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Bharat Panchal Sir
Made with
*¥E¥¥¥¥* By

1*0*0 Bharat Panchal Chemistry Guruji 2.0

Boo Bharat Panchal Sir
?⃝
✓ INTRODUCTION
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION N
SOLUBILITY AND HENRY LAW

try ROULT 'S LAW

IDEAL AND NON IDEAL 501M

AZEOTROPES

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
RELATIVE LOWERING Of V. P

ELEVATION IN B. Pt

DEPRESSION IN F. Pt

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

ABNORMAL MOLECULAR MASS

VAN 'T HOFF FACTOR
 r

SOLUTION
it is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
than two substances .

SOME solution
present in less amount e.g Sugar
+
SOLVENT
present in large amount .
water + sugar

BINARY SOLUTION Gsoient Eee

prepared by components
two
\
.

German silver → Cut 2h + Ni , Bro

Brass → Cee -12N ,
,n¥+gu

DILUTE SOLUTE > very small quantity of solute

CONCENTERATED SOLUTION is
very large quantity of
solute

COMCENTERATION OF SOLUTION
Mass Percentage ( Wlw)
-
mass of a component to the

best 100 parts mass of solution .

.MN?9gA-soiutiou'
mass %
of A =
"°
Volume Percentage ( VN) : -

volume of a component to the her

100 parts Volume
of solution .

volume of A
"%&qA_solution "°
% =

Mass by Volume Percentage Cwlv) : -

to
mass
of a component
the per 100 parts volume
of solution .

Parts Per million ( ppm ) : -

no of parts of the component ✗ 106

.

Total no of all components of Soln

.

MOLE FRACTION ( X)
no .

of moles of a component
to the total no .

of moles
of solution .

✗A
MAMAhrs ✗
B=hqng
=

-1

Mole fraction of a component :

no .

of moles
of component
Total no
of moles
of solution
.

is
• mole fraction a unit less
quantity .

fraction of solution is always

mole 1
◦
.

MOLARITY : -

dissolved in
number of moles of solute one
litre ( 1dm 3) solution
of .

Unit Moles
/wire
-_

Molarity =
Mdesofso1ule_ " M molar
Volume of solution in like
or

solute
M
wPmˢ☐×Y÷ WB → Mass of
-
_

, , Mrs → molar mass of solute

VCMI ) → Volume in ML .

temperature dependent i. e decreases with increase

•
molarity
in temp .
 Dilution Law , Mili =
MIL

molarity for
M=Mi¥+M;
mixed solution .

Molality ( m ) number of moles of solute her kg of the

solvent .

Molality =
no .

of moles of solute Unit = moles

/ kg
Mass solvent in kilogram
of
Molality
wmdgxiw.gg Wrs → of solute
=
mass

, Mrs → Molar mass of solute

WAC
g) → Mass
of solvent
ing
→
Molality is independent of temperature .

Q• when solvent used in water , 1M solution is more

concentrated than 1 molal solution .

SOLUBILITY The maximum amount

of solute that
can be dissolved in solvent at a given temperature
is termed as its
100g
solubility at that temperature .

•
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY OF 9 In L

• Nature of Gas -

The
gases which can be easily liquified ,
are

more soluble in common solvents .

Nature the solvent

•

of
-

gases which capable

forming of
The are
ions in aqueous solutions are much more soluble in
water than in other solvent .

Temperature -

The solubility of gases in liquid decreases

with increase
of temperature .

Pressure increase
solubility of gases increase
• -
The a with
in pressure .
 HENRY 'S LAKI :

banal pressure (b) of the gas in

"
the
vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction (X )
of the gas in the solution
"
.

D= Kuk
'

↳ the value kn at given pressure the is

Higher of ,
tower

the
solubility of the gas in the liquid
The value of Ku decreases with increase in the temp .

Thus , aquatic sbecies are more comfortable in cold

water rather than warm water .

I_
I

:÷÷÷¥÷÷-
Partial
tressure •
°
•

•
.

Mole fraction of component in its som

Applications in
manufacture of soft drinks and soda water ,

CO2 is passed at high pressure to increase its solubility .

•
To minimise the painful effects C. bends ) accompanying
the decompression of deets sea divers ,
0, diluted with
He gas is used as
less soluble
breathing gas .

•
At High partial pressure of Oz is less
altitudes ,
the

than that at the ground level This leads to low .

concentration of 0 , in the blood of climbers

which cause "
anoxia
"
Vapour Pressure pressure formed by the vapour of the
""" " " " a. • meei.ua

¥:!* ¥ ¥ :÷
.

: Vapour pressure is the pressure

◦ o

caused by the evaporation

off liquid
Intermolecular force
vapour tressure will be
the
lower when the intermolecular forces are
±¥¥¥*±gemer relatively
strong since the rate of evaporation is lower .

vapour Pressure ✗
internees force of
Attraction
Temperature
As the temperature of the liquid increases
the kinetic
energy associated with the liquid also increases .

to this increase in
and due
molecule
kinetic energy the
escaping
tendency of increases and hence v. P increases .

vapour Pressure a Temperature

Concentration Of Solute
The presence
of solute in the liquid
will decrease the vapour pressure .

Raoult 's law mole fraction of the solute component in

is
a solution directly proportional to its partial pressure
tax PA ✗ XA
Go PA =
HA KA
.

partial Vapour pressure of a component is equal

to the Vapour pressure that component in
of
state multiblied mole fraction of
pure by
that component .
 PA ✗ KA PB ✗ XB

PA = b'AXXA bB=b{ ✗ XD
law th_ total
Acc to Dalton 's
.

of partial pressure ,

pressure the solution in a container

Hotel =
BA +
big
=
b'A. KA + b'B. XB

% KA -1dB =L

Ptotal =

beat ( tip -

Ha)kB
Raoult 's law for vapour Pressure
of solid liquid solution-

The decrease in xp

of solvent depends on the

quantity of non-volatile solute
present in the solution irrespective
of its nature .

Pt =
PA 1- PB\

Pz =
PA XXA

ROU LT'S LAW AS A SPECIAL CASE

OF HENRY 'S LAW
Acc to Raoult 's Acc to Henry
.

P Knx
R pf.sc ,
=
=

if we compare the eqn for Raoult's law and Henry 's law , it
can be seen that the partial of the volatile
pressure
component of gas is directly proportional to its
mole fraction in solution .
only the brobortionality
constant Ku differs from peg .
Thus ,
law becomes

a special case
of Hennes law in which

KH becomes equal to tf .
 f

IDEAL SOLUTION NON IDEAL SOLUTION

-

•
solution must obey Raoult 's •
Solution doesn't obey Raoult 's
law law
bA=b°AXA ba-tbft.LA
bribers XB PB # lets XB
•
Solute - Solvent ( A- B) interaction •
solute solvent (A- B)
- interaction
is almost similar to the is not similar to the interaction
interaction of A- A and B B -

of A- A and B -
B .

•
A- Unix -_o( No expansion or
•
Avmix -1-0
contraction on
•
A- Hwix -1-0
mixing )
AHmi×=0 ea
•
C. No energy ↳ .
ethanol + Water
evolved or absorbed
Csa -1 acetone
G- e.
g benzene + toluene
hexane + n heptane
n -
-
CHUzl-CHscoc.tt }
chlorobenzene + bromo benzene CHG -1 HG

GRAPH OF IDEAL SOLUTION

FB
-

4- batty
=

↑
%
-

pg=bbX"B
%=bÉ ✗ya
§
'
-

✗A--1 mole XA -
_
◦

✗g--0 fraction XB :L
 1

POSITIVE DEVIATION MEPGATIVE DEVIATION

• A-B interaction is weaker than •
A-B interaction is stronger than
interaction A- A and B B
interaction of A- A and B B of
-

observed vapour tressure

• • observed vapour pressure
lower than V. P calculated
are
greater than xp are

calculated by Raoult's by Raoult's law

law
BA > HAKA balboa .

✗A

PB > lets .XD boss Pfs XB .

A- Hmi to
A- Hmix > 0
A- Vmix < 0
Avmix > 0
•
Form minimum boiling
•
Form maximum boiling
azeotrope azeotrope

Afg Afg
-
-

* * "
+
" * +" "

↑
pea
-

pg.jp/-XB ↑
pea
-

pg.jp/-XB
§ %_=bf✗xa '
-

¥ %=bÉ✗xa '
-

✗A--1 mole XA=◦ ÑA=1 mole XA -

_
◦

fraction Xp
-0
-

fraction Xp :L
✗g- -0
Xp :L

-• + ve deviation •• -
ve deviation .

Ethanol + water C. Hclztcttcocltz

CS
,
-1 Acetone CHI} -1 GHG
Cochet GHG 11*0 1- HU
Cau -1 Toluene
ethanol + cyclohexane
H2O + HMOs
methanol + acetic acid
ccly + CHU}
.
 AZEOTROPK MIXTURE
A mixture of two liquids which
boils particular temperature like a pure liquid
at a

and distils over in the same composition formed

, by
non ideal solution
-
.

MAX BOILING AZEOTROPE'S

. MIN BOILING A ZEO TROPES .

formed by those liquid pairs formed bevy those liquid

which show negative deviation pairs which show positive
deviation
B.pt
higher than either of
.

either of
•

•
B.pt lower than
the components the components
.

H
8 H2O
e.
20.22%51 % CzH50H§g
.gg#Hz0(443i.C0LL14AT1VE
[ ( 79.78% )

PROPERTY
Those property which
defends upon no .

of Mole-S
of solute or amount of .

solute , doesn't depends upon nature do solute

or solvent
→ Relative lowering of Vapour pressure
in
Elevation
boiling point
.

→ Depression in freezing point

→ Osmotic Pressure

RELATIVE LOWERING IN VAPOUR PRESSURE

when a
non volatile solute be added to solvent , vapour

pressure of solvent decreases .

bing.sk#--XBM-mo1e fraction of solute

↳ relative lowering
in iv. p
 for dilute solution hrs < < <

n bh-j.nI-mn-nbh-j.nl?- -wmB-rgxMAw-a- AMB- wwBq✗Max¥_

b' bs a
-

ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT

Boiling point f. a
liquid is
the temp at which its labour .

to the atmospheric pressure

pressure becomes equal

- .EE?:-...::i::::::::::.e
"" increase in the
boiling point
AI

presence of non-volatile
i e '
solute .

100° celcius 105° Celcills

B.pt of solution
µ
→ B. Pt
of
• •
I
Iatm A- Tb =
Tb -

Tb pure
↑ - solvent

gÉÉ
1
I ↳ elevation in B. Pt
,
it has been
Experimentally
'
i -
•
I
1

•
1 I observed that elevation in
•
I 1
b.pt is Proportional to
g
1^-1
•
;! molal cone .

1. !

Temp → Tj Tb
A-
Tbtmnpebullioscobic
constant
d- Tb =
Kbm
unit
qkn t
ATb=KbM
Kkgmot molal elevation
= '

constant
=kb✗wm%✗l÷,g,
.

where
Molar mass solute
Mrs >
of
MB=kb¥¥!%#g of solvent ing
WAG) → Mass
, Wrs → Mass of solute
DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
is the tents at which
freezing point of
a liquid vapour pressure of
of the solvent in its liquid and solid phase becomes
= = equal .

freezing point
depression

☒
solute " the decrease in the
freezing point of solvent
"

due to the presence of

" '
"

•
non -

Volatile solute particles .

oecelcius _
g- cel eius

Experimentally it has been

Atf =
Tf Tf
-

observed depression in t.pt

is directly proportional to ↑

§
•
molal cone .

Cryoscobi solvent
¥5
'
Tf ☒ M constant pure
Kfm
;%
A-7- =
•
,
t'
g◦µti¥⇐M
5
o ,

&
t.iq !
,
moral depression
=
Constant

Tenets →
°

Atf Kf Tf Tf
wmB_☐✗ᵗw÷cg )
-

__Kf✗wµ☐¥×%
Mrs
g)

Cly ethylene glycol is usually added to water in radiator

to lower its
freezing point .
It is called antifreeze
solution .

Clip common salt C NaCl) and anhydrous call, are

used to clear snow on the roads because they

depress the f.pt of water

OSMOSIS and OSMOTIC PRESSURE

Diffusion . . . .
=

High low
÷:-.
cone
֥
cone .

• • II. OSMOSIS :-. Reverse

• → • - -

Osmosis
- -
-

% =
-

• • •
%:
-

•
- . _
.

••

%EE.IE#EE-E-s!P.m
→ •

I
s.FM
OSMOSIS
it is spontaneous flow of
the phenomenon of
solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane

from pure solvent solution to concentrated solution .

SEMI PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

membrane ,
which allow

only solvent molecules to bass through .

↳ NATURAL ↳ ARTIFICIAL
animal bladder cell membrane
, CUZEFECCN), ] which ,
doesn't

work in non -
aqueous solution as

it dissolves in them .

OSMOTIC PRESSURE :
Pressure applied on solution to
stop osmosis ,
is called osmotic pressure It is .

denoted by Poot .

Osmotic Pressure (F) ✗ T - ①

IT ✗ C -
②
from ① & ②
IT = RXCXT ⑨ → Gas constant

it =

R✗t✗wmˢ☐*lm ,,
it -
-

Rm✗T☐_✗d
"¥:%'m→
r
Mrs -
-
ISOTONIC SUN
Two solutions having same osmotic pressure

ego -91 % solution of bare NaCl is isotonic with human RBC 's
have molar concentration
They same

HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC

Having high osmotic

pressure
#ÑÑ↳ Having low osmotic
pressure

EXOSMOSIS ENDOSMOSIS

It is outward flow is in ward flow

of It >

water or solvent from water solvent

of or

a cell
through semi from a cell through
-
permeable membrane semipermeable
membrane .

ABNORMAL MOLECULAR MASS

In some cases ,
observed colligate've properties deviate from their normal
calculated values due to association or dissociation of
molecules .

c. olligative Property a
1mg
Higher values observed in case of association e.
g benzene
in
Lower values observed case
of dissociation e.
gkce

VAN 'T HOFF FACTOR ( is

ratio of observed value of
colligate've property to the calculated value of colligate're
property .

i. = observed colligate're Property

cakHigdnbrty
or I = normal molecular mass

observed molecular mass

or
is = no .

of particles after association or dissociation

number of particles initially
 Colligate've Property and Van 't HoH factor
A. Tb = I Kbm i for strong electrolyte like
I Kfm Nall
ATF = KCI = &
,
= 2
Mg 504--2
,

IT = I C. RT Kgsoy =3 A-
12601--5
,

P°A-pˢ=i✗B
Degree of Dissociation (a) and Van 't HoH factor ci )

if one molecule of a substance gets dissociated into

n particles and ✗ is the degree of dissociation then

§
A → nb
i
initially 1-11-41
=
sm.io

At eq .
I-4 ha

Total no -

equilibrium
of moles at
= 1- ✗ thx
✗ =

Ñn-÷
Degree of Association (x ) and Yan 't Holt factor Ci )

molecules form An
If n
of a substance A. associate to
and ✗ is the degree of association then ,

nA→ An I

}
1- ✗ +
initially
=

1mn o

At equilibrium 1- ✗
G- 1-
Total no .

of moles at equili ✗ =
if
= 1- ✗ +
% 2--1
i =L no association or dissociation

I>1 particles undergoes dissociation

its particles undergoes association