vinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen Control Systems - Block Diagram Algebra Block diagram algebra is nothing but the algebra involved withthe basic elements ofthe block ciagram. This algebra deals with the pictorial representation of algebraic equations. Basic Connections for Blocks There are three basic types of connections between two blocks. Series Connection ‘Series connection js also called cascade connection. In the folowing figure, two blocks having transfer functions G,(s) and Gy(s) are connected in series, X(s) [ae | Z(s) [a } ¥(s) For this combination, we will get the output ¥(s) as ¥(s) = Ga(s)2(s) onmnavardhootcomeartlasuraintel slants lta avinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen Where, 2(s) = Gi(s)X(s) Y(6) = Gal )1G(9)X(9)] = GICAL) X(o) = ¥(s) = {Gi(s)G2(s)}X(s) Compare this equation withthe standard form of the output equation, ¥(s) = G(s)X(s) Where, G(s) = Gi(s)Ga(s) That means we can represent the series connection of two blocks with a single block. The transfer function of this single block is the product of the transfer functions of those two blocks. The equivalent block diagram is shown below. X(s) Y(s) ‘Similarly, you can represent series connection of 'n' blacks with a single block. The transfer function of this single block is the product ofthe transfer functions of al those “blocks. Parallel Connectioncra asa. ane Son Bec Oaem Abea The blocks which are connected in parallel will have the same input. In the folowing figure, two blocks having transfer functions Ga(s) and Ga(s) are connected in parallel. The outputs ofthese two blocks are connected tothe summing point xls) G(s) no ty Y¥(s) + «.(s) ¥2(s) Forthis combination, we wil et the output ¥(s) as ¥() = Kl) +H) Where, ¥i(s)=Gi(s)X(s)_ and ¥a(s) = Ga(s)X(s) => ¥(s) = Gi(s)X(s) + Ga(s)X(s) = {Gi(s) + Ga(s)}X(s) sien rt cert men tom kar shen wiama nan evs Sage Aka Compare this equation withthe standard form af the output equation, Y(s) = G(s)X(s) Where, G(s) = Gr(s) + Gr(s) That means we can represent the parallel connection of two blocks with a single block. The transfer function of ths single block isthe sum of the transfer functions of those two blocks. The equivalent block diagram is shown below. X(s) Y(s) ‘Similarly, you can represent parallel connection of ‘n’ blocks with a single block. The transfer blocks. function of this single block is the algebraic sum of the transfer functions of all those Feedback Connection ‘As we discussed in previous chapters, there are two types of feedback — positive feedback land negative feedback. The following figure shows negative feedback control system. Here, two blocks having transfer functions G(s) and H(s) forma closed lop. sien rt cert men tom kar shenvinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen X(s)_4y Ys) The output of the summing points - E(s) = X(s) — H(s)¥(s) The output ¥(s)_ is ¥(s) = B(s)(s) Substitute E(s) value in the above equation ¥(s) = {X(s) — H(s)¥(s) }G(s)} sien rt cert men tom kar shenvinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen ¥(s) {1+ G(s)H(s)} = X(s)G(s)} ¥(s) ce Xs) T+) Ms) Thor the negative feedback closed op anstetuncions 22> This means we can represent the negative feedback connection of two blocks with a single block. The transfer function of this single block is the closed loop transfer function of the negative feedback. The equivalent block diagram is shown below. X(s) a) Y(s) 14+ G(s)H(s) ‘Similarly, you can represent the postive feedback connection of two blocks with a single block. The transfer function of this single block is the closed loop transfer function of the ow positive feedback, le, srry Block Diagram Algebra for Summing Points There are two possiilties of shifting summing points with respect to blocks ~ sien toenail tom. ok sare shanvinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen + Shiting summing point after the block + Shifting summing point before the block Let us now see what kind of arangements need to be done in the above two cases one by Shifting Summing Point After the Block Consider the block diagram shown in the following figure. Here, the summing point is present before the block. R(s) + R(s)+X(s) Ys) X(s) Summing polnthas two inputs Rs) and X(s) . The outputofitis {R(s) + X(s)} So, the input tothe block G(s) is {R(s)-+X(s)} and the output ofitis~ ¥(s) = G(s) {R(s) + X(s)} (Equation 1) sien rt cert men tom kar shen rtvinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen Now, shift the summing point affer the block. This block diagram is shown in the following figure. R(s) G(s)R(s) + —+ Gs) Y(s) x(s) Output ofthe block G(s) is G(s) R(s) The ouput ofthe summing pont is Y(s) = G(s)R(s) + X(s) (Equation 2) Compare Equation 1 and Equation 2 The fst term ‘G(s)R(s)! | same in both the equations. But, there is ference in the second term. In order to get the second term also same, we require ane more block G(s) Itis having the input X(s) an tho output a this block is given as input to summing point instead of X(s)_. This block diagram is shown in the folowing figure, sien rt cert men tom kar shen wsvinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen R(s) X(s) Shifting Summing Point Before the Block Consider the block diagram shown in the following figure. Here, the summing point is present after the block. R(s) G(s)R(s) + —+ Gs) Y(s) x(s) Output of this block diagram is - ¥(s) = G(s)R(s) + X(s) (Equation 3) sien rt cert men tom kar shen wtvinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen Now, shif the summing point before the block, This block diagram is shown in the following figure. R(s) + R(s)+X(s) Ys) X(s) Output ofthis block diagram is - ¥(S) = G(s)R(s) + G(s)X(s) (Equation 4) Compare Equation 3 and Equation 4, The first term ‘G(s).R(s)! is same in both equations. But, there is dfference in the second term, In order to get the second term also same, we requre one mare block gir . is having the input X(s) and the output ofthis block is given as input fo summing point instead of X(s) . This block diagram is shown inthe following fgure sien tcc men tom. Hk ar sean wivinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen R(s) + ¥(s) x(s) Block Diagram Algebra for Take-off Points There are two posstilties a shiing the take-of points with respect io blocks Shing take-off point ater the block Shifting take-off point before the block Lot us now see what kind of arrangements are to be done in the above two cases, one by Shifting Take-off Point After the Block Consider the block diagram shown in the following figure, inthis case, the take-off point is present before the block.vinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen R(s) Y(s) x(s) Here, X(s)=R(s) and ¥(s) = G(s)R(s) When you shift the take-off point after the block. the output Y(s) will be same. But, there is, difference in X(s)_ value. So, inorder to get the same X(s) value, we require one more block Itis having the input Y(s) and the output is _X(s)_. This block diagram is shown in the following igure. y R(s) G(s) (s) fl Gs) | x(s) sien rt cert men tom kar shenvinzaasa corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen Shifting Take-off Point Before the Block Consider the block diagram shown in the following figure, Here, the take-off point is present after the block. y R(s) G(s) (s) x(s) Here, X(s) = ¥' G(s)R(s) When you shif the take-of point before the block, the output Ys) willbe same. But, there is difrence in X(s) value. So, inorder to get same X(s) value, wo require one more block G(s) tis having the input R(s) and the outputis X(s)_. This block diagram is shown in the following figure.x(s) Print Page nt corel Sytne- Beek aga Aen Y(s)