MACHINE LEARNING

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
MACHINE LEARNING:
HISTORY AND RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER FIELDS

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.
Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition and machine
vision.
 How does AI work?
 As the hype around AI has accelerated, vendors have been scrambling to promote how their products and
services use AI. Often what they refer to as AI is simply one component of AI, such as machine learning. AI
requires a foundation of specialized hardware and software for writing and training machine learning algorithms.
No one programming language is synonymous with AI, but a few, including Python, R and Java, are popular.
 In general, AI systems work by ingesting large amounts of labeled training data, analyzing the data for correlations
and patterns, and using these patterns to make predictions about future states. In this way, a chatbot that is fed
examples of text chats can learn to produce lifelike exchanges with people, or an image recognition tool can learn
to identify and describe objects in images by reviewing millions of examples.
 AI programming focuses on three cognitive skills: learning, reasoning and self-correction.
 Learning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on acquiring data and creating rules for how to
turn the data into actionable information. The rules, which are called algorithms, provide computing devices with
step-by-step instructions for how to complete a specific task.
 Reasoning processes. This aspect of AI programming focuses on choosing the right algorithm to reach a
desired outcome.
 Self-correction processes. This aspect of AI programming is designed to continually fine-tune algorithms and
ensure they provide the most accurate results possible.
 Why is artificial intelligence important?
 AI is important because it can give enterprises insights into their operations that they may not have been aware of
previously and because, in some cases, AI can perform tasks better than humans. Particularly when it comes to repetitive,
detail-oriented tasks like analyzing large numbers of legal documents to ensure relevant fields are filled in properly, AI
tools often complete jobs quickly and with relatively few errors.
 This has helped fuel an explosion in efficiency and opened the door to entirely new business opportunities for some
larger enterprises. Prior to the current wave of AI, it would have been hard to imagine using computer software to
connect riders to taxis, but today Uber has become one of the largest companies in the world by doing just that. It
utilizes sophisticated machine learning algorithms to predict when people are likely to need rides in certain areas, which
helps proactively get drivers on the road before they're needed. As another example, Google has become one of the
largest players for a range of online services by using machine learning to understand how people use their services and
then improving them. In 2017, the company's CEO, Sundar Pichai, pronounced that Google would operate as an "AI first"
company.
 Today's largest and most successful enterprises have used AI to improve their operations and gain advantage on their
competitors.
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence?
 Artificial neural networks and deep learning artificial intelligence technologies are quickly evolving, primarily
because AI processes large amounts of data much faster and makes predictions more accurately than humanly
possible.
 While the huge volume of data being created on a daily basis would bury a human researcher, AI applications that
use machine learning can take that data and quickly turn it into actionable information. As of this writing, the
primary disadvantage of using AI is that it is expensive to process the large amounts of data that AI programming
requires.
 Advantages
 Good at detail-oriented jobs;
 Reduced time for data-heavy tasks;
 Delivers consistent results; and
 AI-powered virtual agents are always available.
 Disadvantages
 Expensive;
 Requires deep technical expertise;
 Limited supply of qualified workers to build AI tools;
 Only knows what it's been shown; and
 Lack of ability to generalize from one task to another.
4 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 Arend Hintze, an assistant professor of integrative biology and computer science and engineering at Michigan State
University, explained in a 2016 article that AI can be categorized into four types, beginning with the task-specific
intelligent systems in wide use today and progressing to sentient systems, which do not yet exist. The categories are as
follows:
 Type 1: Reactive machines. These AI systems have no memory and are task specific. An example is Deep Blue,
the IBM chess program that beat Garry Kasparov in the 1990s. Deep Blue can identify pieces on the chessboard and
make predictions, but because it has no memory, it cannot use past experiences to inform future ones.
 Type 2: Limited memory. These AI systems have memory, so they can use past experiences to inform future
decisions. Some of the decision-making functions in self-driving cars are designed this way.
 Type 3:Theory of mind. Theory of mind is a psychology term. When applied to AI, it means that the system would
have the social intelligence to understand emotions. This type of AI will be able to infer human intentions and predict
behavior, a necessary skill for AI systems to become integral members of human teams.
 Type 4: Self-awareness. In this category, AI systems have a sense of self, which gives them consciousness. Machines
with self-awareness understand their own current state. This type of AI does not yet exist.
 EXAMPLES OF AI TECHNOLOGY AND HOW IS IT USED TODAY

 AI is incorporated into a variety of different types of technology. Here are six examples:
 Automation. When paired with AI technologies, automation tools can expand the volume and types of tasks
performed. An example is robotic process automation (RPA), a type of software that automates repetitive, rules-based
data processing tasks traditionally done by humans. When combined with machine learning and emerging AI tools, RPA
can automate bigger portions of enterprise jobs, enabling RPA's tactical bots to pass along intelligence from AI and
respond to process changes.
 Machine learning. This is the science of getting a computer to act without programming. Deep learning is a subset of
machine learning that, in very simple terms, can be thought of as the automation of predictive analytics. There are three
types of machine learning algorithms:
 Supervised learning. Data sets are labeled so that patterns can be detected and used to label new data sets.
 Unsupervised learning. Data sets aren't labeled and are sorted according to similarities or differences.
 Reinforcement learning. Data sets aren't labeled but, after performing an action or several actions, the AI system is given
feedback.
 Machine vision. This technology gives a machine the ability to see. Machine vision captures and analyzes visual
information using a camera, analog-to-digital conversion and digital signal processing. It is often compared to
human eyesight, but machine vision isn't bound by biology and can be programmed to see through walls, for
example. It is used in a range of applications from signature identification to medical image analysis. Computer
vision, which is focused on machine-based image processing, is often conflated with machine vision.
 Natural language processing (NLP). This is the processing of human language by a computer program. One
of the older and best-known examples of NLP is spam detection, which looks at the subject line and text of an
email and decides if it's junk. Current approaches to NLP are based on machine learning. NLP tasks include text
translation, sentiment analysis and speech recognition.
 Robotics. This field of engineering focuses on the design and manufacturing of robots. Robots are often used to
perform tasks that are difficult for humans to perform or perform consistently. For example, robots are used in
assembly lines for car production or by NASA to move large objects in space. Researchers are also using machine
learning to build robots that can interact in social settings.
 Self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles use a combination of computer vision, image recognition and deep
learning to build automated skill at piloting a vehicle while staying in a given lane and avoiding unexpected
obstructions, such as pedestrians.
APPLICATIONS OF AI

 Artificial intelligence has made its way into a wide variety of markets. Here are nine examples.
 AI in healthcare. The biggest bets are on improving patient outcomes and reducing costs. Companies are
applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the best-known healthcare
technologies is IBM Watson. It understands natural language and can respond to questions asked of it. The system
mines patient data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence
scoring schema. Other AI applications include using online virtual health assistants and chatbots to help patients
and healthcare customers find medical information, schedule appointments, understand the billing process and
complete other administrative processes. An array of AI technologies is also being used to predict, fight and
understand pandemics such as COVID-19.
 AI in business. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and customer relationship
management (CRM) platforms to uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have been
incorporated into websites to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also
become a talking point among academics and IT analysts.
 AI in education. AI can automate grading, giving educators more time. It can assess students and adapt to their
needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors can provide additional support to students, ensuring they
stay on track. And it could change where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing some teachers.
 AI in finance. AI in personal finance applications, such as Intuit Mint or TurboTax, is disrupting financial
institutions. Applications such as these collect personal data and provide financial advice. Other programs, such as
IBM Watson, have been applied to the process of buying a home. Today, artificial intelligence software performs
much of the trading on Wall Street.
 AI in law. The discovery process -- sifting through documents -- in law is often overwhelming for humans. Using
AI to help automate the legal industry's labor-intensive processes is saving time and improving client service. Law
firms are using machine learning to describe data and predict outcomes, computer vision to classify and extract
information from documents and natural language processing to interpret requests for information.
 AI in manufacturing. Manufacturing has been at the forefront of incorporating robots into the workflow. For
example, the industrial robots that were at one time programmed to perform single tasks and separated from
human workers, increasingly function as cobots: Smaller, multitasking robots that collaborate with humans and
take on responsibility for more parts of the job in warehouses, factory floors and other workspaces.
 AI in banking. Banks are successfully employing chatbots to make their customers aware of services and
offerings and to handle transactions that don't require human intervention. AI virtual assistants are being used to
improve and cut the costs of compliance with banking regulations. Banking organizations are also using AI to
improve their decision-making for loans, and to set credit limits and identify investment opportunities.
 AI in transportation. In addition to AI's fundamental role in operating autonomous vehicles, AI technologies are
used in transportation to manage traffic, predict flight delays, and make ocean shipping safer and more efficient.
 Security. AI and machine learning are at the top of the buzzword list security vendors use today to differentiate
their offerings.Those terms also represent truly viable technologies. Organizations use machine learning in
security information and event management (SIEM) software and related areas to detect anomalies and identify
suspicious activities that indicate threats. By analyzing data and using logic to identify similarities to known
malicious code, AI can provide alerts to new and emerging attacks much sooner than human employees and
previous technology iterations. The maturing technology is playing a big role in helping organizations fight off
cyber attacks.
AUGMENTED INTELLIGENCE VS. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 Some industry experts believe the term artificial intelligence is too closely linked to popular culture, and this has
caused the general public to have improbable expectations about how AI will change the workplace and life in
general.
 Augmented intelligence. Some researchers and marketers hope the label augmented intelligence, which has a
more neutral connotation, will help people understand that most implementations of AI will be weak and simply
improve products and services. Examples include automatically surfacing important information in business
intelligence reports or highlighting important information in legal filings.
 Artificial intelligence. True AI, or artificial general intelligence, is closely associated with the concept of
the technological singularity -- a future ruled by an artificial superintelligence that far surpasses the human brain's
ability to understand it or how it is shaping our reality. This remains within the realm of science fiction, though
some developers are working on the problem. Many believe that technologies such as quantum computing could
play an important role in making AGI a reality and that we should reserve the use of the term AI for this kind of
general intelligence.
ETHICAL USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 While AI tools present a range of new functionality for businesses, the use of artificial intelligence also raises ethical
questions because, for better or worse, an AI system will reinforce what it has already learned.
 This can be problematic because machine learning algorithms, which underpin many of the most advanced AI tools, are
only as smart as the data they are given in training. Because a human being selects what data is used to train an AI
program, the potential for machine learning bias is inherent and must be monitored closely.
 Anyone looking to use machine learning as part of real-world, in-production systems needs to factor ethics into their AI
training processes and strive to avoid bias. This is especially true when using AI algorithms that are inherently
unexplainable in deep learning and generative adversarial network (GAN) applications.
 Explainability is a potential stumbling block to using AI in industries that operate under strict regulatory
compliance requirements. For example, financial institutions in the United States operate under regulations that require
them to explain their credit-issuing decisions.When a decision to refuse credit is made by AI programming, however, it
can be difficult to explain how the decision was arrived at because the AI tools used to make such decisions operate by
teasing out subtle correlations between thousands of variables. When the decision-making process cannot be explained,
the program may be referred to as black box AI.
COMPONENTS MAKE UP RESPONSIBLE AI USE