Study Guide WTW 165 2020

University of Pretoria
Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics
MATHEMATICS - WTW 165
COURSE COORDINATOR:
Ms K Bothma
Office in the Mathematics Building - 2-12
Telephone at work - 012 420 2374
e-mail - [email protected]
CONTENTS
Page
✠ General Information ...
Organization of the course ... 2
Assessment ... 3
Marks and examinations ... 5
✠ Study Guide - Calculus

Theme 1 - Functions and change ... 6
Theme 2 - Differentiation ... 10
Theme 3 - Exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric ... 12

and absolute value functions
Theme 4 - Using the derivative 16
Theme 5 - Integration ... 18
Theme 6 - Using the definite integral ... 20
Theme 7 - Functions and economics ... 21
✠ Study Guide-Linear Algebra ... 23
1
ORGANIZATION OF THE WTW 165 COURSE - 2020
1. ADMITTANCE
If you are a veterinary science student or medical science student (with MGW
112 as prerequisite) then you are allowed to register for the module. WTW 165
is not an anti-semester module for WTW 134. You can only register on the
premise that you can attend all 4 weekly lectures with the same lecturer as
well as one practical class.
2. STAFF
NAME OFFICE TELEPHONE E-MAIL
Ms K Bothma Mathematics 2-12 012 420 2374 [email protected]
Ms A Verwey Mathematics 2-29 012 420 2331 [email protected]
Dr B Yizengaw Mathematics 1-21 012 420 5882 [email protected]
S Mdayi Mathematics1-21 012 420 [email protected]
Ms Bothma is the course coordinator.
3. TEXTBOOK
Calculus-APPLIED CALCULUS by Deborah Hughes-Hallett et al (6th
EDITION)
Linear Algebra-Notes compiled by the lecturers of the department
4. ANNOUNCEMENTS
All announcements are posted on clickUP. It is the only mode of
communication for module related matters and it is your responsibility as
students to remain informed by frequently checking the announcements on
clickUP.
5. ATTENDANCE
During the lockdown period your attendance of online classes and your activity
on clickUP will be monitored. Unannounced tests can be incorporated into
lectures and used towards an attendance mark. For borderline cases the
students’ attendance will be taken into account.
6. CALCULATORS
The calculator that you used in school is sufficient for WTW 165. You have to
bring your calculator to every lecture and practical class. Programmable
calculators are not allowed in tests and exams.
7. CONSULTING HOURS
During the lockdown period you can consult by email during office hours (from
8:00 to 17:00, Monday to Friday).Please note that staff members will attempt
to respond within 24 hours, but are not obliged to be available for consultation
outside of office hours (from 8:00 to 17:00, Monday to Friday).
8. CONTACT TIME
Contact time involves four lectures and one practical class per week.
9. PRACTICAL CLASSES
It is compulsory to attend one practical class per week during the same time
slot. The content and assessment (class test or worksheet) of the following
week’s practical class is announced every Friday via clickUP. Unless otherwise
announced, a class test or worksheet is written each week. You must prepare
by doing all the problems (listed per study unit) in the study guide . The
purpose of the practical class is for students to clarify problems encountered
during preparation.
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10. STUDY HOURS
You have to devote about 11 hours study time per week to this module. The
scheduled contact time is about 6 hours per week, which means that another 5
hours per week of your personal study time should be devoted to this module.
11. EMAILS
During the lockdown period emails are an essential mode of communication.
Please adhere to the principles of email etiquette and remain respectful in your
communication with any staff member of the University of Pretoria. Emails that
are disrespectful or motivated by an attempt to haggle for marks, will not be
attended to. When the marks of a test or worksheet are made available, you
have three days to query the marking. Any emails sent outside the time period
of three days will be immediately deleted. Also note that an email can
constitute a legally binding document.
ASSESSMENT
1. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
You must show all steps and calculations and use the correct mathematical
notation to explain your answer by means of a coherent and mathematically
precise solution. Since this is an applied mathematics module most problems
can be described as ’word problems’, the final answer of which must be a
sentence with units included.
2. INSTRUCTIONS
The examination and test instructions of the University of Pretoria must always
be adhered to.
3. SEMESTER TESTS
Assessment for this module includes two semester tests. The date, time and
scope will be published on clickUP. A student with special assessment needs
(e.g. extra time) must contact the course coordinator well in advance of every
test and examination. Note that there are no sick tests but only one special
test that must be written if one of the semester tests was missed. If you miss
both semester tests, you will not have exam entrance for WTW 165.
4. SPECIAL TEST
If you missed one of the semester tests (with a valid reason for your absence),
then you must write the special test. No student will be allowed to write the
special test to improve his/her marks. The test is scheduled near the end of
the semester and the date is only made available after the second semester
test. The scope of the special test is the combined scopes of the first and
second semester tests.
5. WEEKLY ASSESSMENT
A assessment (class test or worksheet) scheduled every week and the scope
and nature of the assessment will be announced on Friday of the previous
week. If you cannot write a particular week’s test (or complete the worksheet)
on the announced date then you must consult with the course coordinator at
least two days in advance to make alternative arrangements. During the
lockdown period a class test can take the form of a clickUP test or assignment.
6. CLICKUP TESTS
You cannot use a cell phone or a tablet to complete a clickUP test. With a
clickUP test there is a time limit, you are allowed only one opportunity and you
cannot backtrack to a question once you have answered it. These settings are
to protect students from being logged out of a test. It is the responsibility of the
student to ensure that your immediate environment, computer and computer
settings allow for the successful completion of a clickUP test. Technical issues
3
(e.g. a power failure) might impede the process of completing a clickUP test,
but a clickUP test will not be reopened in the case of technical problems.
The formula used for calculating the clickUP test marks at the end of the
semester will make provision for technical problems with one of the clickUP
tests.
7. CLICKUP ASSIGNMENTS
You have to use a PDF scanner e.g. CamScanner to submit your
assignments. All the pages must be upright and in focus. Pages that are not
upright and in focus cannot be marked. Your pages must be submitted in the
correct order and your student card displayed in the top right corner of every
page. Submitted assignments must be directly accessible and cannot be
submitted via online platforms for which the student’s permission is required. It
is the responsibility of the student to ensure that your immediate environment,
computer and computer settings allow for the successful submission of a
clickUP assignment. If you are not succesful at submitting an assignment via
clickUP then you can mail the assignment to [email protected] within 30
minutes of completing the assignment (or follow the given instructions). If you
submit an assignment by email you have to provide proof of your clickUP
submission not being successful. A student will be penalised for mailing an
assignment that was also submitted via clickUP.
8. ABSENCE FROM TESTS
Absence from a class test (or worksheet) and/or semester test must be
reported to the course coordinator within three days of the date of the
test or worksheet. If you do not contact the course coordinator within
three days, a mark of zero will be awarded. You are granted an absence
with valid reason (code "999") if you submit a sick note or affidavit within three
days of missing the test or worksheet. The following sick notes are accepted:
Sick notes issued by a medical doctor registered at the Health Professions
Council of South Africa (HPCSA) or by an advanced practice nurse (a
registered nurse with a postgraduate qualification) as determined by the South
African Nursing Council who has a BHCF practice number, provided that the
diagnosis falls only within their specific field of specialisation.
An affidavit will only be accepted if supported by substantiating
documentation, e.g. case report or criminal charge with case number obtained
from a police station, valid medical certificate for injuries, a death certificate for
a funeral, etc. Please note that submission of fraudulent sick notes and
affidavits is a criminal offense, which will lead to disciplinary action and may
result in dismissal. Tfe same regulation holds for fraudulent emails.
You can only be granted an absence with valid reason for a maximum of
two assessments i.e. class tests and worksheets. A sick note, affidavit or
email cannot exempt you from another assessment if you have already
been granted an absence with valid reason for two assessments.
Missing more than two assessments will result in a zero mark for
another missed assessment. Note that this regulation does not apply to
semester tests.
9. ABSENCE FROM EXAMINATIONS
In the case of absence from an examination, the faculty administration
should be informed.
10. QUERIES CONCERNING MARKING
It is the responsibility of the student to access clickUP frequently (more than
once a week) in order to be informed about the availability of marks and the
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relevant time period for submitting queries. All queries concerning the marking
of tests and/or worksheets must be submitted within three days after the
marks become available. Queries that are submitted outside the allowed time
period will not be attended to.
11. FILE YOUR TESTS
You must file all the marked tests and worksheets in case it is needed as
evidence when semester marks are calculated.
12. DISCIPLINARY CASES
It is the policy of the department to refer every incident in which there is a
suspicion of dishonesty or other irregularity to the Disciplinary Committee of
the University.
13. DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY
During the lockdown period you will have to complete a declaration of
authenticity for every test and/or worksheet.
5
MARKS AND EXAMINATIONS
1. CHECK YOUR MARKS
The marks of class tests, worksheets and semester tests are published on
clickUP after the marking process has been completed for all students. You
have three days after the publication of the marks to query the marking and
report mistakes and/or omissions. No late queries will be considered and
no alterations or additions will be made after three days.
2. SEMESTER MARK
The semester mark is calculated as follows:
Semester tests 70%
Class tests and worksheets 30%
3. ADMISSION TO THE EXAMINATION
You may write the exam if you
 attended all the practical classes and wrote all the class tests, and
 completed all the worksheets, and
 have a semester mark of at least 40%.
4. FINAL MARK
The final mark is calculated as follows:
Semester mark 60%
Examination mark 40%
To pass this course a minimum of 50% is required for the final mark, as well
as a subminimum of 40% in the exam.
5. SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
A student will be granted a supplementary examination (following a formal
examination) in cases where
a final mark between 40% and 49% has been obtained or either the
examination or semester mark is at least 50%; or a pass mark has been
obtained, but the required sub-minimum in the examination has not been
obtained. A student must obtain a final mark of at least 50% in order to pass a
supplementary examination. The semester mark is not taken into account and
the supplementary exam mark is the final mark. The highest final mark that
may be awarded to a student in a supplementary examination is 50%.
Special supplementary examinations are not arranged for students who are
unable to write the examination at the times scheduled for supplementary
examinations by the faculty.
6. CLASS ATTENDANCE
It is important that you attend each lecture. During lectures emphasis is placed
on mathematical understanding and the lecturers demonstrate but also
facilitate problem solving and the exposition of mathematical problems. Class
attendance of all borderline cases will be taken into consideration when
having to decide about exam and/or supplementary exam admission.
6
THEME 1 - FUNCTIONS AND CHANGE
Unit 1.1 What is a function?
Source Textbook, pp 2 - 5 and p 21
Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to
1. describe a function, the domain of a function and the range of a function.
2. interpret function values.
3. calculate or estimate function values (using a formula, a table or a graph).
4. calculate the vertical and horizontal intercept(s) of a function.
5. describe an increasing function on a interval and a decreasing function on an
interval.
6. describe an function that is concave up on an interval and a function that is
concave down on an interval. The definitions are on p 21 in the textbook, but
we use the definitions in the lecture notes.
7. use a graph to find the interval(s) on which a function is increasing or
decreasing or concave up or concave down.
Problems for the practical class
Problems for Section 1.1 (p 5), numbers 10 to 14, 16 to 20 and 25.
Problems for Section 1.3 (p 25), numbers 1 to 5 and 7.
Unit 1.2 Seven types of functions

Source Lecture notes
Objectives
1. give the name and the general formula of the seven types of functions.
2. sketch the graphs of the functions without calculating function values.
3. represent the domain and range of the functions.
1. Give the name of the function and sketch the function without using a table of
values. Label the axes and indicate the horizontal and vertical intercepts, if
any. Use the graph to represent the domain and range of each function using
interval notation.
i b = 3a + 6 ii a = −4b + 12 iii P = 0. 21 t iv m = 2. 1 n
v y = e −x vi v = log 0.5 z vii P = lnt viii b = a 6
ix a = −b 4 x w = v5 xi v = −w 7 xii m= 4 n
xiii P = 7 t xiv x = 14 xv l = m −5 xvi y = 7
y
2. Use a graph to solve the inequality.
Hint: If you have to solve the inequality x 5 > 1, graph y = x 5 and y = 1, solve
the equality x 5 = 1 and then use the graph to determine the final answer.
i x5 > 1 ii x 3 ≤ −8 iii x 2 + x − 6 > 0
iv x 2 − 2x − 8 ≤ 0 v 2x > 0 vi 0. 5 x ≤ 0
7
3. Use graphs to solve the inequality below. Hint: Find the point(s) of intersection
of the two graphs and sketch both graphs.
i x2 > x ii x 3 ≤ x
4. Consider the graphs of polynomial functions given below
5. In each graph fx = a n x n + a n−1 x n−1 + . . . +a 1 x + a 0 , is represented on a large
viewing window so that you cannot see the turning points, horizontal intercepts
or vertical intercepts.
Give the sign of the leading term of each polynomial.
i ii iii iv
Unit 1.3 New functions from old functions

Source Textbook, pp 66 - 69
Objectives
1. identify and use a composite function.
2. sketch the graph of a function obtained from an old function through a vertical
shift (y = fx + c) or through a horizontal shift (y = fx − c).
3. sketch the graph of a function obtained from an old function by multiplying the
function with a constant (y = cfx).
4. sketch the graph of a function obtained from an old function by reflecting the
graph about the x −axis (y = −fx or by reflecting the graph about the
y −axis (y = f−x.
5. determine the domain of a composite function and represent the domain using
set notation and in interval notation.
Remark
Omit Example 5 on p 62.
Remarks
1. When you have to solve a quadratic inequality in this course, use a
graph.
2. You have to memorize the formula for the roots of the quadratic polynomial
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
fx = ax 2 + bx + c, ax 2 + bx + c = 0  x = .
2a
Problems for Section 1.8 (p 63), numbers 3, 9, 11, 31 (hint for number 31, the average
number of leaves is equal to the product of the number of branches and the number of
leaves per branch) , 53, 55 and 56.
Extra problems for the practical class
1. Write down the functions fx and gx if
i fgx = ln x ii fgx = ln x .
Your answer cannot be a composite function or the function y = x
8
2. Write down functions ft, gt and ht if hgft = 1 .
1 + t 2
Your answer cannot be a composite function or the function y = x
3. Consider the functions f 1 x = ln x, f 2 x = ln x − 1, f 3 x = lnx − 1,
f 4 x = − ln x and f 5 x = ln−x
Sketch the functions and give the domain and range of each function.
You do not have to indicate the horizontal and/or vertical intercepts but use a
dotted line to indicate horizontal and vertical shifts.
4. If fx = e x sketch the following graphs and write down the domain and range
of the function.
You do not have to write down the horizontal and/or vertical intercepts but use
a dotted line to indicate horizontal and vertical shifts.
i y = fx − 2 ii y = fx − 2 iii y = −fx iv y = f−x
5. Give the domain of the function in set notation:
i fx = 2 1 ii ft = 2 1 iii gx = 5 − x
x −4 t +4
iv gt = t 2 − 9 v fx = 1 vi ft = t 3 − 9t
x − 16
2
vii ft = 3 t−1 + t+1 viii fx = 1−x + x+2
Unit 1.4 Linear functions

Objectives
1. describe a linear function, the slope of a linear function and the rate of change
of a linear function.
2. describe the meaning of the symbol " Δ" .
3. find the equation of a linear function.
4. sketch a linear function.
5. recognize from a table of values if the function is linear.
6. use linear functions to solve problems.
Problems for Section 1.2 (p 14), numbers 3, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 30.
Unit 1.5 Rates of change

Objectives
1. describe, calculate and interpret the change in a quantity, the average rate
of change of a quantity and the relative change of a quantity.
2. visualize the average rate of change of a quantity.
When you visualize something, you must be able to represent it graphically.
3. calculate velocity / speed if distance is given.
Problems for Section 1.3 (p 22), numbers 9, 11, 13, 17, 36, 37, 41, 45 and 50.
9
Unit 1.6 Continuity, rate of change and the derivative
Source Textbook, pp 90-93 and 128 - 133
Objectives
1. explain what is meant by a function that is continuous on an interval.
2. describe the (instantaneous) rate of change of a function at a point.
3. describe the derivative of a function at a point.
4. estimate the rate of change/derivative of a function at a given point using a
given "small" interval around the point.
5. estimate the rate of change/derivative of a function at a given point using a
table of values.
6. visualize the rate of change/derivative at a point as the slope of the tangent
line to the graph at the point.
7. find the equation of the tangent line to a function at a given point.
Remarks
1. If the formula of the function y = fx is given we will ask you to estimate the
rate of change at the point a, fa by calculating the average rate of change
of the function over one "small" interval. We will specify you the length of
the interval.
2. If you have to estimate the rate of change of a function at the point a, fa
and a table of values is given, take the average rate of change over intervals
”near” x = a. If possible, take the average rate of change over an interval to
the right of x = a and the average rate of change over an interval to the left of
x = a and then take the average of your two answers.
3. When we say the rate of change of a function, we mean the
instantaneous rate of change.
4. If you have to write down the equation of the tangent line to the graph of
function fx at the point a, fa, remember that a, fa is a point on the
graph of the function and on the tangent line and that the slope of the tangent
line is m = f ′ a.
y − fa
Use f ′ a = x − a  y − fa = f ′ ax − a
Problems for Section 2.1 (p 93), numbers 3 to 6, 11, 17 (use interval of length 0. 0001
for 17(c)) and 22.
1. Write down the interval(s) on which the function is continuous:
i fx = 2 ii fx = lnx + 2 iii fx = 16 − x 2
x−3
2. The function y = fx is continuous on its domain and some function values
are given in a table below. Estimate f ′ 4.
x 1 2 4 6
y 0. 1 2. 4 2. 8 3. 1
10
Unit 1.7 The derivative function
Source Textbook, pp 97 - 100 and p 128
Objectives
1. describe the derivative function.
2. give a rough sketch of the derivative function if the graph of the function is
given.
3. use the sign of the derivative function on an interval to decide whether the
function is increasing, decreasing or constant on the interval.
Remarks
1. If the function in not continuous at x = a (the graph has a "hole" or a "jump" at
x = a), then f ′ a does not exists.
2. If the graph has a "corner" at x = a, then f ′ a does not exists.
Problems for Section 2.2 (p 101), numbers 2, 9, 11 (use intervals of length 0. 001, 18 to
21 and 30.
THEME 2 - DIFFERENTIATION
Unit 2.1 Differentiation formulas and rules
Source Lecture notes
Objectives
1. use the seven formulas to find the derivative function.
2. use the five rules to find the derivative function.
Remark
When you have to find the (instantaneous) rate of change or derivative and you have the
formula of the function, always use these rules and formulas unless we ask you to
estimate the rate of change by using one small interval.
Problems for Section 3.1 (p 141), numbers 1 to 38 and 40.
Problems for Section 3.2 (p 148), numbers 1 to 28.
1. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the polynomial fx = x 3 + x 2
is increasing.
2. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the polynomial
fx = 4x 2 − 3x + 1 is decreasing.
3. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the function
fx = 3 x − ln 39x is increasing.
Unit 2.2 The chain rule

Objective
1. use the chain rule to find the derivative of a composite function.
2. use the product rule to find the derivative of a product of functions.
11
3. use the quotient rule to find the derivative of a quotient of functions.
Problems for Section 3.3 (p 155), all the numbers from 1 to 27, 45, 47 and 51.
Problems for Section 3.4 (p 160), all the numbers from 3 to 32,
35 (do not sketch the function) and 38.
1. Differentiate the following functions. Do not simplify your answer.
i fx = x π + π x ii fx = 1 − 2x π + π 1−2x
iii y = x3 iv ft = 5 − 2t 3
v fz = sin 5 z + sinz 5  vi ft = cose 4t  + e cos 4t
vii fx = 0. 2 −6x + −6x 0.2 viii fx = 1 + ln x 2 + ln1 + x 2 
x 2 +2x
ix y= x 2 + 2x x y=e
xi fx = sin2x xii ft = cos 1 − t
2. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the function fx = 9 − x 2
is increasing and the interval(s) on which the function is decreasing.
3. The level of nitrogen dioxide present in the atmosphere on a certain day in Los
Angeles can be approximated by the function
Lt = 0. 03t 3 t − 7 4 + 60. 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 7 ,
where Lt is measured in terms of PSI ∗ and t represents the hours since
7:00.
Use a number line to determine when the pollution is increasing?
(*PSI - pollutant standard index.)
Unit 2.3 Interpretations of the derivative

Objectives
1. use Leibnitz’s notation for the derivative.
2. write down the units of the derivative.
3. interpret the derivative.
4. use tangent line approximation to estimate function values.
5. use the derivative to calculate the relative rate of change.
Remarks
1. Omit Example 8 on p 108.
2. When you are asked to interpret a derivative, it is not enough to describe it as
a rate of change. (Read Examples 3 on p. 105 and Example 4 on p. 106)
Problems for Section 2.3 (p 109), numbers 5, 14, 16, 24, 30, 44 and 66.
Problems for Section 3.3 (p 155), number 35.
Problems for Section 3.4, (p 160), number 45.
1. The following formula can be use to calculate the dosage of a certain medicine
for children between the ages of 1 and 12 years:
If A denotes the adult dosage, in mg, and t the child’s age, in years, then the
12
child’s dosage is given by D = ft = At . Suppose that the adult dosage of
t + 12
a substance is 500 mg.
1.1 What is the dosage for a child of ten years?
1.2 Find f ′ 10 and interpret your answer.
2. Suppose that the life expectancy of a male at birth is given by
ft = 46. 91 + 1. 09t 0.1 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 150, with t in years since 1900.
2.1 What was the life expectancy of a male born in 1900?
2.2 What is the life expectancy of a male born in 1999?
2.3 What is the rate of change of the life expectancy if t = 81? Interpret your
answer.
Unit 2.4 The second derivative

Objectives
1. use the sign of the second derivative on an interval to decide whether the
function is concave up or concave down on the interval.
2. use the second derivative when sketching functions.
Problems for Section 2.4 (p 117), numbers 3 (more than one possible answer), 20, 23,
26 and 32.
Extra problem for the practical class
1. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the polynomial fx = x 3 + x 2
is concave down.
2. Use a number line to find the interval(s) on which the function fx = e −x is
2
concave up.
THEME 3
EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC,TRIGONOMETRIC AND
ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS
Unit 3.1 Exponential functions of the form P = ft = a t , a > 0
Objectives
1. describe and sketch the exponential function P = ft = a t .
2. explain what is meant by exponential growth and by exponential decay.
3. calculate the growth rate or the decay rate if the formula of the exponential
function is given.
4. use the derivative of the function to solve problems.
Remarks
1. Omit the section on comparison between linear functions and exponential
functions in the blue block on top of page 41.
2. Omit the section on "the number e" at the bottom of p 46.
13
Problems for Section 1.5 (p 47), numbers 17, 26, 32 and 39.
Problems for Section 3.2 (p 148), numbers 45(a), 45(c), 50 and 55.
Unit 3.2 Compound interest and the number e

Source Online/Lecture notes
Objectives
1. explain what is meant by compound interest.
2. calculate the amount in an account if the interest is compounded n times a
year.
3. explain what is meant when interest is compounded continuously.
4. calculate the amount in an account if the interest is compounded continuously.
5. calculate the effective annual rate if interest is compounded n times a year or
compounded continuously.
Remark
The irrational number e is a very important number, e ≈ 2. 7183. . .
You do not have to memorize this, but one way of defining e is that e = lim 1 + 1n  n
n→∞
and e a = lim 1 + a
n n.
n→∞
1. A department store issues its own credit card, with an interest rate of 2 % per
month.
Explain why this is not the same as an annual rate of 24%. What is the
effective annual rate?
2. A deposit of R100 000 is made into an account paying a nominal interest rate of
8%.
Determine the amount in the account in 10 years if interest is compounded:
(a) Annually (b) Monthly (c) Weekly
(d) Daily (e) Continuously
3. In 1989, US inflation was 4.6% a year. In 1989 Argentina had an inflation rate
of about 33% a month.
a. What is the yearly equivalent of Argentina’s 33% monthly rate?
b. What is the monthly equivalent 4.6% yearly rate?
Unit 3.3 The natural logarithm

Objectives
1. describe the natural logarithm function.
2. use the properties of the natural logarithm to solve equations and inequalities.
3. use the properties of the exponential function with base e to solve equations
and inequalities.
4. write down the formula for an exponential function with base e if the
continuous growth rate or decay rate is given.
5. calculate the growth rate or the decay rate if the formula of an exponential
14
function P = P 0 e kt is given.
6. write the function P = P 0 a t in the form P = P 0 e kt and write the function
P = P 0 e kt in the form P = P 0 a t .
Problems for Section 1.6 (p 54), numbers 15, 16, 37, 38, 45(a), 45(b), 45(c) and 50.
1. Simplify the expression and write down the possible values of a and/or b :
(i) lne a  (ii) e ln a (iii) lne a e b  (iv) e ln a−ln b
2. Use the properties of the ln-function to write the expression as the ln of a
single quantity:
(i) ln a + 3 ln b (ii) 4 lna + b − 3 ln a
3. Write down the domain of the function in set notation:
(i) fx = lnx + 4 (ii) fx = lnx 2 + 4 (iii) fx = ln−x
(iv) fx = e x (v) fx = e x
4. Solve the following equations:
(i) 5 + e −0.1x = 10 (ii) 10 + e −0.1x = 5 (iii) ln4x = 16
(i) 4e 2x = 5e −3x (ii) ln x 4 − ln x 2 = 4 (iii) ln x 5 − ln x 3 = 4
6. Use graphs to solve the following inequalities.:
Hint: If you have to solve the inequality e 2x < 4, first solve the equality e 2x = 4
and then use the graph to write down the solution of the inequality e 2x < 4.
(i) e 2x < 4 (ii) e −3x < 5 (iii) e 3x > 8e −x (iv) ln x ≤ 4
Unit 3.4 Exponential growth and decay

Objectives
1. describe the doubling time of an exponentially increasing function and the
half-life of an exponentially decaying function.
2. find the doubling time of an exponentially increasing function and the half-life
of an exponentially decaying function.
3. use exponential functions to solve problems.
4. use the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions to solve problems.
Remarks
1. Omit the section on ”Present and Future value” (p 60).
2. If we do not give you the initial value, you have to write down the formula in the
form P = P 0 e kt /P = P 0 a t .
Substituting the initial quantity with 100 will not be accepted.
Problems for Section 1.7 (p 62), numbers 30, 33 and 35.
Problems for Section 3.2 (p 148), number 40 and 46.
Problems for section 3.3 (p 155), numbers 39 and 40.
Problems for Section 3.4 (p 160), number 41(b).
15
1. Consider the function y = fx = lnx 2 + 9.
1.1 Represent the domain of the function.
1.2 Find the interval(s) on which the function is decreasing.
1.3 Find the interval(s) on which the function is concave up.
2. The number of polio cases in the USA is approximated by the function
Pt = 5. 3e −0.095t +0.85t , with t in years since the beginning of 1959 and P in
2
millions.
2.1 How many cases of polio were there in 1960?
2.2 How many cases of polio were there in 2000?
2.3 When did the number of polio cases start to decrease?
3. The population, P, of a country is given by P = ft = 40 , with t in
1 + 11e −0.08t
years since 1990 and P in millions.
3.1 Find the initial population.
3.2 In what year will the population be equal to 20 million people?
3.3 The population grows the fastest when there are 20 million people. What is
the maximum rate of change of the population?
Unit 3.5 Absolute value functions

Source Lecture Notes
Objectives
1. write down the definition of the absolute value of a real number.
2. write down the definition of the absolute value function.
3. write down and use some of the properties of the absolute value function.
4. use the properties of the absolute value function to solve equations and
inequalities.
5. sketch the function y = |fx| by using the graph of the function y = fx.
(i) |x| = 0 (ii) |x + 1| = 0 (iii) |x| = 2 (iv) |x| = |−3|
(v) |x| = −3 (vi) |x + 1| = 2 (vii) |2x − 6| = 5 (viii) |2x + 1| = −1

2. Solve the following inequalities by using the graph of y = |x|:
(i) |x| < 4 (ii) |x| ≥ 5 (iii) |x| > −1 (iv) |x| < −1 (v) |x − 1|> 2
3. Sketch the following functions and write down the intercepts (if any):
(i) fx = x + 3 and gx = |x + 3| (ii) fx = 16 − x 2 and gx = |16 − x 2 |
(iii) fx = lnx and gx = |lnx| (iv) fx = e x − 2 and gx = |e x − 2|
(v) fx = −x 5 and gx = |−x 5 | (vi) fx = 2 x − 4 and gx = |2 x − 4|
(vii) fx = e −3x and gx = |e −3x | (viii) fx = lnx − 1 and gx = |lnx − 1|
16
Unit 3.6 Periodic functions
Objectives
1. describe a periodic function.
2. determine the period of a periodic function if a table of values is given.
3. determine the amplitude and the period of a periodic function if a sketch is
given.
4. determine the amplitude and the period and sketch the graphs of
y = A sinBt + C and y = A cosBt + C.
5. write down the formula if the graph or a description of a sine or cosine function
is given.
6. use periodic functions to solve problems.
7. use the derivative of a periodic function to solve problems.
Remark
We only use functions with the domain and range consisting of real numbers. When we
use the functions y = sin x and y = cos x, x is a real number. Therefore, for this course
you always use the ”radian” mode of your calculator.
Problems for Section 1.10 (p 83), numbers 11, 12, 18, 26, 34 ( multiple answers) and
35.
Problems for Section 3.5 (p 164), numbers 24, 25(a), 25(c) and 33(b).
1. The periodic function, T = ft, gives the temperature in degrees Celsius of
the water in a pool, t in hours since 3 o’clock in the morning . The lowest
temperature of 18 0 C is measured at 3 o’clock in the morning and the
highest temperature of 30 0 C at 3 o’clock in the afternoon.
1.1 Represent the formula of the function T = ft.
1.2 Use the formula to calculate the temperature at 12:00 on the second day.
2. Find the equation of the line tangent to the graph of fx = cosx 2  in the point
where x = π.
3. In a city in the USA the number of minutes of daylight can be approximated by
t − 79. 5π
the function D = 720 + 200 sin , with t = 1 giving the number of
183
daylight hours on January 1
3.1 What is the maximum daylight-length?
3.2 Show that dD | t = 100 ≈ 3. 22. What does this mean?
dt
THEME 4 - USING THE DERIVATIVE

Unit 4.1 Local extremes of a function
Objectives
1. describe local extremes (i.e. minima and maxima) of a function.
2. find the critical points of a function.
3. use the First Derivative Test with a number line to find the local extremes of a
17
function.
4. use the Second Derivative Test to find the local extremes of a function.
Remarks
1. If the domain of the function is a closed interval, the function has a critical
point at the endpoint or endpoints.
2. If a function has a critical point at x = c it DOES NOT mean that the function
has a local extreme at the point. Read the warning on p 178.
Problems for Section 4.1 (p 179), numbers 21 (use the Second Derivative Test),
25 (use the First Derivative Test with a number line and do not sketch the function), 36,
42 and 51.
1. Use the First Derivative Test with a number line to find the local extremes of
the polynomial fx = fx = 12x − 6x 2 + 4x 3 − 3x 4
2. Use the First Derivative Test with a number line to find the local extremes of
the function fx = −x 2 ln x
Unit 4.2 Inflection points

Objectives
1. describe an inflection point of a function.
2. find the inflection points of a function.
3. sketch polynomials.
Remark
Not every point where f ′′ x = 0 is an inflection point. Read the warning on p 184.
Problems for Section 4.2 (p 185) number 23.
1. Consider the polynomial fx = 3x 5 − 5x 3 .
Use number lines to find the local extremes and inflection points of the
polynomial. Use the information to sketch the polynomial.
2. A polynomial, y = Px, has the following properties:
P ′ x < 0 on − ∞, −1, P ′ x > 0 on − 1, 2 and P ′ x < 0 on 2, ∞
P ′′ x > 0 on − ∞, 0 and P ′′ x < 0 on 0, ∞
2.1 Sketch a possible graph of the polynomial if P−2 = P0 = P3 = 0.
2.2 What is the possible degree of the polynomial and the sign of the leading
coefficient?
3 Use number lines to find the local extremes and inflection point(s) of the
function gx = xe −0.1x
Unit 4.3 Global extremes of a function

Source Textbook, p 187-190
Objectives
1. describe global extremes (i.e. global minima and global maxima) of a function.
18
2. find the global extremes of a continuous function on a closed interval.
Remark
We will only ask you to find the global extremes of a function on an open interval if
enough information is available to sketch the graph of the function.
Problems for Section 4.3 (p 190), numbers 25 (use graphs to solve the equations
f ′ x = 0 and f ′′ x = 0 and 54.
Extra problem for the practical class
1. You have a piece of wire of 10 cm. You use the wire to form either a square or
a circle, or you cut the wire and form a square and a circle .If you cut and use
a wire of length a to form the square and the wire of length 10 − a to form the
circle, the area of the square and/or circle is given by the function
fa = 161 a 2 + 4π
1
10 − a 2 = 0. 142a 2 − 1. 592a + 7. 958, 0 ≤ a ≤ 10.
For what value of a will the area be a maximum?
2. The function P = ft = 300 − t 100 − 2t gives the weight (in mg) of a
population of bacteria t hours after the start of an experiment.
The domain of the function is 0, 40
2.1 Find the critical points of the function if f ′ t = 3t − 100 .
100 − 2t
2.2 Use a number line to find and describe the local extremes of the function.
THEME 5 - INTEGRATION
Unit 5.1 Accumulated change
Source Textbook, pp 234-238
Objectives
1. visualize total change as the area between a graph of the rate of change
function and the horizontal axis on a closed interval.
2. estimate total change if the rate of change is given by using the average of a
left-hand sum and a right-hand sum.
Remark
Omit Examples 2 and 3 (p 236).
Problems for Section 5.1 (p 246), numbers 8, 13, 18 and 41(b).
Unit 5.2 The definite integral

Objectives
1. describe a definite integral, the integrand and the limits of integration.
2. estimate a definite integral using a table of values, a graph or the formula of
the integrand.
Remark
If you estimate a definite integral, always use the average of a left-hand sum and a
right-hand sum.
Remark
19
Omit Examples 1 and 2 (p 244).
Unit 5.3 Antiderivatives

Source Lecture Notes
Objectives
1. describe an antiderivative and an indefinite integral.
2. find the indefinite integrals of seven functions.
3. use the properties of indefinite integrals.
4. find indefinite integrals of composite functions.
Evaluate the following integrals:
1. ∫ x 6 dx 2. ∫1 − 4x 6 dx 3. ∫ cos3x sin 4 3x dx
∫ e t dt ∫ e 0.3x dx ∫
t
4. 5. 6. e dt
t
7. ∫ 5 dx
x 8. ∫ 1 dt
1−t
9. ∫ x 4 dx
1 − x5
10. ∫ 5 t dt 11. ∫ x5 x 2
dx 12. ∫ sin3x5 cos3x dx
13. ∫ sin3t dt 14. ∫ 3 sin x dx 15. ∫ e −x sine −x  dx
16. ∫ cos2t dt 17. ∫ 2 t cos2 t  dt 18. ∫ tan2x dx

19. ∫ ln 3 t dt
t
20. ∫ 5x 2 dx
1 + x3
21. ∫ x2
3
dx
1 + x 3 
22. ∫ 1 dx
x ln x
23. ∫ 2 ln x dx
x 24. ∫3 + 3 x + x 3 dx
Unit 5.4 The fundamental theorem

Objective
On completing this unit you should be able to use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
to calculate definite integrals.
Evaluate the following integrals:
π π
∫ 0 0. 9 x dx ∫ −π sin t dt ∫ 0 x 2 cosx 3  dx
1
1. 2. 3.
∫4 ∫2 ∫ −1 x 3
16 x 3 2
4. e dx 5. x dx 6. 1 + x 4 dx
x 3 + x2
−1 −1
∫ −2 ∫ −2 3 − 4x + 5 × 6 x dx ∫ −1
2
7. 1 + 1 dx 8. 9. x3 dx
x2 x 6
2 + 5x 4 
20
THEME 6 - USING THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Unit 6.1 The definite integral as area
Objectives
1. use definite integrals to calculate the area of the region between the graph of a
continuous function y = fx, the x −axis and the lines x = a and x = b.
2. use definite integrals to calculate the area between two continuous graphs.
3. use areas to calculate definite integrals.
Problems for Section 5.3 (p 253), numbers 6, 13, 23, 27 and 35.
1. Find the area between the graph of fx = −e 2x , the x −axis and the lines x = 0
and x = 1.
2π
2.1 Calculate ∫ 2 sin x dx
0
2.2 Find the area between the graph of fx = 2 sin x, the x −axis and the lines
x = 0 and x = 2π.
3. Find the area between the graphs of fx = x 2 , gx = x 3 and the lines x = 0
and x = 2.
4. Find the area between the graphs of fx = 1x , gx = x and the lines
x = 0. 5 and x = 3.
Unit 6.2 Interpretations of the definite integral

Objectives
1. write down the units for a definite integral.
2. interpret a definite integral as total change.
3. use the Fundamental Theorem to calculate total change.
Remark
Omit the section on "Bioavalability of drug" on p 257.
Problems for Section 6.3 (p 296), numbers 31 and 32.
Unit 6.3 Average value

Objectives
On completing this unit you should be able to use an integral to calculate the average
value of a function on(over) an interval.
Problems for Section 5.6 (p 271), numbers 11(a), 12, 19(a) (January has 31 days) and
20.
21
THEME 7 - FUNCTION AND ECONOMICS
Unit 7.1 Applications of functions to economics
Objectives
1. describe a cost function, a revenue function, a profit function and a
depreciation function.
2. describe the fixed costs and variable costs of a cost function.
3. describe a supply curve and a demand curve.
4. calculate the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity and interpret your
answers.
Remarks
1. Omit the section starting with "Effect of taxes..." (p. 36-38).
Unit 7.2 Marginal cost and revenue

Objectives
1. explain what marginal cost and marginal revenue are.
2. use marginal analysis.
Unit 7.3 Maximizing profit, cost and revenue

Objectives
1. find the maximum profit, cost and revenue.
2. explain the relationship between maximum (or minimum) profit and marginal
revenue and marginal cost.
Consider a cost function Cq = q 3 − 9q 2 + 27q + 8 and revenue function Rq = 15q.
If C and R in thousands of rand and the number of units, q, in hundreds
i what are the fixed costs?
ii calculate the cost to increase the production from 300 to 500 items.
iii find the maximum profit.
Unit 7.4 Finding total cost

Source Textbook, p 264-265
22
Objectives
1. find the total cost if the fixed cost and the marginal cost function are given.
2. use the marginal revenue function to find the revenue.

Problems for Section 5.5 (p 270), numbers 5, 8, 11 and 12.
23
LINEAR ALGEBRA
Unit 1.1 Matrix addition and scalar multiplication
Source Notes, pp 1 - 7
Objectives
After having completed this unit you should be able to
1. describe an m × n matrix, the rows of a matrix , the columns of a matrix, a
square matrix, a zero matrix and the entry, a ij , of a matrix A.
2. add and subtract matrices of the same size.
3. multiply a matrix with a number (scalar).
4. use the properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication.
Exercise 1 (p 6), numbers 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10.
Unit 1.2 Matrix multiplication

Objectives
1. find the product of an m × n and an n × r matrix.
2. write down the size of the product of two matrices if the product is defined.
Exercise 2 (p 13), numbers 1, 2(a), 2(b), 2(c), 3, 7 and 8.
Unit 1.3 Systems of linear equations

Objectives
1. decide whether an equation is linear or not.
2. use the elementary row operations to change the augmented matrix of the
system to a matrix in echelon form.
3. decide whether the system is inconsistent or consistent.
4. decide whether the solution of a system that is consistent is unique or not.
5. write down the solution(s) of a consistent system.
Exercise 3 (p 21), numbers 2, 6, 7, 8(a),8(f), 8(i), 10 and 11
24

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University of Pretoria

Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

MATHEMATICS - WTW 165

Organization of the course ... 2

Marks and examinations ... 5

✠ Study Guide - Calculus

Theme 2 - Differentiation ... 10

Theme 3 - Exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric ... 12

Theme 5 - Integration ... 18

Theme 6 - Using the definite integral ... 20

Theme 7 - Functions and economics ... 21

✠ Study Guide-Linear Algebra ... 23

Unit 1.2 Seven types of functions

Unit 1.3 New functions from old functions

vii ft = 3 t−1 + t+1 viii fx = 1−x + x+2

Unit 1.4 Linear functions

Unit 1.5 Rates of change

Unit 2.2 The chain rule

Unit 2.3 Interpretations of the derivative

Unit 2.4 The second derivative

Unit 3.2 Compound interest and the number e

Unit 3.3 The natural logarithm

Unit 3.4 Exponential growth and decay

Unit 3.5 Absolute value functions

(v) |x| = −3 (vi) |x + 1| = 2 (vii) |2x − 6| = 5 (viii) |2x + 1| = −1

THEME 4 - USING THE DERIVATIVE

Unit 4.2 Inflection points

Unit 4.3 Global extremes of a function

Unit 5.2 The definite integral

Unit 5.3 Antiderivatives

16. ∫ cos2t dt 17. ∫ 2 t cos2 t  dt 18. ∫ tan2x dx

Unit 5.4 The fundamental theorem

Unit 6.2 Interpretations of the definite integral

Unit 6.3 Average value

Unit 7.2 Marginal cost and revenue

Unit 7.3 Maximizing profit, cost and revenue

Unit 7.4 Finding total cost

Problems for the practical class

Unit 1.2 Matrix multiplication

Unit 1.3 Systems of linear equations

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