Design Report END DIAPH_Deep

DESIGN OF END DIAPHRAGM

Material Specification
fck = 45 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
fyd = 435 N/mm2 As per Clause 6.2.2, IRC: 112-2011
fck = 45 N/mm2
fctm = 3.0 N/mm2
As per Table 6.5, IRC: 112:2011
2
fcd = 20.10 N/mm
Clear cover to reinforcement = 40 mm
Elastic Modulus of Steel Es = 200000 N/mm2
2
Elastic Modulus of Concrete Ecm = 33000 N/mm
( Jacking condition)
All The Girder are supported on bearing and the reaction transferred to the bearing directly.Hence End Diaphragm is
critical in Jacking up condition.The reactions below each girder due to DL & SIDL has been calculated with the help of
STAAD.

Skew Angle = 0 Degree = 0.000 Radians

cos 0 = 1.00
1 2 3 4

1.283 2.57 2.57 1.283

2.6

Dead Load Load Over Each Bearing

Bearing
DL (kN) SIDL Surfacing
No.
1 1219.16 157.64 73.4
2 1249.24 9.07 80.89
3 1249.24 76.97 100.83
4 1219.16 329.03 190.45

No of Jacks N = 3
D = 2250 mm
B = 400
c/c distance between jacks L1 = 2.57 m

Results from Staad Analysis

Max
Hogging Sagging
l FOR Shear
LOAD l FOR SLS Moment Moment
ULS Force
(kNm) (kNm)
(kN)
Dead Load 1 1.35 635 387.963 1219.16
SIDL 1 1.35 83.2 24.517 157.64
Surfacing 1 1.75 87.31 47.86 73.4
ULS 1122.36 640.60 1987.1
SLS 805.51 460.34

Vertical load on jack 1 = 1985.0 KN

Vertical load on jack 2 = 1985.0 KN
Vertical load on jack 3 = 1985.0 KN

Maximum Jack Reaction = 1985.03 KN = 198.5 MT

say 238.2 MT

L/D = 1.140 < 2.5 Design as Deep Beam

Calculation of Hogging Reinforcement

Design Bending Moment Mz = 1122.36 kNm

L/D = 2.57 / 2.25 = 1.140 > 1

Lever arm = 0.2 ( l + 1.5D ) = 1.1882 As per cl: 29.2 of IS:456-1978

99 2) end & int diaphragm

Design Report END DIAPH_Deep

Ast required = 1122.36 x 1000000

435 1188.2

2
Ast,Required = 2171.47 mm
Distribution of negative steel
As per cl: 29.3.2(b) of IS:456-2000
(I) A zone of depth 0.2 D adjecent to the tension (top) face of cross girder , which shall contain 0.45 m
a proportion of the tension steel given by 0.5 ( l / D - 0.5 ) = 0.3202

Ast (Required) for this zone = 0.32022 x 2171.47 = 695.354 mm^2

Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement

As. Min : = f ctm - Refer Eq. 16.5.1.1 & 16.6.1.1 of IRC: 112-2011
0.26 . .b.d
f yk
Whichever is higher OR = 0.0013.b.d -Refer Clause 16.9 of IRC:112-2011'

b = 400.00 mm
d = 2187.50 mm
Ast min = 1170.00 mm2/m
Governing Reinf. Ast = 1170.00 mm2/m

2
20 T @ 3 Nos Ast = 942.48 mm
2
20 T @ 2 Nos Ast = 628.32 mm
2
16 T @ 2 Nos Ast = 402.12 mm
2
Ast = 1972.9 mm Reinf. OK

Hence Ast provided = 1973 mm2

( ii ) A zone of measuring 0.3 D on either sides of the mid of the cross girder 0.675 m
containing the remainder of the total steel i.e. = 2171.47 - 695.354 = 1476.12 mm^2

Provide 20 Nos of 25mm dia bars = 2453.13 mm^2 ) @ Equal Spacing

surface reinforcement

Min area of surface reinforcement = 0.01x Act,eff = 2056 (mm2)

where Act,eff = area of cover portion outside stirrup

Governing Reinf. Ast = 2056.00 mm2/m

Maximum spacing between bars = 200 mm

25 T @ 20 NO. Ast = 9813 mm2 Reinf. OK

Calculation of Span Reinforcement

Design Bending MomentMz = 640.60 kNm

Liver arm = 0.2 ( L+ 1.5D ) As per clause 29.2 of IS : 456 -2000

1.1882 m
Ast = 640.60 x 1000000
435 1188.2

2
Ast,Required = 1239.40 mm

f ctm
Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement
As. Min : = 0.26 . .b.d- Refer Eq. 16.5.1.1 & 16.6.1.1 of IRC: 112-2011
f yk

Whichever is higher OR = 0.133. f ck .b.d 2 -Refer Clause 16.9 of IRC:112-2011'

b = 400.00 mm
d = 2187.50 mm
Ast min = 1170.00 mm2/m
Governing Reinf. Ast = 1239.40 mm2/m

100 2) end & int diaphragm

Design Report END DIAPH_Deep

2
25 T @ 3 Nos Ast = 1472.62 mm
2
16 T @ 2 Nos Ast = 402.12 mm
0 T @ 0 Nos Ast = 0.00 mm2
2
Ast = 1874.7 mm Reinf. OK

Hence Ast provided = 1875 mm2

This is to be placed within a zone of depth equal to 0.25 D - 0.05 L0.4342

i.e. m from the tension face ( soffit ) of the girder ,

DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM BEAM FOR SHEAR

Shear Force = 1987.13 KN

Bending Moment at critical section = 0.00 KN-m

tan b = 0.00

Effective Depth deff = 2187.50 m

Net shear force S - M*tan b /d' = 1987.13 KN

Hence, Shear stress = 2.271 N/mm2

0.12 K 80. . f 1 ck 0.33  0.15. cp .bw .d eff

Design Shear resistance of the member(without Shear R/F)
VRd.c =

= 273 KN
 min  0.15 cp .bw .d eff
Minimum Shear resistance ʋRd.c =

798 KN

Mean Compressive stress σcp = 0.2fcd 4.02 Mpa

NEd/Ac < 0.2fcd

0.00
Applied Longitiudinal Force NEd = 0.00
 cc . f ck

Design value of concrete compressive strength fcd = m
= 20.10

0.031.K 3 / 2 . f ck1 / 2
ʋmin =

200
1
K = d eff =
1.30

As 1
1 = b w . d eff
< 0.02

0.00225
% of reinforcement = 0.225 %

Check for Shear resistance =

VRd .Max   cw .bw .z.1 . f cd
αcw = 1.00 for σcp = 0

bw = 400.00 mm

z = 1968.75 mm

n1 = 0.60

VRd,Max = 9497.25 KN

Design Shear resistance = 798.07 KN

Design Shear Force = 1987.13 KN
Provide Shear Reinforcement

101 2) end & int diaphragm

Design Report END DIAPH_Deep

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Asw
V Rd.s  .z. f ywd . cot q
s

VRd,s = 1987.13 KN

Z = 1968.75 mm

fywd = 0.87*fyk = 435 N/mm2

cotq = 2.5

S - Spacing of stirrups
2
Using 2 L- 20 @ Asw = 628.32 mm

Spacing required Sv = 676.98

Spacing to be Provided S = 150 mm ~ 150 mm

Minimum Shear Reinforcement

Asw
Shear Reinforcement ratio w = ( s.b w . sin  ) = 0.0105 OK

0 . 072 . f ck 
w,min
Minimum Shear Reinforcement ratio = f yk
= 0.00097

STRESS CHECK FOR SUPPORTS

SLS Moments at Supports

S.No Type of Loading  BM(KN-m)

1 DL+SIDL 1 805.51
Total 805.51 KN-m

* - Partial safety factor-Rare combination

CHECK FOR STRESS

Stresses are calculated using Cracked section analysis

Limiting Stresses

Sno Combination Allowable Stresses Actual StressCheck

1 Concrete 0.48fck 21.6 3.79 Safe
2 Steel 300 202.99 Safe

Area of steel Provided Ast = 1972.9 mm2

percentage of steel pt = 0.00225 mm

xu = 528.5
Sectional Properties
deff 2187.50
4
Moment of Inertia of Concrete section
IC = 1.2E+09 mm N A
Modular Ratio m = 1.7E+01 deff-xu= 1659.0
4
Moment of Inertia of transformed area
IS of steel = 5.4E+09 mm
3
Modulus of Section of Concrete ZC = 2.2E+06 mm
3
Modulus of Section of Steel ZS = 3.3E+06 mm
Cracked Moment of Inertia ICR = 6.6E+09 ######
Calculation of Modular Ratio (m) Depth of Nuetral Axis = 528.47 mm

102 2) end & int diaphragm

Design Report END DIAPH_Deep

Area of Cross section of composite section

Ac = 900000 mm2 5.6E+07 5.6E+07 0
Perimeter of Section u = 5300 mm

339.623 mm
=

For dry atmospheric conditions f = 1.82

Ec
Ec,eff = (1  f ) = 11719.9

E s
m = E c , eff
= 17.1

Actual Stresses

fck' = 3.79 N/mm2

fy' = 202.99 N/mm2
fct' = 203.0 N/mm2

CRACK WIDTH CALUCLATION

Permissible Crack width in moderate conditions of exposure = 0.3 mm

S .( e - e )
Crack Width Wk = r , max sm cm
= 0.18 mm OK

Sr,max - Maximum Crack spacing

esm - Mean Strain in Reinforcement
ecm - Mean Strain in Concrete

sc - 202.99
Kt - 0.5
fct,eff - 3
p.eff - 0.032
e - 6.06061
Es - 200000
As - 1973 mm2
c - 40
j - 20.00
h - 2250 mm
d - 2187.50
x - 0.00

2.5(h-d) = 156.25
hc,eff - Min (h-x/3) = 750.00 = 156.25 mm
h/2 = 1125

n1f1 2  n 2f 2 2
jeq = n1f1  n 2f 2 = 20.00

2
AC,eff = 62500 mm

 - K
f ct , eff
1   e .  
e sm - e cm

sc t p , eff
 p , eff
= Es

= 0.00073

For the case of Deformed bars associated with pure bending

0.17 .f
Sr,max = 3.4c  = 243.71
 p ,eff

103 2) end & int diaphragm

Design Report END DIAPH_Deep

Additional Check as per IS 456 for Side face reinforcement :

Side Face reinforcement as per Clasue 32.4

Shear Force = 1987.13 kN

Thickness of Beam = 500 mm
Depth of beam H = 2250 mm
Lw 2566.00
Shear Stress = 1.94 N/mm2
Allowable stress 0.17fck = 7.65 N/mm2
ok

Tcw Case 1 = 4.024922 N/mm2

Tcw Case 2 = 4.600639 N/mm2

Minimum Value = 4.024922 N/mm2

Shear force required for design = -2144.05 kN

% of steel reinforcment provided pw = 0.225%

Aav = 2314.292 mm2

Provided reinforcment = 4188.79 mm2

104 2) end & int diaphragm

Design Report INT DIAPH_Deep

DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE DIAPHRAGM

Material Specification
2
fck = 45 N/mm
2
fy = 500 N/mm
2
fyd = 435 N/mm As per Clause 6.2.2, IRC: 112-2011
2
fck = 45 N/mm
2
fctm = 3.0 N/mm As per Table 6.5, IRC: 112:2011
2
fcd = 20.10 N/mm
Clear cover to reinforcement = 40 mm
2
Elastic Modulus of Steel Es = 200000 N/mm
2
Elastic Modulus of Concrete Ecm = 35000 N/mm
D = 2170 mm
B = 300
c/c distance between bearing L1 = 2.57 m

Results from Staad Analysis

Max
Hogging Sagging
l FOR Shear
LOAD l FOR SLS Moment Moment
ULS Force
(kNm) (kNm)
(kN)
Dead Load 1 1.35 0.001 86 58
SIDL 1 1.35 318 0 103
Surfacing 1 1.75 7.1 0 2.4
LL (70R+A) 1 1.5 32 491 326
LL (SV Loading) 1 1.15 24 1260 400.373
ULS 489.73 1565.10 710.55
SLS 357.101 1346

L/D = 1.182 < 2.5 Design as Deep Beam

Calculation of Hogging Reinforcement

Design Bending Moment Mz = 489.73 kNm

L/D = 2.57 / 2.17 = 1.182 > 1

Lever arm = 0.2 ( l + 1.5D ) = 1.1642 As per cl: 29.2 of IS:456-1978

Ast required = 489.73 x 1000000

435 1164.2

2
Ast,Required = 967.02 mm
Distribution of negative steel
As per cl: 29.3.2(b) of IS:456-2000
(I) A zone of depth 0.2 D adjecent to the tension (top) face of cross girder , which shall contain 0.434 m
a proportion of the tension steel given by 0.5 ( l / D - 0.5 ) = 0.3412

Ast (Required) for this zone = 0.341244 x 967.02 = 329.991 mm^2

Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement

As. Min : = f ctm - Refer Eq. 16.5.1.1 & 16.6.1.1 of IRC: 112-2011
0.26 . .b.d
f yk
Whichever is higher OR = 0.0013.b.d -Refer Clause 16.9 of IRC:112-2011'

b = 300.00 mm
d = 2107.50 mm
2
Ast min = 846.30 mm /m
2
Governing Reinf. Ast = 846.30 mm /m

2
16 T @ 3 Nos Ast = 603.19 mm
2
12 T @ 2 Nos Ast = 226.19 mm
2
12 T @ 2 Nos Ast = 226.19 mm
2
Ast = 1055.58 mm Reinf. OK

105
Design Report INT DIAPH_Deep

2
Hence Ast provided = 1056 mm

( ii ) A zone of measuring 0.3 D on either sides of the mid of the cross girder 0.651 m
containing the remainder of the total steel i.e. = 967.02 - 329.991 = 637.03 mm^2

Provide 2 Nos of 12mm dia bars = 565.2 mm^2 ) @ Equal Spacing

surface reinforcement

Min area of surface reinforcement = 0.01x Act,eff = 1912 (mm2)

where Act,eff = area of cover portion outside stirrup

Governing Reinf. Ast = 1912.00 mm2/m

Maximum spacing between bars = 100

12 T @ 18 NO. Ast = 2034.72 mm2 Reinf. OK

Calculation of Span Reinforcement

Design Bending MomentMz = 1565.10 kNm

Liver arm = 0.2 ( L+ 1.5D ) As per clause 29.2 of IS : 456 -2000

1.1642 m
Ast = 1565.10 x 1000000
435 1164.2
2
Ast,Required = 3090.48 mm
f ctm
0.26 . .b.d
Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement
As. Min : = f yk - Refer Eq. 16.5.1.1 & 16.6.1.1 of IRC: 112-2011

Whichever is higher OR = 0.133. f ck .b.d 2 -Refer Clause 16.9 of IRC:112-2011'

b = 300.00 mm
d = 2107.50 mm
2
Ast min = 846.30 mm /m
2
Governing Reinf. Ast = 3090.48 mm /m

2
25 T @ 3 Nos Ast = 1472.62 mm
2
25 T @ 2 Nos Ast = 981.75 mm
2
20 T @ 2 Nos Ast = 628.32 mm
2
Ast = 3082.69 mm Check

2
Hence Ast provided = 3083 mm

This is to be placed within a zone of depth equal to 0.25 D - 0.05 L0.4142

i.e. m from the tension face ( soffit ) of the girder ,

DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM BEAM FOR SHEAR

Shear Force = 710.55 KN

Bending Moment at critical section = 0.00 KN-m

tan b = 0.00

Effective Depth deff = 2107.500 m

Net shear force S - M*tan b /d' = 710.55 KN

2
Hence, Shear stress = 1.124 N/mm

Design Shear resistance of the member(without Shear R/F)

VRd.c =
0.12 K 80. . f
1 ck 0.33  0.15. cp .bw .d eff

= 179 KN

106
Design Report INT DIAPH_Deep

 min  0.15 cp .bw .d eff

Minimum Shear resistance ʋRd.c =

578 KN

Mean Compressive stress σcp = 0.2fcd 4.02 Mpa

NEd/Ac < 0.2fcd

0.00
Applied Longitiudinal Force NEd = 0.00
 cc . f ck

Design value of concrete compressive strength fcd = m
= 20.10

0.031.K 3 / 2 . f ck1 / 2
ʋmin =

200
1
K = d eff =
1.31

As 1
1 = b w .d eff
< 0.02

0.00167
% of reinforcement = 0.167 %

Check for Shear resistance =

VRd .Max   cw .bw .z.1. f cd
αcw = 1.00 for σcp = 0

bw = 300.00 mm

z = 1896.75 mm

n1 = 0.60

VRd,Max = 6862.44 KN

Design Shear resistance = 577.94 KN

Design Shear Force = 710.55 KN
Provide Shear Reinforcement

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Asw
VRd.s  .z. f ywd . cot q
s

VRd,s = 710.55 KN

Z = 1896.75 mm
2
fywd = 0.87*fyk = 435 N/mm

cotq = 2.5

S - Spacing of stirrups
2
Using 2 L- 12 @ Asw = 226.19 mm

Spacing required Sv = 656.64

Spacing to be Provided S = 150 mm ~ 150 mm

107
Design Report INT DIAPH_Deep

Minimum Shear Reinforcement

Asw
Shear Reinforcement ratio w = ( s.b w . sin  ) = 0.0050 OK

0 . 072 . f ck 
w,min
Minimum Shear Reinforcement ratio = f yk
= 0.00097

STRESS CHECK FOR SUPPORTS

SLS Moments at Supports

S.No Type of Loading  BM(KN-m)

1 DL+SIDL 1 1346.00
Total 1346.0 KN-m

* - Partial safety factor-Rare combination

CHECK FOR STRESS

Stresses are calculated using Cracked section analysis

Limiting Stresses

Sno Combination Allowable Stresses Actual Stress Check

1 Concrete 0.48fck 21.6 6.94 Safe
2 Steel 300 232.52 Safe

Area of steel Provided Ast = 3082.7 mm2

percentage of steel pt = 0.00488 mm

xu = 689.0
Sectional Properties
deff 2107.50
4
Moment of Inertia of Concrete section
IC = 2.0E+09 mm N A
Modular Ratio m = 16.28 deff-xu= 1418.5
4
Moment of Inertia of transformed area
IS of steel = 6.2E+09 mm
3
Modulus of Section of Concrete ZC = 2.9E+06 mm
3
Modulus of Section of Steel ZS = 4.4E+06 mm
Cracked Moment of Inertia ICR = 8.2E+09 #######
Calculation of Modular Ratio (m) Depth of Nuetral Axis = 688.98 mm

Area of Cross section of composite section

Ac = 651000 mm2 7.1E+07 71203402 0
Perimeter of Section u = 4940 mm

263.563 mm
=

For dry atmospheric conditions f = 1.85

Ec
Ec,eff = (1  f ) = 12282.7

E s
m = E c , eff
= 16.3

Actual Stresses

2
fck' = 6.94 N/mm
2
fy' = 232.52 N/mm
2
fct' = 232.5 N/mm

CRACK WIDTH CALUCLATION

Permissible Crack width in moderate conditions of exposure = 0.3 mm

S .( e - e )
Crack Width Wk = r , max sm cm
= 0.20 mm OK

108
Design Report INT DIAPH_Deep

Sr,max - Maximum Crack spacing

esm - Mean Strain in Reinforcement
ecm - Mean Strain in Concrete

sc - 232.52
Kt - 0.5
fct,eff - 3
p.eff - 0.023
e - 5.71429
Es - 200000
2
As - 1056 mm
c - 40
j - 16.00
h - 2170 mm
d - 2107.50
x - 0.00

2.5(h-d) = 156.25
hc,eff - Min (h-x/3) = 723.33 = 156.25 mm
h/2 = 1085

n1f1 2  n 2 f 2 2
jeq = n1f1  n 2 f 2 = 16.00

2
AC,eff = 46875 mm

f ct
 - K
, eff
1   e .  p , eff 
e sm - e cm

sc t
 p , eff
= E s

= 0.00079

For the case of Deformed bars associated with pure bending

0.17 .f
Sr,max = 3.4c  = 256.79
 p,eff

109