Supply chain is system of individuals and activities that help move a goods from manufacturing

to consumption by the end user. An efficient supply chain can have a significant impact on a company's
growth. Physical geography of any country is an essential component in the structure and evolution of an
SCM network. And, Canada truly has become a leading gateway to the world in supply chain market.

History of Canadian Geography

By total area Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. Out Of Canada's 13
provinces and territories, only two are noncoastal (Alberta and Saskatchewan) while the other eleven all
coastal regions. Canada shares with the U.S. the world's longest binational border at 8,893 kilometers
(5,526 mi); 2,477 kilometers (1,539 mi) are with Alaska. Canada consists of 13 political divisions: 10
provinces and 3 territories. The territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. The major
difference between a Canadian province and a Canadian territory is that a province is a creation of the
Constitution Act (17 April 1982), while a territory is created by federal law. Thus, the federal government
has more direct control over the territories, while provincial governments have many more
competences and rights.

1867: Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were the original provinces, formed when
several British North American colonies federated into the Dominion of Canada. Prior to this, Ontario
and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada.

1870 – 1873: Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873) were added as
provinces.

1880: The British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada adding to the size of the
Northwest Territories.

1898: The Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon in 2003, carved from the parts of the
Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields.

1905: A portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of
Alberta and Saskatchewan.

1949: After the Second world war, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province. In 2001, it was
officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador.

Current Geography of CANADA vs Supply Chain

Currently, Base on the population Ontario is the largest province in Canada followed by Quebec,
British Columbia, and Alberta.

Canada’s West Coast is the westernmost part of the country that borders the Pacific Ocean. It is
known by geographers as the Cordillera region, and contains the province of British Columbia. Moving
east, away from the Pacific, is Canadian portion of the Rocky Mountains, which forms British Columbia’s
border with the province of Alberta.
 Central Canada, containing the country’s two largest provinces, Ontario, and Quebec, is part of
a massive geographic land formation known as the Canadian Shield that gives much of the country its
distinctive shape.

Atlantic Canada, Farthest east, we have the Appalachian region, encompassing the four Atlantic
provinces of Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, which are all either
islands or peninsulas protruding from the eastern edge of Quebec and extending into the Atlantic
Ocean.

Canada North part is a somewhat vaguely defined region. All the provinces, save the Maritimes,
contain dry, barren and mostly uninhabited northern areas prone to long, cold winters, heavy snow, and
perpetually frozen soil.

Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver are top three largest cities of CANADA. Many savvy
companies are looking to Canada as a good place to expand their businesses. Outstanding water ports,
expansive railway systems, and top-quality highway and road infrastructure result in the country's ability
to deliver complete and efficient international logistics capabilities.

An effective and efficient supply chain is constantly thinking about maximizing customer value
and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. The essential part of the supply chain is the
transportation of the products either it is raw material or final product used by the end user.

Canada has the largest coastline in the world. A simple geography lesson tells us that Canada
has distinct logistical capabilities that can be leveraged. For importing and exporting, Canada is a leader
in port availability, infrastructure, and accessibility. Location, natural assets, and logistics support have
created an environment to provide product distribution to global locations. Vancouver, Halifax, Quebec,
Montreal, and St. Lawrence are among the popular ports of CANADA. Port Metro Vancouver is the
largest and busiest port in Canada and the fourth-largest tonnage port in North America. The basic
function of a supply chain is to get the goods efficiently to market at the lowest possible cost, while
providing the highest level of customer service

The strong rail system, built out of necessity to navigate Canada's rugged terrain, has proven to
be an economically sound method of shipping logistics. The CN Railway and CP Railway are the
dominant providers.

Canada's Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative has created investment opportunities and
policy measures focused on transportation-related assets and pathways across western Canada.

Canada's vast and well-structured transportation system has propelled the nation forward as a
leading gateway to serve most major markets around the globe which make CANADA stand globally on
the high position for Global value chain.

The U.S. and Canada enjoy one of the most efficient borders in the world. Changes in the
processes of both Canada Customs and U.S. Customs combined with increasing use of information
technology have allowed easier transmission of information among all the players.
Biggest challenges of Supply chain Industries in CANADA

The challenges that Canadian supply chain companies face are mounting. And while overseeing
the import and transportation of goods has never been more demanding, remaining efficient while
reducing operational costs is still every logistics manager’s goal - no matter which industry they serve.

Unexpected Weather is the major logistics-related challenges that every Canadian logistics
provider is facing due to its Geographical conditions. Unpredictable and frequently changing weather
can be a huge threat to Canadian supply chains – especially when it comes to maintaining smooth
operations. All too often, Canadian winters bring inconsistent conditions, and when spontaneous
snowstorms erupt, the safe and speedy delivery of products can be disrupted.