30/12/2021, 05:33 Arduino Based IoT Garden Monitoring System

 
Arduino Based IoT Garden Monitoring System

March 29, 2018 By Hai Prasaath K

Gardening is a common hobby for nature lovers. The plants need continuous and closely
monitored care. Sometimes, this turn into a liability. Like when the care taker of a home garden
needs to go out of station for a while, the garden may remain unattended for some time or even
long time. The Internet of Things can offer a feasible solution to this. The garden can be
modernized with electronic technology that continuously monitors the conditions of plants and
soil, so the plants could be provided watering and shade as required. All of this can be controlled
and monitored online with the application of IoT. 
 
In this project, a simple garden monitoring system based on Internet of Things is designed. An
IoT device built on  Arduino  UNO and equipped with  sensors  like DHT-11 Temperature and
Humidity sensor, Moisture sensor and LDR sensor is designed which sends environmental data
to ThingSpeak IoT platform by connecting to a Wi-Fi Access Point. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi modem
is interfaced to the Arduino to connect with a Wi-Fi hotspot. The device is also interfaced with a
water pump controlled by L293D  motor driver IC. The water pump is automatically controlled
based on the values of the various environmental factors. The various environmental factors like
temperature, humidity, soil moisture and light intensity can be monitored on the Freeboard.io
dashboard. 
 
In fact many such devices can be installed to keep a watch in a large garden. The Arduino Sketch
running over the device implements the various functionalities of the project like reading sensor
data, converting them into strings, passing them to the IoT platform, receiving commands from
the IoT platform to control water pump and controlling water pump for timely watering of plants.
The Sketch is written, compiled and loaded using the  ArduinoIDE.  The IoT platform used is
ThingSpeak and the Freeboard.io is used to built the IoT Dashboard. 
 
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 

 
Fig. 1: Prototype of Arduino based IoT Garden Monitoring System 
 
 
Components Required – 
 

 
Fig. 2: List of Components required for Arduino based IoT Garden Monitoring System 
 
Block Diagram – 
 

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 

 
Fig. 3: Block Diagram of Arduino based IoT Garden Monitoring System 
 
Circuit Connections – 
 
The garden monitoring device is built on Arduino UNO.So reader should have knowledge of How
to start with Arduino.  The Arduino UNO is one of the most popular prototyping board that is
commonly used even in the IoT projects. Various sensors like DHT-11, Moisture sensor and LDR,
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Modem and L293D motor driver IC are interfaced to the Arduino.  
 
 

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 

 
Fig. 4: Image showing Circuit Connections of Arduino based IoT Garden Monitoring System 
 
The Arduino based IoT device has the following circuit connections – 
 
Arduino UNO – The Arduino UNO is ATmega328 based microcontroller board. It is one of the
most popular prototyping boards. The board comes with built-in arduino boot loader. It has 14
GPIO pins, 6 PWM pins, 6 Analog inputs and on board UART, SPI and TWI interfaces, an on-
board resonator, a reset button, and holes for mounting pin headers. While programming the
board, it can be connected to the PC using USB port and the board can runs on USB power. The
Arduino UNO has 32 Kb Flash memory, 1 Kb  EEPROM  and 2 Kb SRAM. The board can be
connected to different Arduino Shields for connectivity with  Ethernet, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi,
Zigbee  or Cellular network and it can be connected to most of the IoT platforms. The
ATmega328 controller has the following pin configuration – 
 

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 

 
Fig. 5: Table Listing Pin Configuration of Arduino Uno
 
In this project, the two  Analog Input  pins of the board are used to interface the LDR and
Moisture sensor, one GPIO is used to interface DHT-11 sensor, two GPIO are used to interface
ESP8266 module where pins are configured UART transmitter and receiver pins using software
serial and 2 GPIO pins are used to interface the L293D motor driver IC. 
 
DHT-11 Sensor – DHT-11 is a temperature and humidity sensor. The DHT11 sensor consists of
two main components – one is Humidity sensing component and other is NTC temperature sensor
(or Thermistor). The Thermistor is actually a variable  resistor  that changes its resistance with
change in temperature. They both sense the temperature and humidity of area and give the output
to the IC (which is placed on back side of sensor). The sensor has four pins – VCC, Ground, data
Out and NC. The VCC and Ground pins are connected to the common VCC and Ground
respectively. The Data Out pin of the sensor is connected to Pin 3 of the Arduino board. 
 

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LDR Sensor – The LDR is used to sense the intensity of light. The sensor is connected to the A1
pin of the Arduino board. The sensor is connected in a potential divider circuit. The LDR
provides an analog voltage which is converted to digital reading by the in-built ADC.
   
Moisture Sensor – An Arduino compatible soil moisture sensor is used in the project. The sensor
measures the volumetric water content of the soil with the help of a sensing probe which must be
put into the soil. The sensor module operates between a voltage of 3.3 V to 5V. It has a LM393
comparator on-board. The module has four terminals –  VCC, Ground, Data out and Analog
output. The VCC and Ground pins are connected to the common VCC and Ground respectively.
The Analog Output pin of the sensor is connected to A0 Pin of the Arduino board.
 
ESP8266 Module – The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP
protocol stack that can access to a Wi-Fi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an
application or off loading all  Wi-Fi  networking functions from another application processor.
Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set firmware.  The module
comes available in two models – ESP-01 and ESP-12. ESP-12 has 16 pins available for
interfacing while ESP-01 has only 8 pins available for use. The ESP-12 has the following pin
configuration – 
 

 
Fig. 6: Table Listing Pin Configuration of ESP8266 ESP-12 Modem
 

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The ESP-01 model is used in the project. The ESP-01 model has the following pin configuration
– 
 

 

 
Fig. 7: Table Listing Pin Configuration of ESP8266 ESP-01 Modem
 
The RESET and VCC pins of the  module are connected to  the 3.3 V DC while Ground pin is
connected to the common ground. The Tx and Rx pins of the module are connected to the 10 and
11 pins of the Arduino UNO. 
 
L293D DC Motor Driver IC –    The L293D is the motor control driver IC. It has 16 pins with
following pin configuration: 
 

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Fig. 8: Table listing Pin Configuration of L293D Motor Driver IC
 
A water pump is controlled in the circuit using L293D which is connected between pins 3 and 6
 
of the IC.
 
The L293D IC controls any  DC Motors according to the following truth tables: 
 

 
Fig. 9: Truth Table of L293D Motor Driver IC
 
The pins 2 and 7 of the L293D are connected to pins 6 and 7 of the Arduino board and let control
the rotation of the pump. The pin 1 and 16 (VSS) are connected to 5V DC and pin 8 (VS) is
connected to 12V DC supply. The pins 4 and 5 are grounded. The pins 12 and 13 of the motor
driver IC are also grounded. 
 
Power Supply – The circuit requires 5V DC for its operation while the motor driver IC also needs
12V DC. The AC mains is used as the primary source of power. The supply from the mains is
stepped down by a transformer and rectified by a full-bridge rectifier.  The rectified output is
regulated to 5V and 12V using 7805 and 7812 ICs. The pin 1 of both the voltage regulator ICs is
connected to the anode of the battery and pin 2 of both ICs is connected to ground. The respective
voltage outputs are drawn from pin 3 of the respective voltage regulator ICs. An LED along with
a 10K Ω pull-up  resistor  is also connected between common ground and output pin to get a
visual hint of supply continuity. 
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How the circuit works – 
 
This
 Arduino based IoT device can be installed anywhere in a garden. Once it is properly

installed and powered on, it connects with the internet via Wi-Fi modem and start reading data
from the interfaced sensors – DHT-11 temperature and humidity sensor, Moisture Sensor and the
LDR sensor. 
 
DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor is a digital sensor with inbuilt capacitive humidity
sensor and Thermistor. It relays a real-time temperature and humidity reading every 2 seconds.
The sensor operates on 3.5 to 5.5 V supply and can read temperature between 0° C and 50° C and
relative humidity between 20% and 95%. 
 
The sensor cannot be directly interfaced to a digital pin of the board as it operates on 1-wire
protocol which must be implemented only on the firmware. First the data pin is configured to
input and a start signal is sent to it. The start signal comprises of a LOW for 18 milliseconds
followed by a HIGH for 20 to 40 microseconds followed by a LOW again for 80 microseconds
and a HIGH for 80 microseconds. After sending the start signal, the pin is configured to digital
output and 40-bit data comprising of the temperature and humidity reading is latched out. Of the
5-byte data, the first two bytes are integer and decimal part of reading for relative humidity
respectively, third and fourth bytes are integer and decimal part of reading for temperature and
last one is checksum byte. 
 
For Arduino, standard library for DHT-11 sensor is already available. The data from the sensor
can be easily ready by calling read11() method of the DHT class. 
 
The LDR sensor is connected in a potential divider circuit and inputs a voltage at the analog input
pin of the controller. The voltage is read and digitized using in-built ADC channel. 
 
The moisture sensor also has an analog output which is sensed at A0 pin of the Arduino UNO and
is converted to a calibrated value using in-built ADC. The moisture sensor outputs an analog
voltage in range from 0 to 4.2 V. The Arduino has 10-bit ADC channel, so the detected voltage is
converted to a value in range from 0 to 1024. The drier is the soil the higher is the voltage output

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of the sensor. The moisture can be expressed in percentage by calibrating the voltage output of the
sensor in dry and wet soil. 
 

Arduino collects data from all the sensors and convert the values to the strings. The ESP8266
The 
Wi-Fi module connected to the Arduino uploads the data to ThingSpeak Server. For displaying
and monitoring data uploaded to the ThingSpeak server, either a digital dashboard or data broker
is needed. In this project, a digital dashboard called Freeboard.io is used to monitor the sensor
data visually online. The Freeboard.io use JASON file to visualize ThingSpeak data. It offers
three elements to build a dashboard – 
 
1) Data Sources – The data sources get the data from external sources. These external sources
can be data broker services, JavaScript applications or JSON files receiving content from an
HTTP server. In this project, the data source is a JSON file that receives data from the
ThingSpeak server. 
 
2) Widgets – The Widgets help to display data in textual or graphical form. There are many
widgets available in Freeboard.io like text, graph, gauge etc.
 

3) Panes – These are used to organize widgets. 

 
Freeboard.io requires sign up and after sign widgets can be created. 
 

Fig. 10: Screenshot of Freeboard Sign Up Page

 

Freeboard.io Sign Up
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 There are four gauge type widgets created to monitor temperature, humidity, light intensity and
soil moisture.
   
The dashboard on Freeboard.io can be created as follow – 
 

1. Go to freeboard.io website and sign up with a new account.

 
2. Enter the name and click on the create button, after entering into the new window, click on the
create data source and select type as JASON.
 

 
Fig. 11: Screenshot of Gauge Type Widgets on Freeboard API
 
Freeboard.io Data Source Selection
 
3. After that fill the fields to indicate the IoT platform. In the URL tab, change the number
392797 with the respective channel id.
 
4. After creating the data source, click on add pane and select as Gauge.
 

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 

 
Fig. 12: Screenshot of Creating Data source on Freeboard API
 
Freeboard.io Widget Creation
 
5. At the pane, after selecting the Gauge select the following as shown below and create the
widgets.
 

 
Fig. 13: Screenshot of Making Data Source Selection on Freeboard API
Freeboard.io Gauge Widget Creation

This way the sensor data can be uploaded on ThingSpeak server and viewed online at
Freeboard.io dashboard. The dashboard can be accessed from any device like Smart Phone,
Laptop or PC having an Internet connectivity. 
 
The water pump is automatically controlled depending upon the values of the environmental
factors detected by the Arduino. If the moisture level is below 80%, the pump is switched ON and
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keeps running until the moisture level is retained. 

 
The Arduino board needs to connect with a Wi-Fi access point in order to connect with the

internet. 
The name and password of the Wi-Fi access point are hard-coded in the Arduino sketch.
The initialization of the Wi-Fi connection is done within the setup() function of the Arduino
Sketch which runs once the board is powered on. 
 

The setup of Wi-Fi connection is run by passing AT commands to the ESP8266 Wi-Fi modem.
The modem is connected to GPIO pins of the Arduino which are configured as UART transmitter
and receiver pins by using software serial library. The Wi-Fi is initialized by passing the
following AT commands to ESP module – 
 
AT : This command is passed to check if modem is functioning properly.
 
AT+GMR: This command is passed to print the firmware version. 
 

AT+CWMODE=3 : This command is passed to set the Wi-Fi mode to both AP as well as Station
mode. 
 

AT+RST: This command is passed to reset the modem. 

 
After reset, the modem check IP addresses of the available access points. The ESP modem can
connect with the access point whose SSID and Password are hard-coded in the Arduino Sketch.
The following AT command is passed to connect with the Access Point – 
AT+CWJAP
 
Once the modem is connected to an access point, it obtains IP address by executing the following
command – 
 
AT+CIFSR: This command is used to obtain IP address of ESP module as an client. 
 

The IP address is stored in a string and acknowledged to the Arduino board. Once the sensor data
is collected, the following AT commands are passed to the ESP module for sending it to the
cloud- 
 

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AT+CIPSTART=4,”TCP”,”184.106.153.149″,80: This command is passed to start a TCP

connection with the given IP address at the specified port (80).  
 


AT+CIPSEND=4, String(getStr.length()): This command is passed to send data at the
previously mentioned IP address with the number of transmit connections set to 4 and length of
data (which can be maximum 2048 bytes) specified. 
 

So, the Arduino connects with the server via ESP modem and the sent data can be graphically
observed on Freeboard.io. 
 

Programming Guide – 
 
The Arduino sketch manages to collect data from the DHT-11, Moisture sensor and LDR sensor,
convert sensor values to string, control water pump via L293D IC and pass data to the
ThingSpeak server. First the standard open-source library of Arduino for interfacing DHT11 is
imported and software Serial library for serial communication with the Wi-Fi module is imported.
The variables representing pin connections to read the sensor data are initialized. 
 

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Fig. 14: Screenshot of Initialization of Arduino Code for IoT Garden Monitoring System
 
Initialization in Arduino Sketch for IoT Garden Monitoring System 
 
 
The setup() function is called in which baud rate for the serial communication for communication
with the Wi-Fi modem is set to 9600. The Wi-Fi mode and network connectivity is established
using the AT commands with some delays. The delay should be given according to time it takes to
connect with the network.
 

 
Fig. 15: Screenshot of Setup Function in Arduino Code for IoT Garden Monitoring System
 
Setup Function in Arduino Sketch for IoT Garden Monitoring 
 
The loop() function is called in which the sensor data is fetched and stored in the initialized
variables. The water pump is controlled by passing appropriate digital logic at the input pins of
the L293D motor driver IC. The esp8266() function is called for transmitting data to the cloud.
 

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 

 
Fig. 16: Screenshot of Loop Function in Arduino Code for IoT Garden Monitoring System
 
Loop Function in Arduino Sketch for IoT Garden Monitoring System
 
At the esp8266() function, the AT commands for establishing TCP connection are passed, and
then API key of the ThingSpeak is given to transmit a data to the registered channel. At every 16
seconds, the data gets updated to the ThingSpeak channel.
 

 
Fig. 17: Screenshot of Function Managing IoT communication in Arduino Sketch for IoT Garden Monitoring
System
 

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Function Managing IoT communication in Arduino Sketch for IoT Garden Monitoring System
 
This completes the Arduino sketch for IOT Based Garden Monitoring System. Check out the

Arduino Sketch from the code section to try it out.  
 
This Project is easy to built and can be installed anywhere in a garden. It allows automatic
maintenance of the garden and remote monitoring with the help of IoT. 
Project Source Code

###

//Program to

/*=========================================================================*/

/*Standard Library */

/*=========================================================================*/

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#include<dht.h>

/*=========================================================================*/

/*Variable Initialization for Senor pins */

/*=========================================================================*/

dht DHT;

#define DHT11_PIN 3

#define RM_1 6

#define RM_2 7

float t=0;

float h=0;

int sen_val = 0;

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int lig_val = 0;

char data = 0;

 
#define MOS_SEN A0

#define LDR_SEN A1

/*=========================================================================*/

/*API key for thingspeak and change with your API */

/*=========================================================================*/

String apiKey = "CAM10KIK7YH2HAO0";

/*=========================================================================*/

/*Serial pins for connecting WiFi module */

/*=========================================================================*/

SoftwareSerial ser(10,11); // RX, TX

/*=========================================================================*/

/*Setup() function that runs first */

/*=========================================================================*/

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(MOS_SEN, INPUT);

pinMode(LDR_SEN, INPUT);

pinMode(RM_1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(RM_2, OUTPUT);

ser.begin(9600);

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// reset ESP8266 WiFi connection AT+CIPMUX=1 AT+CWJAP

/*========================================================================*/


/*AT commands for establishing WiFi connection */

/*========================================================================*/

ser.println("AT");

delay(1000);

ser.println("AT+GMR");

delay(1000);

ser.println("AT+CWMODE=3");

delay(1000);

ser.println("AT+RST");

delay(5000);

ser.println("AT+CIPMUX=1");

delay(1000);

String cmd="AT+CWJAP="EngineersGarage","egP@$$w0rd?"";

ser.println(cmd);

delay(1000);

ser.println("AT+CIFSR");

delay(1000);

/*========================================================================*/

/*Loop functions that runs infinitely that collects sensor data */

/*========================================================================*/

void loop()

delay(1000);

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int chk = DHT.read11(DHT11_PIN);

Serial.print("Temperature = ");

t = DHT.temperature;

 
Serial.println(t);

Serial.print("Humidity = ");

h = DHT.humidity;

Serial.println(h);

lig_val = analogRead(LDR_SEN);

int mos_val = read_mos();

if(mos_val > 80)

Serial.println("Start");

digitalWrite(RM_1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(RM_2, LOW);

else if(read_mos() < 80)

Serial.println("Stop");

digitalWrite(RM_1, LOW);

digitalWrite(RM_2, LOW);

Serial.println(sen_val);

delay(500);

Serial.print("Light Intensity = ");

Serial.println(lig_val);

delay(500);

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esp_8266();

 
/*========================================================================*/

/*esp8266 funtion that uploads data to web */

/*========================================================================*/

void esp_8266()

// TCP connection AT+CIPSTART=4,"TCP","184.106.153.149",80

String cmd = "AT+CIPSTART=4,"TCP","";

cmd += "184.106.153.149"; // api.thingspeak.com

cmd += "",80";

ser.println(cmd);

Serial.println(cmd);

if(ser.find("Error"))

Serial.println("AT+CIPSTART error");

return;

// prepare GET string GET https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=LHAG4NSIYJ5UWS6U&field1=0rnrn

String getStr = "GET /update?api_key=";

getStr += apiKey;

getStr +="&field1=";

getStr +=String(h);

getStr +="&field2=";

getStr +=String(t);

getStr +="&field3=";

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getStr +=String(sen_val);

getStr +="&field4=";

getStr +=String(lig_val);

 
getStr += "rnrn";

// send data length

cmd = "AT+CIPSEND=4,";

cmd += String(getStr.length());

ser.println(cmd);

Serial.println(cmd);

delay(1000);

ser.print(getStr);

Serial.println(getStr);

//thingspeak needs 15 sec delay between updates

delay(15000);

int read_mos()

sen_val = analogRead(MOS_SEN);

Serial.print("Moisture = ");

sen_val = map(sen_val,0,1023,0,255);

return sen_val;

 
###

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Circuit Diagrams

 

Circuit-Diagram-Arduino-based-IoT-Garden-Monitoring-System-

Project Video

Garden monitoring

Filed Under: Electronic Projects, IoT

Tagged With: IoT

Questions related to this article? Ask and discuss on EDAboard.com and

Electro-Tech-Online.com forums.

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