hello and welcome to teachings in

education with franca Vella a BA applied

behavior analysis a therapy based on
principles to produce positive changes
in behavior this lesson will cover many
of the important topics of applied
behavior analysis the topics covered
will include an introduction to ABA
various concepts an overview of ABA
through four different sections it will
also break down six different component
and eventually finish with functional
analysis so let's dive into the
introduction ABA looks to study the how
and why of behavior and this is done
through an investigation ABA strategies
should be individualized for each child
we know children are unique in their own
ways and have their own idiosyncrasies
professionals become board certified
behavior analysts and may work as
independent practitioners and offer
behavioral services there is a large
emphasis on evidence-based strategies
the decisions that are made are always
based on data and the great thing is
that behaviorist look to provide
training to family members and
caregivers as they spend most of the
time with the children caregivers desire
to learn and help moving across now to
cover some of the concepts one main
concept is operant conditioning this
type of conditioning requires having a
reinforcement or reward after the
behavior has occurred classical
conditioning is similar but in this case
classical conditioning focuses on
involuntary reactions think the Pavlov
dog experiment environmental stimuli are
studied the behavior of children and
students are altered by the changes in
perception of their environment
reinforcement is anything that increases
the frequency of a behavior there is
positive and negative reinforcement
punishment on the other hand is
something that decreases the likelihood
of a behavior explain to students that
it is the behavior that is being
punished not the child
onto the characteristics of a be a
credit to bear wolf & risley first off
it is applied meaning it's based on
significant social behaviors for all
behaviorally obviously but the behavior
must be observable and measurable in
form analytic research experimentation
and making sense of all the research
generality the work should apply to
different groups and different
environments technological described in
a way that most researchers can
understand how it is written
next conceptually systematic so that the
field is based on common behavior
principles and lastly effective the
children are seeing actual results from
the ABA the next section is the ABCs of
ABA ABCs help to understand the role of
consequences in behavior the a stands
for antecedent the B stands for behavior
the C stands for consequence the
antecedent is what happens before the
behavior for example first the teacher
lectures then assigns five pages of work
the behavior is the action as a result
of the antecedent so maybe the student
yells at the teacher or a student and
the consequence is what comes after the
behavior so the teacher sends the
student to the guidance counselor's
office as a result of the yelling the
next section is measurement of behavior
behavior analysts use different methods
to collect data they may collect data by
frequency for example Joe hit someone
five times whether it be a punch or a
kick next is the rate for example 12
hits in six hours you still count two
hits but you add in a time component
duration here we may have assumed that
is crying for 10 minutes so measure the
time from the beginning of the meltdown
to the finish
response latency you will calculate the
amount of time it takes a student to
correctly respond after being told you
tell the student to sit down and it
takes from 15 seconds to do so after
being told
up next is teaching strategies first up
is discrete trial instructions are given
to students in a very concise manner and
the students good behavior is rewarded
the rewards and incentives will vary
amongst students the next strategy is
naturalistic which is used more for
guidance of socialization skills usually
for autistic children and is based in
the child's own environment token
economy is used to modify behavior by
rewarding students for making the right
choices they receive tokens that can be
cashed in for rewards contingent
observation is very similar to giving a
student a timeout a child may be removed
from a fun activity because they are
being disruptive now we're going to take
a look at some of the common components
of ABA first up is task analysis that is
the breaking down of a skill into
manageable tasks first you want to
identify the target skill it could be as
simple as tying your shoes number to
determine the prerequisites for the
skill like first being able to put on
your shoes next you break down the skill
for example loop swoop and then pull for
the laces for tests the components
test each component for yourself
consider the students perspective you
have to teach the skill to the student
often EBA therapists use videos to show
their students the exact way of doing
the skill and last assess the student in
various situations
moving on to shaping shaping is
gradually modifying an existing behavior
to a desired one for example let's say a
student is afraid of public speaking
specifically giving a speech in front of
the class begin shaping by first having
the students speak just from his desk
start while seated and then moved to
standing and speaking once comfortable
with that let them come to the front and
simply read no cards or use posters as a
support ultimately you want the student
to reach the goal of speaking publicly
in front of the entire classroom without
any support onto generalization here
students apply what they learned in the
classroom to real-life situations
one method of teaching is using
different examples if you're teaching
what the ball is you want to show them
as many different examples of a ball to
get a full understanding of its meaning
generalize by using different people if
you're teaching how to do a handshake
let the student shake hands with a
variety of different people one of the
most important ways to generalize is by
using different settings take plane for
example just having this child play in
the classroom isn't always enough take
them to the park the playground
Alfre recess wherever next is prompting
prompting can be used to redirect
student attention and behavior one way
to prompt students is by using a gesture
a verbal prompt is as simple as telling
a student to please be quiet or raise
their hand
positional prompts are a little tricky
place two choices near a child with the
desirable choice closer to the student
and the wrong choice further away from
the student visual prompting is yet
another method a teacher can leave a
small post-it on a desk
lassy discussed is the physical prompt
which should be used gently and when you
have a strong relationship one way is
hand over handwriting to get the
students started we have now made it
onto fading fading is slowly and
systematically decreasing the amount of
assistance needed for a student to
complete a task or activity fading is
often paired with prompting where
teachers are able to get to the point
where they don't need prompt anymore
which is the goal prompts become less
and less intrusive until mastery so our
parent may have to physically prompt
their child to read at first you may
replace more intrusive prompts with less
intrusive prompts but the goal in mind
is to have a self-sufficient student
that doesn't need any prompting the last
component is extinction with extinction
the reinforcement for a problem behavior
is ignored here is an example of a
reinforcing behavior let's say you have
a child that wants a soda instead of
apple juice so that child throws the
juice on the floor the mom stresses out
and tells the child drink whatever you
want thus reinforcing the behavior
instead the parent should just walk away
and not give the child the soda that he
wants thereby decreasing the likelihood
that it will happen again there are many
more ways to use extinction other than
in this example but this is just one and
finally the last section functional
analysis functional behavior analysis is
a scientific process teachers use
functional behavioral assessments fbas
to determine why a student behaves a
certain way FBA is identify the why how
where and when of a behavior all these
questions are answered through research
again with particular focus on the why
of behavior ABC charts are used to
collect data through observation of the
antecedent of the behavior and the
consequences that follow the behavior
behavior intervention plans are formed
these plans should be specific to each
child and reviewed time and time again
right now I want to say thank you for
your time please subscribe like and
share this video as well check the
description for some great links to
resources for ABA as well as ways to
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