Waveguide

EE 344
Wave Propagation and Antennas Waveguide: A single hollow metal pipe (single conductor)

Spring 2022
Properties:
Dr Zubair Ahmed
Dept. of EE  Has low loss (compared with a transmission line)
 Can handle large amounts of power
y
Lecture 12  Immune to interference
z
Rectangular Waveguides 2 Can propagate a signal only at high frequency:  > c
b
x a
Sections: 12.3,12.4

1 4

Waveguide Modes Rectangular Waveguide

Rectangular Waveguide
TEMz mode: Ez = 0, Hz = 0 not possible
y
In a waveguide (hollow pipe of metal), there are two types of modes:

,  b
TMz: Hz = 0, Ez  0 x
a
TEz: Ez = 0, Hz  0 Cross section

 We assume that the boundary is a perfect electric conductor (PEC).

 We analyze the problem to solve for Ez or Hz (all other fields come from these).
Each type of mode can exist independently.
TMz: Ez only
TEz: Hz only

4 4

1 1
 Transverse Longitudinal Field Relationship TMz Modes
y
Transverse Longitudinal Field Relationship H z  0, Ez  0
1  Ez H z  , 
Ex   2   j  b
k   2  x y  2 Ez  k 2 Ez  0 (Helmholtz equation)
x
a
1  Ez H z  Ez  0 on boundary
Ey     j Cross section
 (PEC walls)
k2  2  y x  Cutoff wave number:

1  Ez H z  kc2  k 2   2
Hx    j   kc2  k 2   2   j
k2  2  y x 
kZ
1  Ez H z   kc2  k x2  k y2
Hy   j  
k  2 
2
x y  kc is propagation constant in transverse plane

3 6

TMz Modes (cont.) TMmn Modes (cont.)

y y

 m x   n y   j  z
Summary of TMz Solution Ez  x, y, z   Amn sin   sin  e
 a   b 
 m x   n y   j  z ,  b ,  b
Ez  x, y, z   Amn sin   sin  e x
Using transverse longitudinal relations:
x
 a   b  a a
Cross section j   n   m x   n y   j  z  Cross section
H x  x, y , z    Amn  b  sin   cos  e 
 m   n 
2 2
 m   n 
2 2
u m n
2 2 kc2     a   b  
k k k 
2 2 2
     k2        
TM m ,n
c x y  fc
j
 a   b   a   b  2  a  b   m   m x   n y   j  z 
H y  x, y , z     Amn  a  cos  a  sin  b  e 
kc2        
m  1, 2, m represents no of half cycle field variations along x/a direction
j   m   m x   n y   j  z 
n  1, 2, n represents no of half cycle field variations along y/b direction E x  x, y , z     Amn  a  cos   sin  e 
kc2     a   b  
Note: If either m or n is zero, the entire field is zero. j   n   m x   n y   j  z 
E y  x, y , z     Amn  b  sin  a  cos  b  e 
Concept Questions: What is the lowest order (lowest cutoff frequency) TMmn mode? kc2        

7 8

1 2
 TMmn Modes (cont.) TEz Modes
y
Field plot in waveguide cross section: m represents no of half cycle field variations along x/a direction
Ez  0, H z  0
n represents no of half cycle field variations along y/b direction
,  b
2 H z  k 2 H z  0 (Helmholtz equation) x
a
E  field is zero on boundary (PEC walls) Cross section

9 10

TEz Modes (cont.) y TEmn Modes (cont.)

Summary of TEz Solution  m x   n y   j  z

H z  x, y, z   Amn cos   cos  e
,  b  a   b 
 m x   n y   j  z
x
H z  x, y, z   Amn cos   cos  e
a
Using transverse longitudinal relations:
 a   b 
j   m   m x   n y   j  z 
 m   n 
2 2
u  m   n 
2 2 H x  x, y , z    Amn  a  sin   cos  e 
  k2     f c m,n      
Same formula for cutoff kc2     a   b  
 a   b  2  a   b  frequency as the TMz case!
j   n   m x   n y   j  z 
H y  x, y , z    Amn  b  cos  a  sin  b  e 
kc2        
m  0,1, 2
 m, n    0, 0  j   n   m x   n y   j  z 
n  0,1, 2 E x  x, y , z   Amn   cos   sin  e
Note: The (0,0) TEz mode is not valid. (See transverse longitudinal relationship) kc2   b   a   b 


j   m   m x   n y   j  z 
E y  x, y , z    Amn   sin   cos  e
kc2  
Concept Questions: What is the lowest order (lowest cutoff frequency) TEmn mode?
(assume a>b)  a   a   b  

11 12

1 3
 TEmn Modes Summary
m represents no of half cycle field variations along x/a direction
Field plot in waveguide cross section:  m x   n y   j  z
n represents no of half cycle field variations along y/b direction TMz Ez  x, y, z   Amn sin   sin  e
TE10  a   b 
 m x   n y   j  z
TEz H z  x, y, z   Amn cos   cos  e
 a   b 

 m   n 
2 2

  m,n   k 2      same formula for both cases

 a   b 

TE20 u  m   n 
2 2

f c m,n       same formula for both cases

2  a   b 

m  0,1, 2,
m  1, 2,
TMz TEz n  0,1, 2,
n  1, 2,
 m, n    0, 0 
13 14

Dominant Mode Dominant Mode (cont.)

The "dominant" mode is the one with the lowest cutoff frequency.
Summary (TE10 Mode)

  x   j z
Assume b < a y H z  x, y, z   A10 cos  e
 a 

u  m   n   
2 2 2
fc    
2  a   b 
 ,  b   k2  
x a  
a
u 
fc  k    
Lowest TM mode: TM11 2a u
Lowest TE mode: TE10 TEz
TMz
m  0,1, 2,
m  1, 2,
n  0,1, 2,
The dominant mode is the TE10 mode. n  1, 2,
 m, n    0, 0 
15 16

1 4
 Dominant Mode (cont.) Dominant Mode (cont.)
What is the mode with the next highest cutoff frequency? Assume b < a / 2 What is the mode with the next highest cutoff frequency? If b > a / 2

u  2 
2
c2
u  m   n  f c 2,0 
2 2
u  2 
2
    c2 u  
2
 c1
fc      2  a  2a f c 2,0       f c 0,1      
2  a   b  2  a  2a 2  b  2b
u  
2
c1
f c 0,1      
2  b  2b y
y

Then the next highest is the TE20 mode. Then the next highest is the TE01 mode. b , 
b ,  The useable bandwidth is now lower.
x
 2,0 1,0 a
f c 2f c x
a
Useful operating region or TE01
Bandwidth (BW) BW
TE01

fc fc
TE10 TE20 TE10 TE20
17 18

Concept Question 1 Concept Question 2

Find the bandwidth of standard X band waveguide WR-90? (a=0.9’’ , b=0.4’’) Design a waveguide to pass 8.2GHz signal.
( Assume that you have to provide 25% safety margin at low frequency ( Assume that you have to provide 25% safety margin at low frequency )
and 5% margin and upper frequency)

19 20

1 5
 Dominant Mode (cont.) y Dominant Mode (cont.)
Fields of the Dominant TE10 Mode Fields of the Dominant TE10 Mode

  x   j z ,  b   x   j z
H z  x, y, z   A10 cos  e x H z  x, y, z   A10 cos  e
 a  a  a 
Find the other fields using transverse longitudinal relations: Find the other fields using transverse longitudinal relations:
  x   j z
E y  x, y, z   E10 sin  e
  x   j z
E y  x, y, z   E10 sin  e  a 
 a       x   j z
   H x  x, y , z      E10 sin  e
  x   j z   
H x  x, y , z      E10 sin  e y  a 
    a 
E
where
b H
 j    
E10   2 2 
  A10
 k    a  Variation of field components with x
a x
Animation
21 Field lines for TE10 mode 22

Dominant Mode (cont.) Higher Order Modes

Wave impedance:
Ey   
  
Hx   
 

  
 k 1 f / f 2 
  c  
 

  
 1 f / f 2 
  c  

Define the wave impedance:

 
Ey  1
Z TE      
Hx kz  1   f / f 2 
 c 
23 24

1 6
 Higher Order Modes (Cont.) Higher Order Modes (Cont.)
TE01
TE21

TE11 TM21

25 26

Example 1 Home Work 1

Given an X band air filled waveguide WR-90 (a=0.9’’ and b=0.4’’). Find the phase constant and
guided wavelength for f=10GHz and f= 6GHz.
 m   n 
2 2

  m,n   k 2     
 a   b 
2 2
u m n
f c m,n      
2  a  b

2
g 


27 28

1 7
 Home Work 2 Example 2

29 30

Example 3 Example 3 (cont.)

2 2 2 2
u m n u m n
f cmn      f cmn     
2  a  b 2  a  b

31 32

1 8
 Example 3 (cont.) Example 3 (cont.)

2 2 2 2
u m n u m n
f cmn      f cmn     
2  a  b 2  a  b
Mode Chart:

No of TE modes:____________
No of TM modes:____________
How many degenerate modes___________
Is the waveguide overmoded________

33 34

Example 4

Given E and H filed of TM11 mode . Draw E and H fields of TM21 mode

35

1 9