OP-AMP DIFFERENTIATOR AND INTEGRATOR PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND ‘The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the operation of both a differentiator and an integrator using an op-amp. A differ- entiator is a circuit that calculates the instantaneous slope of the line at every point on a waveform. On the other hand, an integrator computes the area underneath the curve of a given waveform. Dif ferentiation and integration are paired mathematical operations in that one has the opposite effect of the other. For example, if you in- tegrate a waveform and then differentiate it, you obtain the original waveform. Text Reference: 14-3, The Integrator and Differentiator. REQUIRED PARTS AND EQUIPMENT Resistors (1/4 W): C741 op-amp (8-pin mini-DIP) O22kn 1 Two 0-15 V de power O To 10 ka supplies D22ko Function generator 100 ko C Dual trace oscilloscope Capacitors: C Breadboarding socket 0 0.0022 uF 5 0.0087 uF 307USEFUL FORMULAS Differentiator Output voltage: -- ‘Vin 1) Vow = nc (sf) Low-frequency response: 1 @h= she When fin < fc, the circuit acts as a differentiator. When fin > fc, the circuit approaches an inverting amplifier with a voltage gain of —Rr/Rs. Integrator Output voltage: ae Vous = ze | "Vis @) Bah Yet Low-frequency response: 1 _ When fin > fe, the circuit acts as an integrator. When fin < fe, the circuit approaches an inverting amplifier with a voltage gain of ~Rs/Ri. For minimum output offset due to input bias currents: RiRs ee Ri +Rs PROCEDURE 1, Wire the differentiator circuit shown in the schematic diagram of Figure 34-1A, and set your oscilloscope to the following ap- proximate settings: Channel 1: 0.5 Vidivision, de coupling Channel 2: 0.05 Vidivision, de coupling ‘Time base: 0.5 ms/division 2 Apply power to the breadboard, and adjust the peak-to-peak voltage of the input triangle wave at 1 V and the frequency at 400 Hz. As shown in Figure 34-3, the output signal is a square wave that is 180° out-of-phase with the input signal. 8, ‘Temporarily remove the probe connected to Channel 2of the os- cilloscope, and adjust the resulting straight line (ground level)Va LY pp. oo He OY) A x Vin 10K 7 1V pp 10aHe R oxi B FIGURE 84-2 Pin diagram of 741 op-amp. ‘at some convenient position on the screen. Reconnect the probe to the output of the differentiator, and measure the negative peak voltage (with respect to ground) of the square wave, re- cording your result in Table 341, 4, Now measure the time duration for which the square-wave sig- nal is negative (tx). The peak voltage of a square wave that results from differentiating a triangle waveform having a peak voltage Vm is given by _2ReCVy a Vousleak) = 309310 Ouipur FIGURE 34-3, 9. Compute the expected value of the negative peak voltage, and compare it with the measured value above. Record your results in Table 34-1. ‘Change the time base to 0.2 ms/division and Channel 2 to 0.1 Vidivision. Then adjust the input frequency at 1 kHz. Repeat. Steps 3 and 4. You should find that the peak output voltage ‘Now change the input frequency to 30 kHz. Adjust the time base to 10 psidivision and Channel 2 to 2 Vidivision. What does the output signal look like? ‘Notice that the output signal looks like a triangle wave with a phase shift of 180°. Why? ‘Above approximately 15.4 kHz, the circuit ceases to act as a differentiator since the reactance of the 0.0047-F capacitor is now less than that of the 2.2-k0 resistor (Rs). Above this fre- quency, the circuit functions like that of an inverting amplifier having a wltage gain of ~Rr/Rs. Measure the peak-to-peak output voltage and determine the voltage gain, recording your values in Table 34-1. How does the voltage gain compare to that of an inverting amplifier? Wire the integrator circuit shown in the schematic diagram of Figure 34-1B, and set your oscilloscope to the following ap- proximate settings: Channels 1 and 2: 0.5 Vidivision, de coupling ‘Time base: 20 js/division Apply power to the breadboard, and adjust the peak-to-peak voltage of the input square wave at 1 V and the frequencyat 10 kHz. As shown in Figure 34-4, the output signal is a triangle wave that is 180° out-of-phase with the input signal, Input vipat FIGURE 34-4 10. ul. 12. 13. ‘Temporarily remove the probe connected to Channel 2 of the oscilloscope, and adjust the resulting straight line (ground level) at some convenient position on the screen. Reconnect, the probe to the output of the integrator, and measure the negative peak voltage (with respect to ground) of the triangle ‘wave, recording your result in Table 34-2. Now measure the time duration for which the triangle-wave signal is negative (t,). The peak voltage of a triangle wave that results from integrating a square waveform having a peak voltage Vm is given by Vout(peak) ‘Compute the expected value of the negative peak voltage, and compare it with the measured value above. Record your results in Table 34-2. Change the time base to 50 ys/division and Channel 2 to 1 Vidivision. Then adjust the input frequency to 4 kHz. Repeat Steps 10 and 11. You should find that the peak output voltage increases. Now change the input frequency to 100 Hz. Adjust the time base to 2 ms/division and Channel 2 to 5 Vidivision. What does the output signal look like? ‘Notice that the output signal looks like a square wave with a phase shift of 180°. Why? 311312 Below approximately 724 Hz, the circuit ceases to act as an integrator since the reactance of the 0.0022-uF capacitor is now greater than that of the 100-K0 resistor (Rs). Below this frequency, the circuit functions like that of an inverting amplifier having a voltage gain of ~Rs/Ri. 14. Measure the peak-to-peak output voltage and determine the voltage gain, recording your values in Table 34-2. How does the voltage gain compare to that of an inverting amplifier? WHAT YOU HAVE DONE ‘This experiment demonstrated the operation of the differentiator and integrator using 741 operational amplifiers. The differentia tor is a circuit that calculates the instantaneous slope of the line at every point on a waveform. On the other hand, the integrator generates a signal that is proportional to the accumulative “area underneath the curve” of a given waveform. Besides these mathe- matical operations, differentiators and integrators are often used as signal processing circuits because of their ability to change the shapes of their input signals.Name Date OP-AMP DIFFERENTIATOR AND INTEGRATOR OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM: (©1992 Macmillan Pubishing Compary. All igh reserve. 313‘Name —_ ——— ae DATA FOR EXPERIMENT 34 TABLE 34-1 Op-amp differentiator Input | Measured Peak | Expected Peak | _% Frequency Output Outpat Error 400 Hz 1 kite 30 kt TABLE 84-2 Op-amp integrator. Input | Measured Peak | Expected Peak | % Frequency Output Output Error 10 kee 4 kHz 100 Hz 314 ©1982 Macmillan Publishing Company. All rights reserved,(Nemes Datel RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR EXPERIMENT 34 1 ‘The maximum frequency below which the circuit of Figure 34-14 acts as a differentiator is approximately (a) 3kH2 (b) 33KHz (ce) 36kHz © (d) 15 kHz When the circuit of Figure 34-1A is acting as an amplifier, the voltage gain is (a) -10 (b)-1 @)1 a) 10 The minimum frequency above which the circuit of Figure 34-1B acts as an integrator is approximately (a) 720Hz —(b) 3kHz = (©) LT kHz (A) 3.4 kHz ‘A 2-kHz triangle waveform is applied to the cireuit of Figure 34-1A. The output signal then looks like a (a) triangle waveform with 0° phase shift (b) triangle waveform with 180° phase shift (©) square wave with 0° phase shift (d) square wave with 180° phase shift A.2-kHz square wave is applied to the circuit of Figure 34-1B. ‘The output signal then looks like a a) triangle waveform with 0° phase shift (b) triangle waveform with 180° phase shift (©) square wave with 0° phase shift (d) square wave with 180° phase shift (©1292 Macmitan Publishing Company. Al rights reserved. 315316 NOTES.