IMITASI RATIO FENOTIPE

Genetics Class D
Study Program of Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Jember University
Kalimantan Streat number 37, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121

ABSTRACT
One of the topics in genetics practicum is Imitation Ratio Phenotype which discusses about a fully
dominant monohybrid cross, Incomplete dominant monohybrid, a fully dominant dihybrid, and Incomplete
dominant dihybrid cross, A fully dominant monohybrid cross have three kinds of genotypes with a ratio of 1: 2:
1 and two kinds of phenotypes with a ratio of 3: 1. Incomplete Dominant Monohybrid Crosses have three kinds
of genotypes with a ratio of 1: 2: 1 and three kinds of phenotypes with a ratio 1: 2: 1. A fully dominant dihybrid
cross is a cross between two similar individuals involving two different traits, that have nine kinds of genotypes
with a ratio of 1: 2: 1: 2: 4: 2: 1: 2: 1 and four kinds of phenotypes with a ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1. And Incomplete
dominant dihybrid cross is a cross between two similar individuals involving two different traits that have nine
kinds of genotypes and phenotype with a ratio of 1: 2: 1: 2: 4: 2: 1: 2: 1. And the result is almost all of them are
in accordance with the literature derived from Mendel's Law I and Mendel's Law II. There are only 3 data whose
observations are not good because they experience significant deviations and are not in accordance with
Mendel's hypothesis.

Keyword :Monohybrid, Dihybrid, Dominant, Recessive, Mendel

INTRODUCTION Genetic inheritance is explaining how

Genetics is the study of how life is carried characteristics can be inherited from parents to
through time. It investigates how the wide diversity children and from generation to generation by
of organisms can be simplified into long strands of using fundamental laws of classical genetics or
four-letter code, and how this code is translated Mendelian genetics. Crosses or hybridization in
into twenty words. Gregor Mendel is often biology is marriage between individuals or
considered the father of modern genetics, but his populations that have genetic differences that have
great research on conspecific hybridization was not the result of combined traits from their parents or
truly appreciated at the time (Edwards, 2016: 1). recombination of genes in their offspring. (Awang-
The law of separation and the law of free Kanak et al, 2016: 284)
choice are laws formulated by G. J. Mendel in Monohybrid cross is a cross that only pays
1865. In general, Mendel's law of separation attention to one different characteristic. For
explains the existence of a pair of factors that example, only paying attention to seed color or skin
control each character that separates at the time of color, monohybrid cross is a simple form of
gamete formation. In the law of free choice, inheritance and is the basis for understanding the
Mendel explained that the factors that determine mechanism of inheritance. The parent individual is
the different characters are inherited independently called P1 or parental generation (parent
from one another. The term factors described by generation), P1 offspring is called F1 or the first
Mendel later became known as genes (Fauzi & filial generation, and individuals resulting from
Corebima, 2016 : 372). marriage between F1 are called F2 or second filial
Biologically, a child always inherits genes generation. Note that in each marriage One of the
from his father. It is the gene that carries certain traits does not appear in F1 but then reappears in F2
traits, both those that are physically visible and and with an almost constant ratio of 3 : 1 to explain
those that are not physically visible. The principle this result Mendel introduced a term for an
of genes and the inheritance of modern traits was inheriting factor called the unit factor he assumed
first put forward by Gregor Mendel. Mendel that These units act as basic units of traits that are
studied 7 types of traits inherited in green beans passed down from generation to generation so that
and found a theory of crossovers for independent it can determine the trait of each individual factor
genes. The theory states that the genes of the child unit is now called an allele (Irawan, 2011 : 29-31).
are a combination (cross) of the genes of both Dihybrid Cross is when female and male
parents (Tosida & Utami, 2017 : 44). individuals are crossed to the hereditary pattern of
different alleles for two or more locus controlling
different traits, this types of crossing is called inheritance, as scored by progeny counts, are
dihybrid cross. Dihybrid cross have a phenotype common. Such deviations, broadly termed
ratio of F2 is 9:3:3:1 and the genotype ratio is 1:2:1 transmission ratio distortion (TRD), can result from
:2:4:2:1:2:1 (Abouelmagd & Ageely, 2013 : 49). a variety of selective processes during meiosis,
A fully dominant monohybrid cross and an gametogenesis, fertilization, and offspring
intermediate fully dominant monohybrid cross is a development. TRD is a nuisance in genetic
cross of two similar individuals who have full mapping studies, as it can skew intermarker
dominance with other individuals who are distances and, when severe enough to reduce the
recessive. Fully dominant monohybrid cross effective sample size of informative genotypes,
produces F1 individuals who have the same bias quantitative trait locus (QTL) estimation.
phenotype as the dominant parent trait. Dihybrid However, as locus specific indicators of selection,
cross, each individual has more than one different mapped TRD locus (TRDLs) also provide
characteristic. Mendel also conducted an invaluable insight into genetic and evolutionary
experiment by holding a cross between two pea mechanisms of individual fitness variation,
plants that have two different properties. population divergence, and speciation (Fishman &
Determining gametes from the parent genotive, in McInthos, 2019 : 14.3).
monohybrid cross, it is known that there are 2 kinds
of gametes formed in P2, meanwhile in dihybrid RESEARCH METHODS
cross formed in P2 there are 4 types, for trihybrid This research was conducted on October 15,
cross there are 8 kinds, if the cross with n different 2020, through Zoom media with laboratory
properties will be obtained 2n kinds gametes assistants and lecturers from the Study Program of
(Wahyuningsih, 2019 : 4). Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training
In the science of genetics the ability to and Education, Jember University. There are 2
evaluate deviations from an observed result from tools that we use to represent a fully dominant
an expected result is very important. When it is monohybrid cross, Incomplete dominant
assumed that the F2 generation result ratio is 3: 1 or monohybrid, a fully dominant dihybrid, and
9: 3: 3: 1 it can be said that it is hypothesis 0. It is Incomplete dominant dihybrid cross, namely
so named because there is no deviation (difference Colorful genetic buttons (paired buttons represent
equal to 0) between the ratio observed and the ratio diploid, the formed gametes have haploid
expected to occur. This hypothesis can be rejected chromosomes represented by buttons. which is
or accepted. If it is rejected, it means that the unpaired whereas in the experiment button
observed deviation from the expected ratio is not cleavage dihybrid with protrusion represents the
due to coincidence. One of the simplest statistical dominant gene) and Pouch describe the site of
tests is the Pearson's chi-square test (X²) which was spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
found by Karl Pearson with guidance on the Chi The work step is to prepare two bags as
square distribution reference (Sobir & Syukur, male and female reproductive organs. In a
2015 : 113). monohybrid cross, each bag contains 10 buttons of
A conventional measure of good two different colors (light color = dominant and
comparison is a value called chi - square (its dark color = recessive). Scramble the buttons and
symbol X²), Which is calculated from the number take a button from each bag at random, unite the
of progeny observed in each various classes, two buttons and write the genotype of the zygote
compared with the number expected in each of the obtained into the table. At fully dominant
classes on the basis of some genetic hypothesis Monohybrid cross, MM = red, Mm = red, mm =
(Hartl & Jones, 2011 : 139). white. In a monohybrid cross is not full, MM =
Transmission ratio distortion (TRD) is red, Mm = pink, mm = white. Write down the
defined as the allele transmission deviation from individual phenotypes obtained, then return the
the heterozygous parent to the offspring from the buttons to the original bag and do not get confused.
expected Mendelian genotypic frequencies. repeating randomization and taking so that you get
Although TRD can be a confounding factor in 12 data for each group. After that, do the X 2 test
genetic mapping studies, this phenomenon remains (Chi-Square Test).
mostly unknown in pigs, particularly in traditional In a dihybrid cross, each pouch contains 5
breeds (Gomez et al, 2020 : 1). reds with protrusions (Big red = MB gamete), 5
The random transmission of alternative reds without protrusion (Small red = Mb), 5 whites
alleles at a diploid locus to gametes and progeny, with protrusions (Big white = mB), 5 white
codified as Mendel’s law of equal segregation, is a without bulging (White small = gamete mb).
cornerstone of genetics and evolutionary biology. Scramble the buttons and take a button from each
Equal segregation is generally favored by natural bag at random, unite the two buttons and write the
selection, as the “parliament of genes” opposes genotype of the zygote obtained into the table. In
transmission bias at any given locus. That fully dominant Dihybrid cross:
biologically based deviations from Mendelian
 Genotipe Fenotipe G2 : M,m dan Mm
MMBB Merah besar F2 : MM, Mm, Mm, mm
MMBb Merah besar Genotype comparison : MM : Mm : mm
MmBB Merah besar : 1 : 2 : 1
MmBb Merah besar Phenotype comparison : Red : White
MMbb Merah kecil : 3 : 1
Mmbb Merah kecil
mmBB Putih besar Incomplete Dominant Monohybrid Crosses,
mmbb Putih kecil If one parent has an intermediate dominant trait,
then the individual crossing (F1) will produce
In the incomplete dominant Dihybrid cross: offspring (F2) with three kinds of genotypes with a
ratio of 1: 2: 1 and three kinds of phenotypes with a
Genotipe Fenotipe ratio 1: 2: 1. Example: Crossing of four o'clock
MMBB Merah besar flower plants with white flowers.
MMBb Merah sedang P1 : Red >< White
MmBB Merah muda besar : MM >< mm
MmBb Merah muda sedang G1 : M dan m
MMbb Merah kecil F1 : Mm (Pink)
Mmbb Merah muda kecil
mmbb Putih kecil P2 : Pink >< Pink
mmBb Putih sedang
: Mm >< Mm
mmBB Putih besar
G2 : M,m dan Mm
Write down the individual phenotypes F2 : MM, Mm, Mm, mm
obtained, then return the buttons to the original bag Genotype comparison : MM : Mm : mm
and do not get confused. repeating randomization : 1 : 2 : 1
and retrieval so that we get 16 data for each group. Phenotype comparison : Red : Pink : White
After that, do the X2 test (Chi-Square Test). The : 1 : 2 : 1
formula for calculating the value of X2 (Chi-square
Test) : A fully dominant dihybrid cross is a cross
{ | h - h . h | - 0,5} between two similar individuals involving two
X2 = ∑ different traits, will produce uniform individuals
h.h (F1) if one parent is fully dominant and the other
parent is recessive. If it is continued by crossing
If X2 count > X table with p = 0.05 (probability of
2
other individuals (F1), it will produce offspring
occurrence 0.05) then the deviation is significant, (F2) with nine kinds of genotypes with a ratio of 1:
which means that the observed data is not good. If 2: 1: 2: 4: 2: 1: 2: 1 and four kinds of phenotypes
X2 count < X2 table with p = 0.05 then the deviation with a ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1.For example, a cross
is not meaningful, it means that the observed data is between a green pea plant with a green pea plant
good. with wrinkled and brown seeds.
Incomplete dominant dihybrid cross is a
RESULT AND DISCUSSION cross between two similar individuals involving
A fully dominant monohybrid cross will two different traits, If one parent has an
produce uniform individuals (F1) if one parent is intermediate dominant trait, then the individual
crossing (F1) will produce offspring (F2) with nine
fully dominant and the other parent is recessive. If
kinds of genotypes with a ratio of 1: 2: 1: 2: 4: 2: 1:
it is continued by crossing other individuals (F1), it 2: 1 and nine kinds of phenotypes with a ratio of 1:
will produce offspring (F2) with three kinds of 2: 1: 2: 4: 2: 1: 2: 1. For example, a cross between a
genotypes with a ratio of 1: 2: 1 and two kinds of green pea plant with a green pea plant with
phenotypes with a ratio of 3: 1. Example of Crosses wrinkled and brown seeds.
on red-flowered peas with white-flowered peas. Chi-square is a test used to find out the truth
P1 : Red >< White of the results of an experiment. The comparisons
expected are not accidental. The expected
: MM >< mm
comparison (hypothesis) is based on the
G1 : M dan m independent separation of alleles, balanced
F1 : Mm (Red Heterozygous) fertilization of gametes and perfect segregation. In
an experiment, it is rare to find the exact result as
P2 : Red >< Red expected. A hypothesis is always a deviation. To
: Mm >< Mm find out whether the deviation that occurred in the
experiment was due to chance (random) or due to
other factors, it can be done in the X 2 test (Chi- Table 3. Incomplete Dominant Dihybrid Cross
square Test). In monohybrid there are two Group MB Ms Mb PB Ps Pb mB ms mb
phenotypes, namely the normal phenotype and the 1 2 2 0 3 6 2 1 0 0
mutant phenotype. For a certain population, the 2 3 2 0 3 2 2 2 1 1
number of one phenotype is independent, while the 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1
second phenotype is not independent. Thus the 4 0 4 1 5 0 2 2 0 2
population has one degree of freedom (many 5 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2
classes - 1). The formula for calculating the value 6 0 1 1 4 3 2 1 3 1
of X2 (Chi-square Test) :
MB: Red, Big Mb : Red, Small Ms : Red, Medium
X2 = ∑ { | h - h . h | - 0,5} PB : Pink, Big Pb : Pink, Small Ps : Pink, Medium
mB : White, Big mb : White, Small ms : White, Medium
h.h
Table 4. Monohyrid Chi-Square Test (X2)
If X2 count > X table with p = 0.05 (probability of
2
Cross Pattern
occurrence 0.05) then the deviation is significant, Group Incomplete
which means that the observed data is not good. If fully dominant
dominant
X2 count < X2 table with p = 0.05 then the deviation 1 30% > X2 > 50% 30% > X2 > 50%
is not meaningful, it means that the observed data is 2 70% > X2 > 90% 10% > X2 > 30%
good. 3 30% > X > 50%
2
70% > X2 > 90%
There are 2 tools that we use to represent a 4 70% > X2 > 90% 1% > X2 > 5%
fully dominant monohybrid cross, a fully dominant 5 70% > X2 > 90% 70% > X2 > 90%
monohybrid, a fully dominant dihybrid, and a fully 6 5% > X2 > 10% 10% > X2 > 30%
dominant dihybrid cross, namely Colorful genetic
buttons (paired buttons represent diploid, the Table 5. Dihyrid Chi-Square Test (X2)
formed gametes have haploid chromosomes
Cross Pattern
represented by buttons. which is unpaired whereas
Group Incomplete
in the experiment button cleavage dihybrid with fully dominant
dominant
protrusion represents the dominant gene) and
1 70% > X2 > 90% 50% > X2 > 70%
Pouch describe the site of spermatogenesis and
oogenesis. 2 10% > X2 > 30% 30% > X2 > 50%
The following are the results from 3 10% > X > 30%
2
70% > X2 > 90%
observers for each group that we have obtained 4 50% > X > 70%
2
5% > X2 > 10%
from a fully dominant monohybrid cross, 5 70% > X > 90%
2
70% > X2 > 90%
Incomplete dominant monohybrid, a fully dominant 6 1% > X > 5%
2
70% > X2 > 90%
dihybrid, and Incomplete dominant dihybrid cross
along with the results of the chi-square test (X 2), From these results we can see that each
some data, including : cross from each group has different results. In the
fully dominant monohybrid cross of group 1, the
Table 1. Monohybrid Cross results were obtained, the number of red
Fully phenotypes 7 and white phenotypes 5 with the
Incomplete Dominant results of the Chi-Square Test 1, namely
Group Dominant
Red White Red Pink White insignificant deviation which means the results of
1 7 5 5 4 3 the data observations are good, with a probability
2 9 3 1 5 6 of 30%> X2> 50%. In the results of group 2, the
3 7 5 3 5 4 number of red phenotypes 9 and 3 white
phenotypes with the results of the Chi-Square Test
4 10 2 6 2 4
0.11, namely insignificant deviations which means
5 8 4 3 5 4
that the results of the data observations are good,
6 6 6 5 7 0
with a probability of 70%> X2> 90%. In the results
of group 3, the number of red phenotypes 7 and
Table 2. Fully Dominant Dihybrid Cross white phenotypes 5 with the results of the Chi-
Group MB Mb mB mb Square Test 1, namely insignificant deviations,
1 9 3 2 2 which means the results of the data observations
2 12 0 3 1 are good, with a probability of 30%> X 2> 50%. In
3 6 4 3 3 the results of group 4, the number of red
4 7 3 5 1 phenotypes is 10 and the white phenotypes are 2
5 9 4 3 0 with the Chi-Square Test result of 0.11, which is an
6 6 4 2 4 insignificant deviation which means the results of
the data observations are good, with a probability deviation which means the results of the data
of 70%> X2> 90%. In the results of group 5, the observations are good, with a probability of 10%>
number of red phenotypes 8 and 4 white X2> 30%. In the results of group 4, the number of
phenotypes with the results of the Chi-Square Test phenotypes is big red 7, red small 3, big white 5
0.11, namely insignificant deviations which means and small white 1 with the Chi-Square Test result
that the results of the data observations are good, of 1.78, which is an insignificant deviation which
with a probability of 70%> X2> 90%. And in the means that the results of the data observation are
results of group 6, the number of red phenotypes 6 good, with a probability of 50%> X2> 70%. In the
and white phenotypes 6 with the results of the Chi- results of group 5, the number of phenotypes is big
Square Test of 2.78, which is an insignificant red 9, red small 4, white large 3 and white small 0
deviation which means that the results of the data with the results of the Chi-Square Test 1.33, which
observations are good, with a probability of 5%> is an insignificant deviation which means the
X2> 10%. results of the data observations are good, with a
In the incomplete dominant monohybrid probability of 70%> X2> 90%. In the results of
cross for group 1, the number of phenotypes red 5, group 6, the number of phenotypes is big red 6, red
pink 4 and white 3 was obtained with the results of small 4, big white 2 and small white 4 with the
the Chi-Square Test 2, which means that the results of the Chi-Square Test 10.7, which is a
observed data were good, with a probability of significant deviation which means that the results
30%> X2> 50% . In the results of group 2, the of the data observation are not good, with a
number of phenotypes is red 1, pink 6 and white 3 probability of 5%> X2> 10%.
with the Chi-Square Test result of 1.33, which is an In the incomplete dominant dihybrid cross,
insignificant deviation which means that the results the results are obtained, the number of phenotypes
of the data observation are good, with a probability is large red 2, medium red 2, small red 0, large pink
of 10%> X2> 30%. In the results of group 3, the 3, medium pink 6, small pink 2, large white 1,
number of phenotypes is red 3, pink 5 and white 4 medium white 0, and small white 0 with test results
with the Chi-Square Test result of 0.50, which is an Chi-Square Test 6.5 is a meaningless deviation
insignificant deviation which means the results of which means that the results of the data observation
the data observation are good, with a probability of are good, with a probability of 50%> X 2> 70%. In
70%> X2> 90%. In the results of group 4, the the results of group 2, the phenotypes of large red
number of phenotypes is red 6, pink 2 and white 4 3, medium red 2, small red 0, large pink 3, medium
with the results of the Chi-Square Test 6, which is a pink 2, small pink 2, large white 2, medium white
significant deviation, which means that the results 1, and small white 1 with the results of the Chi-
of the data observation are not good, with a Square Test. 8, namely the insignificant deviation
probability of 5%> X2> 10%. In the results of which means that the results of the data observation
group 5, the number of phenotypes is red 3, pink 5 are good, with a probability of 30%> X 2> 50%. In
and white 4 with the Chi-Square Test result of 0.50, the results of group 3, the phenotypes of large red
which is an insignificant deviation which means 2, medium red 1, small red 1, large pink 2, medium
that the results of the data observation are good, pink 3, small pink 3, large white 2, medium white
with a probability of 70%> X 2> 90%. In the results 1, and small white 1 with the results of the Chi-
of group 6, the number of phenotypes red 5, pink 7 Square Test. 3.75, namely the insignificant
and white 0 with the results of the Chi-Square Test deviation which means the results of the data
4.50, which is an insignificant deviation which observation are good, with a probability of 70%>
means that the results of the data observation are X2> 90%. In the results of group 4, the phenotypes
good, with a probability of 10%> X2> 30%. of large red 0, medium red 4, small red 1, large
In fully dominant dihybrid cross group 1, pink 5, medium pink 0, small pink 2, large white 2,
the results are obtained, the number of phenotypes medium white 0, and small white 2 with the results
is large red 9, red small 3, white large 2 and white of the Chi-Square Test. 15.5, which means there is
small 2 with the results of the Chi-Square Test a significant deviation, which means that the results
1.33, which is not a significant deviation which of the data observation are not good, with a
means the results of the data observations are good, probability of 5%> X2> 10%. In the results of
with probability 70%> X2> 90%. In the results of group 5, the phenotypes of large red 2, medium red
group 2, the number of phenotypes is big red 12, 1, small red 1, large pink 3, medium pink 2, small
red small 0, big white 3 and small white 1 with the pink 2, large white 2, medium white 1, and small
results of the Chi-Square Test 4, which is an white 2 with the results of the Chi-Square Test. 5,5
insignificant deviation which means the results of which is a meaningless deviation which means that
the data observation are good, with a probability of the results of the data observation are good, with a
10%> X2> 30% . In the results of group 3, the probability of 70%> X2> 90%. In the results of
number of phenotypes is big red 6, red small 4, big group 6, the phenotypes of large red 0, medium red
white 3 and small white 3 with the results of the 1, small red 1, large pink 4, medium pink 3, small
Chi-Square Test 5.33, which is not a significant pink 2, large white 1, medium white 3, and small
white 1 with the results of the Chi-Square Test. Abouelmagd, Ahmed., H. M. Ageely. 2013. Basic
4.25, namely the insignificant deviation which Genetics : A Primer Covering Molecular
means that the results of the data observation are Composicion of Genetic material, Gene
good, with a probability of 70%> X2> 90%.
Expression and Genetic Engineering, and
From this data, almost all of them are in
accordance with the literature derived from Mutations and Human Genetic Disorder.
Mendel's Law I and Mendel's Law II. There are USA : Universal-Publishers.
only 3 data whose observations are not good Awang-Kanak, Fadzilah., M. Masnoddin., A.
because they experience significant deviations and Matawali., M. A. Daud., N. R. Jumat. 2016.
are not in accordance with Mendel's hypothesis. Difficulties experience by science foundation
that the data of monohybrid cross is fully dominant students on basic mendelian genetics topic: a
group 4, fully dominant dihybrid cross is group 6
preliminary study. Transactions on Science
and dominant dihybrid cross is not full group 4.
and Technology. 3(1-2): 284
CONCLUSSION Edwards, Ross. 2016. The study of genetics : A
historical perspective. ISCIENTIST. 1(1): 1
A fully dominant monohybrid cross will
Fauzi, Ahmad., A. D. Corebima. 2016.
produce uniform individuals (F1) if one parent is
Pemanfaatan Drosophila melanogaster
fully dominant and the other parent is recessive. If
sebagai organisme model dalam mempelajari
it is continued by crossing other individuals (F1), it
hukum pewarisan mendel. Prosiding Seminar
will produce offspring (F2) with three kinds of
Nasional Biologi. 2016. 372-377.
genotypes with a ratio of 1: 2: 1 and two kinds of
Fishman, Lila., M. McInthos. 2019. Standard
phenotypes with a ratio of 3: 1. Incomplete
deviations: the biological bases of
Dominant Monohybrid Crosses, If one parent has
transmission ratio distortion. Annual Review
an intermediate dominant trait, then the individual
of Genetics. 5(3) : 347-372.
crossing (F1) will produce offspring (F2) with three
Gomez, Marta Vazquez., M. M. H. Villalba., L.
kinds of genotypes and phenotype with a ratio of 1:
Varona., N. I. Escriche., J. P. Rosas., S.
2: 1.
Negro., J. L. Noguera., J. Casellas. 2020.
A fully dominant dihybrid cross is a cross
Maternal transmission ratio distortion in two
between two similar individuals involving two
iberian pig varieties. Genes. 11(9) : 1-16.
different traits, will produce uniform individuals
Hartl, Daniel L., E. W. Jones., 2011. Genetics
(F1) if one parent is fully dominant and the other
Analysis Of Genes And Genomes. Seventh
parent is recessive. If it is continued by crossing
Edition. London : Jones & Bartlett Learning
other individuals (F1), it will produce offspring
Intetnational.
(F2) with nine kinds of genotypes with a ratio of 1:
Irawan, Bambang. 2011. Genetika Penjelasan
2: 1: 2: 4: 2: 1: 2: 1 and four kinds of phenotypes
Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat. Surabaya : Pusat
with a ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1. Incomplete dominant
penerbitan dan percetakan Unair (AUP).
dihybrid cross is a cross between two similar
Sobir., M. Syukur. 2015. Genetika Tanaman.
individuals involving two different traits, If one
Bogor : IPB Press.
parent has an intermediate dominant trait, then the
Tosita, Eneng Tita., D. K. Utami. 2017. Pemodelan
individual crossing (F1) will produce offspring (F2)
sistem pewarisan gen manusia berdasarkan
with nine kinds of genotypes and phenotype with a
hukum mendel dengan algoritma branch and
ratio of 1: 2: 1: 2: 4: 2: 1: 2: 1.
bound. Journal Ekologia. 11(1) : 44-52.
Almost all of them are in accordance with
Wahyuningsih, Tutik. 2019. Peningkatan hasil
the literature derived from Mendel's Law I and
belajar ipa materi proses persilangan dengan
Mendel's Law II. There are only 3 data whose
metode tutor sebaya di smp negeri 3
observations are not good because they experience
trenggalek. Journal Education Research and
significant deviations and are not in accordance
Development. 3(1) : 1-12.
with Mendel's hypothesis. that the data of
monohybrid cross is fully dominant group 4, fully
dominant dihybrid cross is group 6 and dominant
dihybrid cross is not full group 4.

REFFERENCES ATTACHMENT
Result of Group 3 : c. A Fully Dominant Dihybrid
a. A Fully Dominant Monohybrid

b. Incomplete Dominant Monohybrid

d. Incomplete Dominant Dihybrid