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2b FLUID STATIC - Pressure Measurement

Manometers are devices used to measure pressure differences in fluids. A U-tube manometer uses the difference in height between liquid columns in two vertical tubes to determine pressure. The pressure can be calculated using the density of the liquid and the height differences. Inclined manometers are more sensitive for small pressure changes. Differential manometers measure the difference in pressure between two points using a single U-tube filled with different immiscible liquids.

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52 views27 pages

2b FLUID STATIC - Pressure Measurement

Manometers are devices used to measure pressure differences in fluids. A U-tube manometer uses the difference in height between liquid columns in two vertical tubes to determine pressure. The pressure can be calculated using the density of the liquid and the height differences. Inclined manometers are more sensitive for small pressure changes. Differential manometers measure the difference in pressure between two points using a single U-tube filled with different immiscible liquids.

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翁绍棠
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FLUID STATICS

Pressure Measurement - Manometers


Topic 2 - Part II
Pressure measurement devices

Manometer Bourdan gauge pressure transducer


Pressure Transducers
Introduction to Manometer
 Pressure is the most important parameter in fluid mechanics,
therefore the pressure measurement devices is required to
determine pressure characteristics in the fluid system.
 Manometer is one of the pressure measurement devices that
commonly used besides the pressure gauges and high-
precision devices such as pressure sensors and transducers.
 It is using liquid columns in vertical or inclined tubes and the
difference in the heights of the manometer liquid column is a
measure of the pressure in the fluid system/container.
 It is preferable and widely used due to it simplicity, easy to
fabricate and relatively inexpensive.
 Besides it requires little maintenance and suitable for low
pressure and low differential pressure.
Barometer
Barometer Barometer
 Is used to measure atmospheric pressure
ONLY.
 It consists of a glass tube closed at one end
with the open end immersed in a container
of mercury.
 The tube is initially filled with mercury and
then turned upside down with the open end
in the container of mercury.
 The mercury column height h will vary
when there is a changes in atmospheric
pressure.
 Thus, the Patm is given by:
patm  gh  h
Example 2.7

Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where the


barometric reading is 740 mmHg and the gravitational
acceleration is g = 9.81 m/s2. Assume the temperature of
mercury to be 10°C, at which its density is 13,570 kg/m3.

Solution :
Example 2.8

A mountain lake has an average temperature of 10 ºC and a


maximum depth of 40 m. For a barometric pressure of 598 mm
Hg, determine the absolute pressure (in pascals) at the deepest
part of the lake.
Piezometer
 Piezometer is the simplest type of manometer.
 It consist of tube that open at end top which is attached to the
tank/vessel containing liquid at a pressure to be measured. (the
pressure to be measured must be higher than atmospheric pressure).

As the tube is open to atmosphere, therefore the pressure at point A (at


a center point of the container) is given by: P  gh  h
A
Piezometer
 The disadvantages of piezometer is it cannot measure the pressure of
gas because gas cannot form the free surface.
 Also not suitable for vacuum pressure (pressure below atmospheric
pressure).
U-tube manometers
 To overcome the difficulties of piezometer,
another type of manometer which is widely
used consists of a tube formed into the U
shape and filled with a manometric fluid like
mercury.
 U-tube manomater enables the pressure of
both liquids and gases to be measured with
the same instrument.
 The fluid whose pressure is being measured
should have a density less than that of the
manometric fluid and the two fluids should
not be able to mix readily - that is, they
must be immiscible.
How to read or write the equation for
manometer
 For u-tube manometer in figure below, we are interested to find
the pressure at point A, pA. It can be determine by divides the u-
tube into two sides, left and right arms.
Cont...
Example 2.9
For manometer figure below, determine the pressure in tank A.
Other more simple procedure for writing
the equation for manometer
1. At one end of the manometer which locate the container (tank, or
vessel, pipe or etc.) that we are interested to find the pressure in it,
express the pressure there in symbol form (e.g., pA refers to
pressure at point A). Then write the equation as pA = ...
2. Go to the other one end (point D), and add of this pressure term
into the equation. The equation becomes pA = pD...
3. From point D we move to point C and as we move vertically
downward the pressure will increase by ρmgh2. Add this ∆p term and
the equation becomes pA = p + ρmgh2...
4. From point C we “jump across” to point B as the pC=pB and do not
do anything to the existing equation.
5. From point B we move to point A and as we move vertically upward
the pressure decreases by an amount ρg(h1+h2). The movement will
be end here as the pressure here now is equal to pA.
6. The equation now becomes:
pA = pD + ρmgh2 - ρg(h1+h2)
Cont…
7. As the pD = patm=0 (gauge pressure), therefore the final equation
becomes:
pA = ρmgh2 - ρg(h1+h2)

If we know the value of ρm,ρ, h1 and h2, the pA can be calculated.

Note :
When the movement from one point to another is downward, the
pressure increases and the value of ∆p=ρgh is added. Conversely,
when the movement from one point to another is upward, the
pressure decreases and the value of ∆p=ρgh is substracted.
Example 2.10
The water in a tank is pressurized
by air, and the pressure is
measured by a multifluid
manometer as shown in figure.
The tank is located on a mountain
at an altitude of 1400 m where
the atmospheric pressure is 86.5
kPa. Determine the air pressure in
the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2 =0.2 m,
and h3 = 0.35 m. Take the densities
of water, oil, and mercury to be
1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3, and 13,600
kg/m3, respectively.
Example 2.10
Differential manometers
 The U-tube manometer is also
widely used to measure the pressure
difference between two containers
or two points in a given system.
 This type of u-tube manometer is
also called as the differential
manometers.
 And if pB - pA is negative, it means
the pressure at container B is lower
PB  PA   1h1   2h2   3h3 than the pressure at container A, or
pA>pB.
PA  PB   3h3   2h2   1h1
Example 2.11
For manometer in figure below, determine the pressure different
between tank A and B.
Inclined manometers
Inclined manometer as shown in figure frequently is used when
there is only a small pressure changes.

 It is more sensitive than the vertical tube manometer.


 One leg of the manometer is inclined at an angle and the
differential reading is measured along the inclined tube.
Inclined manometers

For inclined manometer as in figure above, the pressure difference


between tank A and B can be expressed as
PA  PB   3h3   2h2   1h1
PA  PB   3 h3   2l 2 sin   1h1
Example 2.12
For inclined manometer in figure below, determine the pressure
different between tank A and B.
Bourdan Pressure Gauge
 The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the
principle that a flattened tube tends to
straighten or regain its circular form in
cross-section when pressurized. In
practice, a flattened thin-wall, closed-
end tube is connected at the hollow end
to a fixed pipe containing the fluid
pressure to be measured. As the
pressure increases, the closed end
moves in an arc, and this motion is
converted into the rotation of a
(segment of a) gear by a connecting link
that is usually adjustable. A small-
diameter pinion gear is on the pointer
shaft, so the motion is magnified further
by the gear ratio. The positioning of the
indicator card behind the pointer, the
initial pointer shaft position, the linkage
length and initial position, all provide
means to calibrate the pointer to
indicate the desired range of pressure
for variations in the behavior of the
Bourdon tube itself.
Pressure Transducers

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