energy, angular

momentum , The deuteron and two-nucleon scattering experimental data,
Simple theory of the deuteron structure, Low energy n-p scattering,
characteristics of nuclear forces, Spin dependence,Tensor force, Scattering
cross sections, Partial waves, Phase shift, Singlet and triplet potentials,
Effective range theory, p-p scattering. (12 hours)
Text: K.S.Krane : “Introductory Nuclear Physics” (Wiley)

2. Nuclear Decay: Basics of alpha decay and theory of alpha emission, Beta decay,
Energetics of beta decay, Fermi theory of beta decay, Comparative half-life,
Allowed and forbidden transitions, Selection rules, Parity violation in beta decay.
Neutrino. Energetics of Gamma Decay, Multipole moments, Decay rate, Angular
momentum and parity selection rules, Internal conversion, Lifetimes. (12 hours)
Text: K.S.Krane : “Introductory Nuclear Physics” (Wiley)

3. Nuclear Models, Fission and Fusion: Shell model potential, Spin-orbit potential,
Magnetic dipole moments, Electric quadruple moments, Valence Nucleons,
Collective structure, Nuclear vibrations, Nuclear rotations, Liquid drop Model,
Semiempirical Mass formula, Energetics of Fission process, Controlled Fission
reactions. Fusion process, Characteristics of fusion, solar fusion, Controlled fusion
reactors. (19 hours)
Text: K.S.Krane : “Introductory Nuclear Physics” (Wiley)

4. Nuclear Radiation Detectors and Nuclear Electronics: Gas detectors –

Ionization chamber, Proportional counter and G M counter, Scintillation
detector, Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT), Semiconductor detectors – Ge(Li),
Si(Li) and surface barrier detectors, Preamplifiers, Amplifiers, Single channel
analyzers, Multi- channel analyzers, counting statistics, energy measurements.
( 12 hours)
Text: S S Kapoor and V S Ramamurthy: “Nuclear Radiation Detectors” (Wiley)

5. Particle Physics: Four basic forces - Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Weak and

Strong - Relative strengths, Classification of particles, Yukawa's theory,
Conservation of energy and masses, Electric charges, Conservation of angular
momentum, Baryon and lepton numbers, Conservation of strangeness,
Conservation of isospin and its components, Conservation of parity, Charge
conjugation, CP violation, time reversal and CPT theorem. Extremely short
lived particles, Resonances - detecting methods and experiments, Internal
symmetry, The Sakata model, SU (3), The eight fold way, Gellmann and Okubo
mass formula, Quarks and quark model, Confined quarks, Experimental evidence,
Coloured quarks. (17 hours)
Text Book: Y.Neeman and Y.Kirsh: "The particle hunters' (Cambridge
University Press)

44
Books for Reference :
1. H.S.Hans : “Nuclear Physics – Experimental and theoretical” (New Age
International, 2001).
2. G.F.Knoll : “Radiation Detection and Measurement, (Fourth Edition, Wiley ,
2011)
3. G.D.Couoghlan, J.E.Dodd and B.M.Gripalos “The ideas of particle physics –
an introduction for scientists”, (Cambridge Press)
4. David Griffiths – “Introduction to elementary particles” – Wiley (1989)
5. S.B.Patel : “An Introduction to Nuclear Physics” (New Ag e International
Publishers)
6. Samuel S.M.Wong: “Introductory Nuclear Physics” (Prentice Hall,India)
7. B.L.Cohen : “Concepts of Nuclear Physics” (Tata McGraw Hill)
8. E.Segre : “Nuclei and Particles” (Benjamin, 1967)
9. K Muraleedhara Varier: “Nuclear Radiation Detection: Measurement and
Analysis” (Narosa).

45
 PHY3C14 : SOLID STATE PHYSICS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Crystal Structure, binding and nanostructures: Symmetry elements of a crystal,

Types of space lattices, Miller indices, Diamond structure, NaCl structure,
BCC, FCC, HCP structures with examples, Description of X-Ray diffraction
using reciprocal lattice, Brillouin zones, Van der Waals interaction, Cohesive
energy of inert gas crystals, Madelung interaction, Cohesive energy of ionic
crystals, Covalent bonding, Metallic bonding, Hydrogen-bonded crystals.
Nanomaterials: Definition, Synthesis and properties of nanostructured materials
(14 hours)

2. Lattice Vibrations: Vibrations of monatomic and diatomic lattices, Quantization

of lattice vibrations, Inelastic scattering of neutrons, Einstein and Debye models of
specific heat, Thermal conductivity. (9 hours)

3. Electron States and semiconductors: Free electron gas in three dimensions, heat
capacity of electron gas, electrical conductivity and Ohm’s law, Experimental
electrical resistivity of metals, Motion in magnetic fields, Hall effect, Thermal
conductivity of metals (Wiedemann-Franz law), Nearly free electron model-origin
of energy bands, Magnitude of energy gap, Bloch functions, Kronig Penny model,
Semiconductor crystals: band gap, direct/indirect bad gap SCs, Equation
of motion, Holes, Effective masses in semiconductors, Intrinsic carrier
concentration, Impurity conductivity, Thermoelectric effects. (15 hours)

4. Dielectric, Ferroelectric and magnetic properties: Theory of Dielectrics:

Polarisation, Dielectric constant, Local Electric field, Dielectric polarisability,
Clausius- Mossotti relation, Polarisation from dipole orientation, Dielectric
losses, Ferroelectric crystals, Order-disorder type ferroelectrics, Properties of
BaTiO3, Polarisation catastrophe, Displacive type ferroelectrics, Landau theory of
ferroelectric phase transitions, Ferroelectric domain, Antiferroelectricity,
Piezoelectricity, Applications of Piezoelectric Crystals ; Diamagnetism
and Paramagnetism: Langevin’s diamagnetism equation, Quantum theory of
diamagnetism of mononuclear systems, Quantum theory of paramagnetism,
Hund’s rule, Paramagnetic susceptibility of conduction electrons, Ferro, Anti
and Ferri magnetism: Curie point and the exchange integral, Magnons,
Ferrimagnetic order, Curie temperature and susceptibility of ferrimagnets,
Antiferromagnetic order. Weiss theory of ferromagnetism, Ferromagnetic domain
s, Bloch walls, Origin of domains, Novel magnetic materials: GMR-CMR
materials (qualitative) Pu. (22 hours)

5. Superconductivity : Meissner effect, Type I and Type II superconductors, Heat

capacity, Microwave absorption, Energy gap, Isotope effect, Free energy of
superconductor in magnetic field and the stabilization energy, London
equation and penetration of magnetic field, Cooper pairs and the B C S ground
state (qualitative), Flux quantization, Single particle tunneling, DC and AC
Josephson effects, High Tc superconductors (Qualitative) - description of the

46
cuprates). (12 hours)

Textbooks :
1.C.Kittel : “Introduction to Solid State Physics” (5th or 7 th Ed., Wiley Eastern)
2.A.J.Dekker : “Solid State Physics” (Macmillan, 1958)
3.N.W.Ashcroft and Mermin, “Solid State Physics”, Brooks Cole, 1976)
4. Srivastava J.P.: “Elements of Solid State Physics”, (2nd
Edition, Prentice Hall of India)
5.Ziman J.H. : “Principles of the Theory of Solids” (Cambridge, 1964)
6. Hari Singh Nalwa, Ed., “Nanoclusters and Nanocrystals” (American
Scientific Publishers, 2003)

47
 ELECTIVE II

(Any ONE of PHY3E04 or PHY3E05 or PHY3E06)

PHY3E04 : EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Vacuum Techniques : Units and basic definitions, Roughing pumps - Oil sealed rotary
vacuum pump and Sorption pump, High vacuum pumps – Turbo molecular pump,
Diffusion pump, Oil vapour booster pump, Ion pumps - Sputter ion pump and Getter ion
pump, Cryo pump, Vacuum guages - Pirani gauge, Thermocouple gauge, penning guage
(Cold cathode Ionization guage) and Hot filament ionization gauge, Vacuum accessories
– Diaphragm, Gate valve, Butterfly valve, Baffle and isolation valves, magnetic valves,
adjustable valves, air inlet valves, Traps - Liquid nitrogen trap, Sorption traps, and
gaskets and O rings (19 hours)
Text : Varier et al.

2. Thin film techniques : Introduction, Fabrication of thin films, Thermal evaporation in

vacuum – Resistive heating, Electron beam evaporation and laser evaporation techniques,
Sputter deposition, Glow discharge, Thickness measurement by quartz crystal monitor,
optical interference method, electrical conductivity measurement, Thermo electric power,
Interference filters - Multi layer optical filters, Technological Applications of thin films.
(14 hours)
Text : Varier, et al.

4 Accelerator techniques : High voltage DC accelerators, Cascade generator, Van de

Graaff accelerator, Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator, Linear accelerator, Cyclotron,
Synchrotron (Electron and proton), Ion sources – Ionization processes, simple ion source,
ion plasma source and RF ion source, Ion implantation – techniques and profiles, Ion
beam sputtering– principles and applications. (14 hours)
Text :Varier, et al.

4. Materials Analysis by nuclear techniques: Introduction, Basic principles and

requirements, General experimental setup, mathematical basis and nuclear reaction
kinematics, Rutherford backscattering – introduction, Theoretical background – classical
and quantum mechanical, experimental set up, energy loss and straggling and
applications. Neutron activation analysis – principles and experimental arrangement,
applications, Proton induced X-ray Emission – principle and experimental set up,
applications to water samples, human hair samples and forensic samples, limitations of
PIXE. (15 hours)

Text: Varier et al.

5. X- Ray Diffraction Technique :Introduction, Lattice planes and Bragg's Law,

Diffractometer - Instrumentation, Single crystal and Powder diffraction, Scherrer
equation, Structure factor, Applications of XRD - Crystallinity, Unit Cell Parameters,
Phase transition studies, thin film studies, Awareness on Powder Diffraction File (PDF) of

48
the International Centre for Diffraction Data. (10 hours)

Text: Jens Als Nielsen and Des McMorrow

Text Books:
1. Muraleedhara Varier, Antony Joseph and P.P.Pradyumnan : “Advanced
Experimental Techniques in Modern Physics” (Pragati Prakashan, 2006)

2. Elements of Modern X-ray Physics, Jens Als Nielsen and Des McMorrow, (John
Wiley and Sons 2000)

Books for Reference:

1. Scientific foundations of vacuum techniques – S. Dushman and J.M. Laffer, John

Wiley New York (1962)
2. Thin film phenomena – K.L. Chopra, Mc Graw Hill (1983)
3. R. Sreenivasan – Approach to absolute zero - Resonance magazine Vol 1 no 12 , vol 2
nos 2, 6 and 10
4. R. Berry, P.M. Hall and M.T. Harris – Thin film technology – Van Nostrand (1968)
5. Dennis and Heppel – Vacuum system design
6. Nuclear Micro analysis – V. Valkovic
7. B.D. Cullity, Elements of X-ray diffraction, Addison Wesley Inc (1978)
8. Useful Link for XRD-http://pd.chem.ucl.ac.uk/pdnn/powintro/whatdiff.htm

49
 PHY3E05 : ELEMENTARY ASTROPHYSICS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. The Celestial Co-ordinate systems: Identification of stars- spherical co-ordinates-

the Altazimuth system – Local equatorial system – the universal equatorial system
– aspects of sky at a given place- Other systems- Stellar parallax and units of
stellar distance. (14 hours)

2. Stellar magnitude sequence: Absolute magnitude and distance modulus, Colour

index of a star, Luminosities of stars. Spectral classification of stars, Boltzmanns
formula, Saha's equation of thermal ionization, Harward system of classification,
Luminosity effect of stellar spectra, Importance of ionization theory, Spectroscopic
parallax. (15 hours)

3. Hertzsprung - Russel diagram. Structure and evolution of stars, Observational

basis, Equation of state for stellar interior, Mechanical and thermal equilibrium in
stars, Energy transport in stellar interior, Energy generation in stars
(thermonuclear reactions), Stellar evolution, White dwarfs Neutron stars, pulsars
and black holes. (15 hours)

4. Astronomical Instruments: Optical properties of telescopes - aberrations –

Special purpose telescopes – photometry, photographic & photo-electric -
instruments and techniques – radio telescopes. (14 hours)

5. Space Astronomy: Infrared Astronomy, detection and measurement – Ultra-

violet astronomy, range and importance – X-ray astronomy – Gamma ray
astronomy. (14 hours)
Text Books:
1. K. D. Abhyankar: “Astrophysics – stars and galaxies”, (Universities press)
Relevant sections from Chapters 2, 19 and 20.
2. Baidyanath Basusu M : “An introduction to Astrophysics” (Prentice Hall of
India) Relevant sections of Chapters 3,4, 14 and 15.
Book for Reference:
1. Gerald North: “Astronomy explained”, (Springer, 2011)

50
 PHY3E06 – PLASMA PHYSICS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1 Introduction to Plasma Physics : Existence of plasma,Definition of Plasma,

Debye shielding 1D and 3D, Criteria for plasma,Applications of Plasma Physics
(in brief), Single Particle motions -Uniform E & B fields, Non uniform B
field, Non uniform E field, Time varying E field, Adiabatic invariants and
applications. (15 hours)
Text : Chen

2. Plasma as Fluids and waves in plasmas : Introduction –The set of fluid

equations, Maxwell’s equations, Fluid drifts perpendicular to B, Fluid drifts
parallel to B, The plasma approximations , Waves in Plasma - Waves, Group
velocity, Phase velocity, Plasma oscillations, Electron Plasma Waves, Sound
waves, Ion waves, Validity of Plasma approximations, Comparison of ion and
electron waves, Electrostatic electron oscillations with B, Electrostatic ion
waves with B, The lower hybrid frequency, Electromagnetic waves with B0 ,
Cutoffs and Resonances, Electromagnetic waves parallel to B0, Experimental
consequences, Hydromagnetic waves, Magnetosonic waves, The CMA
diagrams. (20 hours)
Text : Chen

3. Equilibrium and stability : Hydro magnetic equilibrium, The concept of ,

Diffusion of magnetic field into plasma, Classification of instability, Two
stream instability, the gravitational instability, Resistive drift waves, the Weibel
instability. (13 hours)
Text : Chen

4. Kinetic Theory : The meaning of f(v), Equations of kinetic theory, Derivation of

the fluid equations, Plasma oscillations and Landau damping, the meaning of
Landau damping, Physical derivation of Landau damping, Ion Landau damping,
Kinetic effects in a magnetic field, Exercises. (12 hours)
Text : Chen

5. Introduction to Controlled Fusion : The problem of controlled fusion, Magnetic

confinements such as Toruses, Mirrors, Pinches, Laser Fusion, Plasma heating,
Fusion Technology, Exercises. (12 hours)
Text : Chen

Text Book : .
F. F. Chen : “Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion”, Volume I
and II (Springer, 2006).
Books for Reference :
1. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, Wiley Eastern, 1978.
2. D. R. Nicholson, Introduction to Plasma Theory.
3. N. A. Krall and A. W. Trivelpiece, Principles of Plasma Physics, McGraw-Hill,
recent edition.

51
 PHY3C15 – MODERN PHYSICS PRACTICAL I (2 Credits)

(Any 8 experiments to be done. Examination will be of 3 hours duration))

1. Zener voltage characteristics at low and ambient temperatures - To study the variation
of the Zener voltage of the given Zener diode with temperature.

2. Ultrasonic interferometer – velocity of sound in liquids - To determine the velocity of

ultra sonic waves in the given liquid and hence the compressibility.

3. Determination of band gap energy in Si and Ge by Four probe method.

4. Absorption spectrum of KMnO4 - To determine the wavelengths of the absorption

bands for KMnO4 solution.

5. Hall effect in semiconductors - To determine the carrier concentration in the given

specimen of semiconducting material by means of the Hall effect.

6. Photoelectric effect - Determination of Planck’s constant (White light and filters or

LEDs of different colours may be used)

7. Study of LED characteristics - Determination of wavelength of emission, I-V

characteristics and variation with temperature, variation of output power vs. applied
voltage.

8. Millikan’s oil drop method - To measure the charge on the electron by means of the
Millikan’s oil drop apparatus.

9. Thomson’s e/m measurement - To determine the charge to mass ratio of the electron by
Thomson’s method using a CRT.

10. Thermionic work function - To determine the thermionic work function of the
material of the cathode of the given vacuum diode/triode from the characteristics at
different filament currents.

11. Optical fibre characteristics - To determine the numerical aperture, attenuation and
band width of the given optical fibre specimen

12. Frank-Hertz experiment - To measure the critical ionization potentials of Mercury by

drawing current vs. applied voltage in a discharge tube

13. Fabry Perot etalon - Determination of wavelength and thickness of air film

14. Thermo emf of bulk samples – Al, Cu, Brass etc.

15. Determine the thermal conductivity of the given bulk specimen using the given setup.

52
 PHY3C16 – MODERN PHYSICS PRACTICAL II (2 Credits)

(Any 8 experiments to be done. Examination will be of 3 hours duration)

1. G.M. Counter plateau and statistics of counting - To obtain the plateau, operating
voltage and to verify the distribution law satisfied by the radioactive decay.

2. Absorption coefficient for gamma rays -To determine the absorption coefficient of the
given material for Cs-137 gamma rays using a G.M. Counter.

3. Absorption coefficient for beta rays -To determine the absorption coefficient of the
given material for beta rays from beta sources using a G.M. Counter.

4. Feather analysis – End point energy - To determine the end point energy of the beta
particles from a given source using Feather analysis.

5. Scintillation counter - To calibrate the given gamma ray (scintillation) spectrometer

using standard gamma sources and to determine the energy of an unknown gamma ray
source.

6. Compton scattering - To verify the theoretical expression for the energy of the
Compton scattered gamma rays at a given angle using a Scintillation gamma spectrometer
/ determine the rest mass energy of the electron.

7. To verify the inverse square law in the emission of gamma rays from a radioactive
source.

8. Half life of Indium – thermal neutron absorption - To determine the half life of In-116
by irradiation of In foil with neutron and beta counting using a GM counter.

9. Alpha spectrometer - To calibrate the given alpha spectrometer and determine the
resolution.

10. Photoelectric effect in lead - To get the spectrum of X rays emitted from lead target by
photo electric effect using Cs-137 gammas

11. Band gap energy of the given thin film sample by four probe method.

12. ESR spectrometer – Determination of g factor

13. Find the thermal conductivity of the given crystal sample.

14. Obtain the uv-visible absorption spectra of the given liquid/solid.

15. Determine the dielectric constant of the given material using LCR high tester.

53
16. Obtain the powder diffraction data of the given sample and study its crystalline
behaviour. Compare the values with ICDD.

17. Obtain the surface features of a thin film sample using AFM.

18. Find the etched pattern of the given crystal using optical microscope.

54
 IVth SEMESTER

PHY4C17 – SPECTROSCOPY (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Microwave Spectroscopy : Introduction, The Spectrum of a non rigid rotator,

Example of HF, Spectrum of a symmetric top molecule, Examples,
Instrumentation for Microwave Spectroscopy-Information derived from
rotational spectra. (12 hours)
Text : Relevant sections of Banwell and McCash and Barrow

2. Infrared Spectroscopy : Vibrational energy of an anharmonic oscillator –

diatomic molecule (Morse Curve), IR spectra - Spectral Transitions and
Selection Rules, The Vibration – Rotation Spectra of diatomic molecule,
Born-Oppenheimer Approximation, Effect of Break down of Born-Oppenheimer
Approximation, Normal modes of vibration of H2O and CO2, Spectra of
symmetric top molecules, Examples, Instrumentation for Infrared Spectroscopy,
Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. (14 hours)
Text : Relevant sections of Aruldas, Banwell

3. Raman Spectroscopy : Introduction, Rotational Raman Spectrum of diatomic and

poly atomic molecules- linear and Symmetric top molecules, Vibrational Raman
Spectrum of a Symmetric top molecule, Combined use of Raman and Infrared
Spectroscopy in structure determination, Examples, Instrumentation for Raman
Spectroscopy, Laser Raman Spectroscopy, Non linear Raman effects, Hyper
Raman Effect, Stimulated Raman effect and inverse Raman effect. (14 hours)
Text : Relevant sections of Aruldas, Banwell & McCash and Straughan & Walker
Book for reference : Raman spectroscopy by Long D.A., Mc Graw Hill (1977)

4. Electronic Spectroscopy of molecules : Vibrational coarse structure of electronic

spectra, Vibrational analysis of band systems, Deslander’s table, Progressions and
sequences, Information derived from vibrational analysis, Franck-Condon
Principle, Rotational fine structure and the R, P and Q branches, Fortrat Diagram,
Dissociation Energy, Example of iodine molecule. (13 hours)
Text : Relevant sections of Aruldas, Banwell & McCash

5. Spin Resonance Spectroscopy : Interaction between nuclear spin and magnetic

field, Level population, Larmour Precession, Resonance condition, Bloch
equations, Relaxation times, Spin-Spin and spin-lattice relaxation, The
Chemical shift, Instrumentation for NMR spectroscopy, CWNMR and FTNMR,
Imaging, Electron Spin Spectroscopy of the unpaired electron, Total Hamiltonian,
Fine structure, Electron-Nucleus coupling and hyperfine structure, ESR
spectrometer, Mossbauer Spectroscopy : Resonance Fluorescence of gamma -
rays, Recoilless emission of gamma - rays and Mossbauer Effect, Chemical shift,
Effect of electric and magnetic fields, Example of Fe57, Experimental techniques.
(19 hours)
Text : For ESR & NMR : Relevant sections of Aruldas, Banwell & McCash and

55
Straughan & Walker; For Mossbauer Effect : Aruldas and G.K. Wertheim

Text book :
1. G Aruldas : “Molecular structure and Spectroscopy” (Prentice Hall of India
,2002)
2. C.N.Banwell and E.M. McCash : “Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy”,
(Tata McGrow Hill (1994)
3. Gunther K. Wertheim : “Mossbauer Effect : Principles and applications,
(Academic Press)
4. Straughan and Walker (Eds): “ Spectroscopy”- Vol. I and II (Chapman and Hall)
5. G.M. Barrow : “Introduction to molecular Spectroscopy”, (McGraw Hill)
Books for Reference:
Long D.A : “Raman spectroscopy “ (Mc Graw Hill (1977)

56
 ELECTIVE III

(Any one among PHY4E07 to PHY4E10)

PHY4E07– ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Nuclear Shell Model: Shell structure and magic numbers, The nuclear one particle
potential, spin orbit term, realistic one body potentials, Nuclear volume parameter, single
particle spectra of closed shell + 1 nuclei, Harmonic oscillator and infinite square well
potentials in 3- dimensions, coupling of spin and orbital angular momentum, magnetic
dipole moment and electric quadrupole moment, Schmidt diagram; Single particle orbitals
in deformed nuclei, perturbation treatment, asymptotic wave functions, single particle
orbitals in an axially symmetric modified oscillator potential. (19 Hours)

Text :S.G. Nilsson and I. Ragnarsson: “Shapes and Shells in Nuclear Structure”,
(Cambridge University Press; Revised ed. Edition, 2005)

2. Nuclear Collective Models: Nuclear rotational motion- rotational energy spectrum and
wave functions for even-even and odd A nuclei - Nuclear moments- collective vibrational
excitations, Rotational Bands – The particle rotor model, strong coupling- deformation
alignment, Decoupled bands - rotational alignment; two particle excitations and back-
bending; Fast nuclear rotation- the cranking model; Rotating harmonic oscillator. (13
Hours)
Text : 1. R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam :“Nuclear Physics- Theory and Experiment”,
(Wiley Eastern)
2. S.G. Nilsson and I. Ragnarsson: “Shapes and Shells in Nuclear Structure”, (Cambridge
University Press; Revised ed. Edition, 2005)
3. M K Pal : “Theory of Nuclear Structure”,(East West Press Pvt. Ltd).

3. Nuclear Reactions: Reactions and Cross-sections, Resonances, Breit-Wigner formula

for l = 0, Compound Nucleus formation, continuum theory, statistical theory, evaporation
probability, Heavy ion reactions. (12 Hours)
Text : 1. R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam :“Nuclear Physics- Theory and Experiment”,
(Wiley Eastern)
2. Kenneth S. Krane : “ Introductory Nuclear Physics”, (Wiley)

4. Nuclear Fission: The semi-empirical mass formula , The stability peninsula, nuclear
fission and the liquid drop model, some basic fission phenomena, fission barrier. Nuclear
Fission- cross- section, spontaneous fission, Mass and energy distribution of fragments,
Statistical model of Fission. (14 Hours)
Text : R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam :“Nuclear Physics- Theory and Experiment”,
(Wiley Eastern)

5. Accelerators: Electrostatic accelerator, cyclotrons, synchrotrons, linear accelerators ,

colliding beam accelerators. (14 Hours)
Text: R.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam :“Nuclear Physics- Theory and Experiment”,
57
(Wiley Eastern)
1. Samuel M. Wong : “Introductory Nuclear Physics”, ( Prentice Hall India 1996)

2. H.S. Hans : “Nuclear Physics – Experimental and theoretical”, (New Age International,
2001)

58
 PHY4E08 – ADVANCED ASTROPHYSICS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Radiative Process: Theory of Black Body Radiation-Photoelectric Effect-Pressure

of Radiation -Absorption and Emission spectra - Doppler Effect - Zeeman Effect-
Bremsstrahlung – Synchrotron Radiation - Scattering of Radiation - Compton
Effect - and Inverse Compton effect. (10 Hours)
Text : Baidyanath Basu, Ch 2

2. Variable stars: Classification of Variable stars – Cepheid variables – RV Tauri

variables - Mira variables - Red Irregular and Semi-regular variables – Beta Canis
Majoris Variables–U Geminorum and Flare stars– Theory of Variable stars. (10
hours)
Text : Baidyanath Basu, Ch 8

3. Galaxies: The Milkyway galaxy - Kinematics of the Milkyway – Morphology –

Galactic Centre – Morphological classification of galaxies – Effects of
environment – Galaxy luminosity function – The local group – Surface photometry
of galaxies - ellipticals and disk galaxies – Globular cluster systems –
Abnormal galaxies- Active galactic nuclei. (24 Hours)
Text : Binney & Merrifield, Ch 4

4. General Relativity: General Considerations - Connection Between Gravity and

Geometry - Metric Tensorand Gravity - Particle Trajectories in Gravitational field
- Physics in curved space- time – Curvature -Properties of Energy and momentum
Tensor - Scwarzchild Metric - Gravitational Collapse and Black Holes-
Gravitational Waves. (16 Hours)
Text : Padmanabhan, Vol 2, Ch 11

5. Cosmology: Cosmological Principle - Cosmic Standard Coordinates - Equivalent

Coordinates –Robertson-Walker Metric - The Red Shift - Measures of Distance –
Red Shift Versus Distance Relation -Steady State Cosmology. (12 Hours)
Text : Narlikar, Sections 3.1-3.8

Books for Reference :

1. Steven Weinberg : “Gravitation & Cosmology”, (John Wiley (1972)
2. T. Padmanabhan : “Theoretical Astro Physics”, Vol 1 and 2 (Cambridge
University Press, 2000)
3. Ajit K Kembhavi and Jayat V Narlikar: “Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei”,
(Cambridge University Press, 1999)
4. F. Shu : “The Physical Universe, An Introduction to Astronomy”, (Oxford
University Press, 1982)
5. Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey, Jayant V Narlikar :”A Different Approach to
Cosmology”, (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
6. Baidyanath Basu :”An Introduction to Astro Physics”, (Prentice Hall India ,
1997)
7. R.C. Bless : “Discovering the Cosmos”, (University Science Books,1996)

59
8. V.B. Bhatia : “Text Book of Astronomy and Astrophysics with Elements of
Cosmology”, (Narosa publications, 2001)
9. B.W. Carroll & D.A. Ostille : “Modern Astrophysics”, (Addison Wesley, 1996)

10. J. Binney & M. Merrifield :”Galactic Astronomy”,(Princeton University Press)

11. J. Binney & S. Tremaine :”Galactic Dynamics”, (Princeton University Press)
12. J. V. Narlikar,:”An Introduction to Cosmology”, (Third Edition, Cambridge
University Press, 2002)

60
 PHY4E09 INFORMATION THEORY AND QUANTUM COMPUTING
(4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Basics of Quantum Theory: Fundamental postulates-Dual vectors- Spectral

theorem- Tensor products- Entangled state - Schmidt decomposition theorem- Pure
state and Mixed state, Density matrices. (12 hrs)

2. Qubits and Quantum Measurement: Qubits- Bloch Sphere-Multi Qubit systems-

Bell state-time evolution of a closed system- measurement - EPR Paradox-mixed
states and general quantum operations-partial trace- general quantum operations.
(15hrs)

3. Quantum Gates and Quantum Computation : Quantum Computation

definitions - Simple gates-CNOT- CCNOT- Walsh-Hadamard Transformation
SWAP Gate and Fredkin gate- Correspondence with logc gates-No-Cloning
Theorem-Dense Coding and Quantum Teleportation- Universal Quantum Gates-
Quantum Parallelism and entanglement. (19 hrs)

4. Quantum Algorithms: Probabilistic versus quantum algorithms - Deuths

Algorithm- Deuths -Jozsa Algorithm - Simon' Algorithms. (12 hrs)

5. Quantum Information : Classical versus Quantum information-quantum entropy-

relative and conditional entropies- quantum mutual information- fidelity and
coherent information-quantum channels- quantum channel capacities-quantum
communication complexity. (14 hrs)

Text Books
1. Philip Kaye, Raymond Laflamme and Michele Mosca :”An Introduction to
Quantum Computing”,(Oxford University Press, 2007)
2. Mikio Nakahara and Tetsuo Ohmi :”Quantum Computing: From Linear Algebra to
Physical Realizations”, (CRC Press, 2008)
3. Gregg Jaeger :”Quantum Information: An Overview”,(Springer, 2007)

Books for Reference:

1. VK Shrivastava :”Quantum Physics and Measurement”,(ABD Pub., 2007)

2. George Greenstein & Arthur G Zajonc :”The Quantum Challenge”,(Narosa, 2006)
3. Daniel Bes : “Quantum Mechanics”, (Springer; 2007)
4. Kenichi Konishi & Giampiero Paffuti : “Quantum Mechanics: A New
Introduction”,(Oxford, 2009).
5. Kurt Gottfried & Tung-Mow Yan :”Quantum Mechanics:
Fundamentals”,(Springer, 2004)

61
 PHY4E10 – ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Imperfections in Crystals : Thermodynamics of Schottky and Frenkel Defects,

Equilibrium number of Point Defects as a function of temperature, Interstitial
Diffusion, Self-diffusion, Determination of Diffusion constant, Edge and Screw
Dislocations, Energy of Dislocation, Dislocation motion, Dislocation
Multiplication: Frank-Read mechanism, Work Hardening of Metals, Exercises. (12
Hours)

2. Alloys, films and surfaces : Binary phase diagrams from Free energy
considerations, case of complete miscibility, Gibbs phase rule, The lever rule,
Rules of solid solubility, Hume-Rothery Electron compounds, case of limited solid
solubility, the Eutectic temperature. Study of surface topography by multiple beam
interferometry, Determination of film thicknesses, Qualitative ideas of surface
crystallography, scanning, tunneling and atomic force microscopy, Electrical
conductivity of thin films, Exercises. (20 Hours)

3. Ceramic Materials : Silicate structure, Polymorphism, Solid solution, Non-ductile

fracture, Plastic deformation of layered structures, Viscous deformation of glass,
Electrical properties of ceramics, Application of ceramic materials, Exercises(9
hours)

4. Polymers: - Unsaturated hydrocarbons, Polymer size, Addition polymerization,

Copolymerization, Condensation polymerization, Thermoplastic and thermosetting
resins, Elastomers, Cross-linking, Branching, Application of polymers, Exercises.
(12 Hours)

5. Liquid crystals, Quasi crystals and Nanomaterials: Structure and symmetries of

liquids, Liquid crystals and amorphous solids, Application of liquid crystals,
Aperiodic crystals and quasicrystals, Formation and characterization of
Fullerenes and tubules, Carbon nanotube based electronic devices, Synthesis
and properties of nanostructured materials, Experimental techniques for
characterizing nanostructured materials, Quantum size effect and its
applications, Exercises. (19 Hours)
Books for Reference:
1.“Solid State Physics”, A.J. Dekker (MacMillan, 1958)
2.“Introduction to Solid State Physics”, C. Kittel(Wiley Eastern, 1977).
3.“Elements of Materials Science”, L.H. Van Vlack (Addison Wesley)
4.“Physics of Thin Films”, K.L.Chopra
5.“Thin Films”, O.S.Heavens
6.“Multiple Beam Interferometry”, Tolansky
7.“Transmission Electron Microscopy”, Thomas
8.“The Physics of Quasicrystals”, Ed. Steinhardt and Ostulond
9.“Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology”, Ed. Harisingh
Nalwa

62
 ELECTIVE IV

(Any one among : PHY4E11 to PHY4E14)

PHY4E11 : RADIATION PHYSICS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Radiation source : Types of radiations, ionizing, non ionizing, electromagnetic,

particles, neutral -gamma-neutrino-neutron, charged alpha, beta, gamma, and
heavy ion sources, radioactive sources – naturally occurring production of artificial
isotopes, accelerators–cyclotrons, nuclear reactors. (12 hours) {Ref 1, 2}

2. Interaction of radiations with matter : Electrons – classical theory of inelastic

collisions with atomic electrons, energy loss per ion pair by primary and secondary
ionization, specific energy loss, bremsstrahlung, range energy relation, energy and
range straggling Heavy charged particles – stopping power, energy loss, range and
range – energy relations, Bragg curve, specific ionization, Gamma rays –
Interaction mechanism – Photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, Pair
production, gamma ray attenuation, attenuation coefficients, Elastic and inelastic
scattering, Cross sections, linear and mass absorption coefficients, stopping power,
LET,Neutrons – General properties, fast neutron interactions, slowing down and
moderation. (17 hours) {Ref 1,2}

3. Radiation quantities, Units and Dosimeters : Particle flux and fluence,

calculation of energy flux and fluence, curie, becquerel, exposure and its
measurements, absorbed dose and its relation to exposure, KERMA, Biological
effectiveness, wighting factors, (WR and WT), Equivalent dose, Effective dose,
Dosimeters, Primary and secondary dosimeters, Pocket dosimeter, Films and solid
dosimeter (TLD and RPL), Clincal and calorimetric devices , Radiation survey
meter for area monitoring. (15 hours) {Ref 2,3}

4. Biological effects : Basic concepts of cell biology, Effects of ionizing radiations at

molecular, sub molecular and cellular levels, secondary effects, free radicals,
deterministic effects, stochastic effects,,, Effects on tissues and organs, genetic
effects, Mutation and chromosomal aberrations, applications in cancer therapy,
food preservation, radiation and sterilization. (12 hours) {Ref 3,4}

5. Radiation protection, shielding and transport : Effective radiation protection,

need to safeguard against continuing radiation exposure, justification and
responsibility, ALARA, concept of radiologic practice. time distance and
shielding, safety specifications. method of radiation control, Shielding factor for
radiations, Choice of material, Primary and secondary radiations, Source
geometry, Beta shielding, Gamma shielding, neutron shielding, Shielding
requirements for medical, industrial and research facilities, handling of the
source, sealing, transport and storage of sealed and unsealed sources. records,
spills. waste disposal. (16 hours) {Ref 3,4,5}

63
Books for Reference:

1. .G.F.Knoll : “Radiation detection and measurement”,(John Wiley & sons,

Newyork, 2000)
2. K.Thayalan :”Basic radiological physics”,(Jaypee brothers medical
Publishers, New Delhi, 2003)
3. W.J. Meredith and J.B. Masse: “ Fundamental Physics of radiology”,
(Varghese publishing house , Bombay, 1992)
4. M.A.S. Sherer, P.J.Visconti, E.R Ritenour :”Radiation Protection in medical
radiography”,(Mosbey Elsevier,2006)
5. Lowenthal G.C and Airey P.L.:” Practical applications of radioactivity and
nuclear radiation sources”,(Cambridge University Press, 2005)

64
 PHY4E12: NANO MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Nano materials an overview : Natural and classical nano systems. Low

dimensional materials. Zero -, one -, two - and three dimensional nanostructures-
quantum dots, quantum wells, quantum rods, quantum wires. Nanosized metals
and alloys, semiconductors, ceramics. Fullerens, Nanotubes. Comparison with bulk
materials. Application in electronics, communication, medicine etc., Exercises.
(12 Hrs)

2. Quantum states of nanoparticles - Quantum confinement in semiconductors-

particle in a box like model for quantum dots, effective mass approximation, weak
confinement, strong confinement, Size and shape dependency in optical, emission,
electronic, transport, photonic, refractive index, dielectric, mechanical, magnetic,
non-linear optical; catalytic and photocatalytic properties, Exercises. (17 Hrs)

3. Synthesis of nanomaterials
Physical techniques (bottom up approach) - Physical vapour deposition, electron
beam evaporation, sputter deposition, laser ablation, ion beam mixing, plasma
deposition. Physical methods-mechanical milling, laser ablation, sputtering,
microwave plasma etc. Chemical methods-chemical reduction and oxidation, sol-
gel processes, photolysis, radiolysis, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition.
molecular self-assemblies, surface engineering, Exercises. (15 Hrs)

4 Designing of advanced nano- materials- Integrated nanocomposites, functional

nanomaterials and nanostructured thin films. Development of nanoscale catalysts,
sensitizers, sensors, composites, polymers, ceramics, biomaterials,
pharmaceuticals, nanopaints, nanofluids, optical, fluorescent, electronic, magnetic
and photonic devices, future perspectives of nanotechnolgy, Exercises. (14Hrs)
5 Characterization techniques: X-ray diffraction technique, Scanning Electron
Microscopy - environmental techniques, Transmission Electron Microscopy
including high-resolution imaging, Surface Analysis techniques -AFM, SPM,
STM, SNOM, ESCA, SIMS- Nanoindentation, Small-angle X-ray and neutron
scattering, DLS, Ellipsometer, Confocal microscopy, Exercises. (14 Hrs)
Text Books
1. Physics of Low Dimensional Structures, J. H. Davis, (Cambridge Press), 1998.
2. Semiconductor Quantum Dots, L. Banjaj and S. W. Koch.
3. Low Dimensional Semiconductors, M. J. Kelly, Clarendon,1955.
4. NanoTechnology:Principles and Practices, Sulabha Kulkarni, CPC-New Delhi
2007
5. Nano:The essentials:Understanding nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pradeep
T TMCGH, New Delhi 2007
6. Characterization of Materials, J. B. Wachtman and Z. H. Kalman, Butterworth-
Heinmann, USA, 1993.
7. Experimental Physics, Modern Methods, R. A. Dunlop.
8 Instrumental Methods of Analysis, H. H. Willard, L. L. Merritt, J. A. Dean and F.
A. Settle ,(CBS Pub.), 1986.

65
 PHY4E13 – QUANTUM FIELD THEORY (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1. Classical Field Theory : Harmonic oscillator, The linear chain- classical

treatment, the linear chain – quantum treatment, classical field theory,
Hamiltonian formalism, Functional derivatives , Canonical quantization of non-
relativistic fields, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for the Schroedinger field,
Quantization of fermions and bosons, Normalization of Fock states. (14 hours)
Text Book : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996)

2 Canonical quantization of Klein Gordon and photon fields : The neutral Klein
– Gordon field Commutation relation for creation and annihilation operators,
Charged Klein – Gordon field, Invariant commutation relations, Scalar Feyman
propagator, Canonical quantization of photon field – Maxwells equations,
Larangian density for the Maxwell field, Electromagnetic field in the Lorentz
gauge, Canonical quantization of the Lorentz gauge – Gupta-Bleuler method,
Canonical quantization in the Coulomb gauge. (20 hours)
Text Book : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996)

3. Canonical quantization of spin ½ fields : Lagrangian and Hamiltonian densities

for the Dirac field, Canonical quantization of the Dirac field, Plane wave expansion
of the field operator, Feyman propagatorn for the Dirac field. (12 hours)
Text Book : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996)

4. Interacting quantum fields and Quantum Electrodynamics : The interaction

picture, Time evolution operator, Scattering matrix, Wick’s theorem,
Feynman rules for QED, Moller scattering and Compton scattering.
(12 hours)
Text Book : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996)
5. The path integral method : Path integrals in non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics,
Feynman path integral, Multidimensional path integral, Time ordered product and
n-point functions, Path integrals for scalar quantum fields, The Euclidian field
theory, The Feynman propagator, Generating functional and Green’s function,
Generating functional for interacting fields, Exercises. (14 hours)
Text Book : “Field Quantization” Greiner and Reinhardt (Spinger-Verlag -1996)
References :
1.“Quantum Field theory”, Lewis H. Ryder (Cambridge University Press -1995)
2.“Field Theory – A modern primer” – Pierre Ramond (Bengamin – 1996)
3.“Quantum Field theory”, Itzyskon and Zuber (McGraw Hill – 1989)
4.“Quantum Field theory”, Karson Huang (Wiley)

66
 PHY4E14 ADVANCED ELECTRONICS (4 Credits, 72 hrs)

1 Microprocessors Architecture: Evolution of microprocessors, 4,8,16,32 bit

microprocessors, Organization and architecture of microcomputer of Intel
8085:operations, Pin-diagram, Registers, Flags, Memory operations (R/W), Tri-
stage buffer, Bus (Address, Data and control, I/O operations, Address data de-
multiplexing using 74LS373, machine cycles and bus timings, memory
read/write machine cycles. (14 Hours)
(Text: R.S. Gaonkar)

2. Peripheral Devices and Interfacing: Generation of control signals for memory

and I/O devices, I/O Ports-Intel 8212, 8155, Programmable peripheral interface-
8255, Programmable DMA controller 8257, Programmable interrupt
Controller 8259, Programmable communication interface 8251, Programmable
interval timer/counter 8253. Special Purpose devices: The 8279
Programmable Keyboard/Display interface. (14 Hours)
(Text: B. Ram)

3. Assembly Language Programming and Applications: Machine language and

assembly language programming, Simple arithmetic operations: addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division, finding largest and smallest, sorting
etc. Applications: Microprocessor based data acquisition system: A/D converter,
Sample and Hold circuit, Analog multiplexer, ADC 0800, D/A Converter, DAC
0800, Realization of A/D Converter using D/A Converter. Delay subroutine, 7
segment LED display, decoders/drivers-7448, Interfacing of 7 segment display,
Display of decimal and alphanumeric characters, Measurement of frequency,
Voltage, Generation of square wave/pulse. Traffic control system. (15 Hours)
(Text: B. Ram)

4. Microcontrollers: Comparisons of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers,

Microcontroller survey 4-32 bits (Z80, 8051, PIC, Atmel AVR)
Microcontroller ( Atmega16) Architecture: block diagram, Ports, Registers,
ALU, Stack Pointer, Instruction execution timings, Interrupt handling,
Memories (Flash, SRAM, EPROM), System Clock, Power management, A/D
convertor, JTAG interface and Debug system, Interrupts, I/O ports, Data transfer
schemes: programmed, DMA, Serial data transfer. (15 Hours)
(Text: Atmega 16 datasheet)

5. Microcontroller programming and applications: Hardware and software

concepts, machine language assembly language and high level languages, C
programming, moving data, logical operations, arithmetic operations, jump
and call instructions, Interrupts and returns, JTAG interfacing and on chip
debug system, Programming and debugging tools (STK 500, AVR dragon), C
compilers (AVR studio), C program examples: controlling multiple LEDs,

67
Traffic control system, Stepper motor, Temperature measurement and controlling.
(14 hours)
(Text: R. Barnet et al; K. J. Ayala; Web resources from Atmel AVR)

Text Books:

1.Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcomputers, B. Ram, Dhanapati Rai

& Sons. 3rd / Recent Edition.
2.Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications: R. S. Gaokar,
New Age International
3.Embedded C programming and the Atmel AVR, R. Barnet, L. O’cull, S. Cox,
Cengate Learning India.
4. 8051 Microcontroller: Kenneth J. Ayala, 2nd Edition, Thomson Delmar
Learning, India.
5. Atmel AVR web resources. Atmega16, www.atmel.com

Books for Reference :

1. Microprocessors and Microcomputer system design, M. Rafiquazzaman ,

Universal Book Stall, New Delhi.
2. Microprocessor 8085 and its applications, 2nd Edition, A.Nagoor Kani, RBA
Publications.
3. Embedded C programming and the Atmel AVR, R. Barnet, L. O’cull, S. Cox,
Cengate Learning India.
4. PIC Microcontroller, an introduction to software and Hardware interfacing: H.
W. Huang, Cengate Learning.
5. Embedded system design using C8051: H. W. Huang, Cengate Learning.
6. 8051 Microcontroller and embedded systems2nd Edition: Kenneth J. Ayala,
Dhananjay V. Gadre, Cengate Learning, India.
7. Embedded systems and Robots: S. Ghoshal, Cengate Learning, India.
7.

68
 PHY4C18 – PROJECT AND VIVA VOCE (8 Credits)

The project can be experimental or theoretical. The projects may be carried out either
utilizing the facilities in the Department or elsewhere. In case they carry out the projects
outside the Department, this shall in no way affect their minimum attendance for the
theory papers. Also, they should obtain an attendance certificate from the outside
institution where the work is carried out and also a certificate in the Project Report that
the work had been carried out by the concerned student at that institution. The students
shall prepare a detailed report on their work. This shall be attested by the teacher-in-
charge concerned at the centre (and the relevant authority at the external institution, if the
work had been carried out at some other centre). The students shall submit the project
report before the commencement of the theory examinations. The same will be evaluated
by a committee consisting of one external expert and the internal supervisor. A
presentation of the project and a comprehensive viva voce on the project and the theory
papers will be held and evaluated jointly by the external expert and the supervisor. (See
Table 5). The Project shall also carry an internal evaluation to the extent of 20%.)

69