RuBisCO - Wikipedia
RuBisCO - Wikipedia
RuBisCO - Wikipedia
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-
oxygenase, commonly known by the
abbreviations RuBisCo, rubisco,[1]
RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme
involved in the first major step of carbon
fixation, a process by which the
atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted
by plants and other photosynthetic
organisms to energy-rich molecules such
as glucose. In chemical terms, it
catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose-
1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP).
It is probably the most abundant enzyme
on Earth.[2][3][4]
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
carboxylase oxygenase
Identifiers
EC number 4.1.1.39
Databases
PRIAM profile
Search
PMC articles
PubMed articles
NCBI proteins
Structure
2+
Magnesium ions (Mg ) are needed for
enzymatic activity. Correct positioning of
2+
Mg in the active site of the enzyme
involves addition of an "activating"
carbon dioxide molecule (CO2) to a lysine
in the active site (forming a
carbamate).[10] Mg2+ operates by driving
deprotonation of the Lys210 residue,
causing the Lys residue to rotate by 120
degrees to the trans conformer,
decreasing the distance between the
nitrogen of Lys and the carbon of CO2.
The close proximity allows for the
formation of a covalent bond, resulting in
the carbamate.[11] Mg2+ is first enabled
to bind to the active site by the rotation
of His335 to an alternate conformation.
Mg2+ is then coordinated by the His
residues of the active site (His300,
His302, His335), and is partially
neutralized by the coordination of three
water molecules and their conversion to
−OH.[11] This coordination results in an
unstable complex, but produces a
favorable environment for the binding of
Mg2+. Formation of the carbamate is
favored by an alkaline pH. The pH and
the concentration of magnesium ions in
the fluid compartment (in plants, the
stroma of the chloroplast[12]) increases
in the light. The role of changing pH and
magnesium ion levels in the regulation of
RuBisCO enzyme activity is discussed
below. Once the carbamate is formed,
His335 finalizes the activation by
returning to its initial position through
thermal fluctuation.[11]
RuBisCO large RuBisCO, N-term
chain, domain
catalytic domain Identifiers
Enzymatic activity
Two main reactions of RuBisCo: CO2 fixation and
oxygenation.
Substrates …
Substrates for RuBisCO are ribulose-1,5-
bisphosphate and carbon dioxide
(distinct from the "activating" carbon
dioxide).[16] RuBisCO also catalyses a
reaction of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
and molecular oxygen (O2) instead of
carbon dioxide (CO2). Discriminating
between the substrates CO2 and O2 is
attributed to the differing interactions of
the substrate's quadrupole moments and
a high electrostatic field gradient.[11] This
gradient is established by the dimer form
of the minimally active RuBisCO, which
with its two components provides a
combination of oppositely charged
domains required for the enzyme's
interaction with O2 and CO2. These
conditions help explain the low turnover
rate found in RuBisCO: In order to
increase the strength of the electric field
necessary for sufficient interaction with
the substrates’ quadrupole moments, the
C- and N- terminal segments of the
enzyme must be closed off, allowing the
active site to be isolated from the solvent
and lowering the dielectric constant.[17]
This isolation has a significant entropic
cost, and results in the poor turnover
rate.
Binding RuBP …
Enolisation …
Carboxylation …
Products …
By ions …
By RuBisCO activase …
activase
By phosphate …
By carbon dioxide …
Genetic engineering
Since RuBisCO is often rate-limiting for
photosynthesis in plants, it may be
possible to improve photosynthetic
efficiency by modifying RuBisCO genes in
plants to increase catalytic activity
and/or decrease oxygenation
rates.[33][34][35][36] This could improve
biosequestration of CO2 and be both an
important climate change strategy and a
strategy to increase crop yields.[37]
Approaches under investigation include
transferring RuBisCO genes from one
organism into another organism,
engineering Rubisco activase from
thermophilic cyanobacteria into
temperature sensitive plants, increasing
the level of expression of RuBisCO
subunits, expressing RuBisCO small
chains from the chloroplast DNA, and
altering RuBisCO genes to increase
specificity for carbon dioxide or
otherwise increase the rate of carbon
fixation.[38][39]
Mutagenesis in plants …
In general, site-directed mutagenesis of
RuBisCO has been mostly
unsuccessful,[37] though mutated forms
of the protein have been achieved in
tobacco plants with subunit C4
species,[40] and a RuBisCO with more C4-
like kinetic characteristics have been
attained in rice via nuclear
transformation.[41]
Depletion in proteomic
studies
Due to its high abundance in plants
(generally 40% of the total protein
content), RuBisCO often impedes
analysis of important signaling proteins
such as transcription factors, kinases,
and regulatory proteins found in lower
abundance (10-100 molecules per cell)
within plants.[52] For example, using
mass spectrometry on plant protein
mixtures would result in multiple intense
RuBisCO subunit peaks that interfere and
hide those of other proteins.
Evolution of RuBisCO …
See also
Carbon cycle
Photorespiration
Pyrenoid
C4 carbon fixation
Crassulacean acid metabolism/CAM
photosynthesis
Carboxysome
References
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5. (Entrez GeneID: )
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"Figure 20.3. Structure of Rubisco.
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photosynthetic bacterium
Rhodospirillum rubrum has been
determined by X-ray crystallography,
see: PDB: 9RUB. A comparison of
the structures of eukaryotic and
bacterial RuBisCO is shown in the
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Rubisco.
10. Molecular Cell Biology , 4th edition,
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PMID 10336462 .
Portis AR, Parry MA (October 2007).
"Discoveries in Rubisco (Ribulose 1,5-
bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase): a
historical perspective". Photosynthesis
Research. 94 (1): 121–43.
doi:10.1007/s11120-007-9225-6 .
PMID 17665149 . S2CID 39767233 .
Ashida H, Danchin A, Yokota A (2005). "Was
photosynthetic RuBisCO recruited by
acquisitive evolution from RuBisCO-like
proteins involved in sulfur metabolism?".
Research in Microbiology. 156 (5–6): 611–
8. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2005.01.014 .
PMID 15950120 .
Marcus Y, Altman-Gueta H, Finkler A,
Gurevitz M (June 2005). "Mutagenesis at
two distinct phosphate-binding sites
unravels their differential roles in regulation
of Rubisco activation and catalysis" .
Journal of Bacteriology. 187 (12): 4222–8.
doi:10.1128/JB.187.12.4222-4228.2005 .
PMC 1151729 . PMID 15937184 .
External links
See here for the mechanism of the
RuBisCO-catalysed reaction
Rubisco: RCSB PDB Molecule of the
Month
The Plant Kingdom's sloth: Protein
Spotlight article on the "slothful"
enzyme Rubisco
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