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Rules For Approximating Definite Integrals: Sin, Sin, 1

The document discusses two numerical methods for approximating definite integrals: the trapezoidal rule and Simpson's rule. It provides the formulas for calculating approximations using each method. Several examples are shown applying the rules to estimate definite integrals and comparing the results to exact values. The document also covers using derivatives to analyze the critical points, maxima/minima, and inflection points of functions to sketch their graphs. An example problem finds the acceleration of a particle when its speed is zero by taking derivatives of the position, velocity, and acceleration functions.

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21 views5 pages

Rules For Approximating Definite Integrals: Sin, Sin, 1

The document discusses two numerical methods for approximating definite integrals: the trapezoidal rule and Simpson's rule. It provides the formulas for calculating approximations using each method. Several examples are shown applying the rules to estimate definite integrals and comparing the results to exact values. The document also covers using derivatives to analyze the critical points, maxima/minima, and inflection points of functions to sketch their graphs. An example problem finds the acceleration of a particle when its speed is zero by taking derivatives of the position, velocity, and acceleration functions.

Uploaded by

トシToshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rules for approximating definite integrals

To evaluate definite integrals of function like


sin 𝑥
, sin 𝑥 , 1 𝑥 , 𝑒
𝑥
We use numerical methods to approximate the integral values
The Trapezoidal Rule

𝑇   𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Δ𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 ⋯ 2𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

Where Δ𝑥 , 𝑛 even or odd subintervals,


𝑎 𝑥 ;𝑏 𝑥 ,𝑥 𝑥 Δ𝑥
Exp: Use the trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 4 to estimate   𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Compare the estimate with the exact value of the integral.
Solu:
Δ𝑥

𝑇   𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11
𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
24
𝑥 1 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 1
𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 2⟹𝑓 𝑥 4
∴𝑇 1 4 5 2.343
The exact value of

  𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2.333 ∎

Simpson's Rule
𝑆   𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥
⋯ 2𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
Where 𝑛 is even subintervals.
Exp: Use Simpson's Rule with 𝑛 4 to approximate   5𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Compare your answer with the exact value.
Solu:
Δ𝑥

𝑆   5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 0⟹𝑓 𝑥 0
𝑥 ⟹ 4𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 ⟹ 4𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 1⟹𝑓 𝑥 5
∴𝑆 0 5 1.002

The exact value is


  5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1∎
Exp: Use both rules to approximate the integrals below
comparing your answers with integrals exact value.
1.   𝑥 2𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 6

2.   sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 12

3.   𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 6
Application of derivative
The Derivative in Graphing (Curve Sketching)
Critical point, local minimum, local maximum and Inflection point
Exp: Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 3𝑥 1
Solu:
𝑓 𝑥 3𝑥 6𝑥 3𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑥 0⟹𝑦 1 ⟹ 0,1
3𝑥 𝑥 2 0⟹𝑥 𝑥 2 0⟹
𝑥 2⟹𝑦 3 ⟹ 2, 3
0,1 & 2, 3 are critical points
𝑓 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 ⨁
𝑓 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 ⊖
𝑓 3 𝑥 𝑥 2 ⨁
𝑥
0 2
+ + + + + + + + 0 – – – – – ––0 + + + + + + + + + + + +

𝑓 is increasing on ∞, 0
𝑓 is decreasing on 0,2
𝑓 is increasing on 2, ∞
0,1 local maximum and 2, 3 local minimum
𝑓 𝑥 6𝑥 6 6 𝑥 1
6 𝑥 1 0⟹𝑥 1 0⟹𝑥 1⟹𝑦 1 ⟹ 1, 1
1, 1 is critical point
𝑓 0 6𝑥 6 ⊖
𝑓 2 6𝑥 6 ⨁
𝑓 is concave down on ∞, 1
𝑓 is concave up on 1, ∞
The inflection point is 1, 1
∎
Exp: Sketch the graph
1. 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 6𝑥

2. 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1
3. 𝑦 𝑥 3𝑥 2
Velocity, Speed and Acceleration
𝑠 𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 𝑠 𝑡

𝑎 𝑡 𝑠 𝑡 𝑣 𝑡
Exp: Let 𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 6𝑡 be the position function of a particle
moving along an 𝑠-axis, where 𝑠 is in meters and 𝑡 is in seconds.
Find the acceleration when its speed becomes zero.
Solu:
𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 6𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 3𝑡 12𝑡
𝑎 𝑡 6𝑡 12
3𝑡 12𝑡 0 ⟹ 3𝑡 𝑡 4 0 ⟹𝑡 𝑡 4 0
𝑡 0⟹𝑎 0 12
𝑡 4 0⟹𝑡 4⟹𝑎 4 24 12 12 ∎

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